Treatment of relevant nerve roots involved in nerve sheath tumors: removal or preservation?

OBJECTIVE: Surgery for the treatment of patients with spinal nerve sheath tumors can require complete resection of the nerve roots involved in the tumor. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the risks of resection of eloquent roots as compared with the risks of incomplete tumor removal. METHODS: The pertinent literature on spinal nerve sheath tumors was reviewed. A single-institution series of 26 patients who underwent operations for 27 spinal schwannomas or neurofibromas, which were removed together with functionally relevant nerve roots (C5-C8 or L3-S1), was studied. RESULTS: Worsening of preoperative radicular motor function was observed at follow-up in 4 (14.8%) of the 27 divided nerve roots, but the motor deficit was permanent and disabling in only 2 cases (7.4%). In the four patients who experienced worsened radicular motor function, the roots were cervical, and histological analysis revealed that the tumor was a schwannoma. Three of these patients were neurologically negative before surgery. Of the two patients with severe radicular weakness, the location of the tumor was extradural and extraradicular in one patient, who had normal preoperative root function, and the tumor was intraextradural in the other patient, who had a preoperative root deficit. CONCLUSION: After resection of a single eloquent nerve root involved in a nerve sheath tumor, the incidence of radicular dysfunction is low but severe weakness is possible. The main risk factors seem to be the pathological pattern (schwannoma versus neurofibroma) of tumor, the preoperative status (with versus without deficit) of the root, and, for extradural nerve sheath tumors, the location (cervical and extraradicular versus lumbosacral and intraradicular) of growth. Deafferentation pain does not occur. Unlike schwannomas with neurofibromatosis Type 2 and neurofibromas, the radicality of removal seems to be the main factor with regard to the recurrence of solitary schwannomas, although recurrent tumors often appear later in follow-up.     

显微外科手术治疗听神经瘤的价值

目的 评价听神经瘤显微外科手术切除术的临床价值。 方法 由枕下-乙状窦后入路施行显微手术切除的听神经瘤63例。采用先囊内后包膜的分块切除方法,磨开内耳道,切除内耳道内肿瘤。术中应用电生理监测定位面神经。 结果 肿瘤全切除52例,次全切除l1例。面神经解剖保留58例,前庭蜗神经保留29例。63例中获得随访58例,平均随访7.2年,复发2例,无手术死亡病例,远期面神经效果：Ⅰ级23例,Ⅱ级29例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级l例。听力好转9例,同术前8例。 结论 显微外科手术是治疗听神经瘤的主要治疗手段,在控制肿瘤和保留面、听神经功能方面可以取得满意的效果。     

股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后的骨缺损

 目的 总结以股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后骨缺损的手术技术要点,探讨其手术适应证。方法 自2006年10月至2011年5月,对5例骨盆恶性肿瘤患者采用同侧股骨近端截骨上移重建骨盆环连续性、肿瘤型人工关节假体重建髋关节,男3例,女2例;年龄19~55岁,平均30.6岁。软骨肉瘤3例、原始神经外胚层瘤2例。3例肿瘤累及骨盆Ⅰ+Ⅱ区,2例累及Ⅱ+Ⅲ区。所有患者均获得随访,统计并发症发生情况,采用国际骨肿瘤协会(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society, MSTS)功能评分评价患肢功能,评价肿瘤学预后。结果 至末次随访时5例患者中1例死亡,1例带瘤生存,其余3例无瘤生存。主要并发症包括肿瘤局部复发、假体松动、植骨不愈合、浅表感染、坐骨神经麻痹。1例患者术后15个月发生植骨不愈合,内固定松动,可扶拐行走。1例患者因假体松动,术后26个月行翻修手术。1例患者术后6个月肿瘤局部复发改行截肢手术;1例术后18个月局部复发,未进一步处理带瘤生存。MSTS评分为11~25分,平均19.2分。结论 同侧股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后的骨缺损是一种有效重建骨盆连续性的方法,既适用于骨盆Ⅱ+Ⅲ区缺损,也适用于骨盆Ⅰ+Ⅱ区缺损。但此术式仍具有较高的并发症发生率,其近期效果与骨盆假体类似,远期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

Compatibility, indications, and limits of nerve sparing technique in lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy for advanced rectal carcinoma

The aim of radical surgical treatment of rectal cancer is to control the spread and prevent recurrence of the disease. In an attempt to improve the results of treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer, we advocate an extended surgical approach consisting of total mesorectal excision, lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and the nerve sparing technique with resection of autonomic nerves whenever these fibers are affected by locally advanced tumor. Nine cases (9.2%) in a personal series of 98 patients with rectal carcinoma, operated on over the period from January 1992 to December 1997, underwent total mesorectal excision, lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and the nerve sparing technique procedures for locally advanced extraperitoneal disease. In 7 patients with stage II or III disease, the 5-year survival rate was 80% and the 5-year disease-free survival rate 66.7% after a mean follow-up of 55 months. None of them experienced local recurrence, but one patient died of diffuse metastatic disease 50 months after surgery. One patient with stage IV rectal cancer died of disease 13 months postoperatively, while another patient with the same stage of disease is still alive with disease 26 months after surgery. One patient underwent liver resection for a solitary metastasis 25 months after the primary operation. Two patients suffered postoperatively from urinary retention with mild irregular flow at urodynamic testing, but no long-term urinary disturbances persisted. Retrograde ejaculation occurred postoperatively in one of the two patients who experienced urinary disorders, and another patient had erection disturbances. These sexual dysfunctions did not improve during long-term follow-up. Total mesorectal excision, lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, and the nerve sparing technique, with resection of the autonomic nerves whenever these fibers are involved, allow satisfactory results to be achieved in terms of survival and functional outcome in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. In western subjects, however, this procedure is safe only after careful patient selection.     

Management of large and giant vestibular schwannomas

The study was conducted to analyze outcomes following surgical management of large and giant vestibular schwannomas and management options for residual disease. This retrospective case note study includes patients who had undergone microsurgical resection of sporadic, large, or giant vestibular schwannomas from 1986 to 2008. Tumors are classified as large if the largest extracanalicular diameter was 3.5 cm or greater and giant if 4.5 cm or greater. The study included 45 patients (33 large, 12 giant tumors), mean tumor size 4.1 cm. Total excision was achieved in 14 cases (31.1%), near-total in 26 (57.8%), and subtotal in 5 (11.1%). Facial nerve outcome was House-Brackmann Grade I/II in 25 cases (55.6%), III/IV in 16 (35.6%), and V/VI in 4 (8.9%). No recurrence has been detected in those undergoing a complete resection. No residual tumor growth been observed in 15 of 26 who underwent near-total resection (57.7%). Of 11 patients, 10 received further treatment as their residual tumors showed growth. In the subtotal excision group, one patient died, three have demonstrated no growth, and one residual tumor has grown slightly but not required intervention. Optimal management for patients with large or giant vestibular schwannomas has yet to be determined. Management decisions must balance long term function with tumor control.     

A series of 112 fully endoscopic resections of vestibular schwannomas.

We report a consecutive series of 112 patients with unilateral vestibular schwannoma (VS) having undergone fully endoscopic resection of their tumors in the period from October, 2001 to January, 2005. Patients' outcomes were evaluated especially with regards to cochlear nerve (hearing) preservation, facial nerve preservation, postoperative complications and completeness of the resection. The patient population consisted of 112 consecutive cases with unilateral, "de novo" VS(s); patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NFT2) or with a recurrent tumor were excluded from this study. Tumors ranged in size from 0.6-5.7 cm, most tumors were less than 3 cm in diameter (mean: 2.6 cm). This shift towards smaller and also less symptomatic tumors may be due to an increase in the awareness of patients and earlier detection of their tumors (MRI era). Tumors were removed via 1.5-cm "keyhole" retrosigmoid craniotomies. Utilizing the fully endoscopic technique, 106/112 (95%) tumors were completely removed; subtotal removal was performed in 6/112 (5%) patients in an attempt to preserve their hearing. Anatomic preservation of the facial nerve was achieved in all of the patients and of the cochlear nerve in 83/101 (82%) hearing ears. Functionally, measurable hearing (serviceable/some) was preserved in 59/101 (58%) cases who had either "serviceable" or "some" hearing preoperatively, 2 patients who had "some" hearing preoperatively had an improvement that was more than 30 db in their hearing postoperatively. There were no major neurological complications such as quadriparesis, hemiparesis, bacterial or aseptic meningitis, lower cranial nerve deficits, or deaths. From our experience, we conclude that the endoscope is ideally suited for a minimally invasive approach for the resection of vestibular schwannomas.     

Myxopapillary ependymoma of the filum terminale and cauda equina in childhood: report of seven cases and review of the literature

Seven of fourteen children with spinal cord ependymoma had myxopapillary tumors of the filum terminale. These tumors made up 15.9% of all primary spinal neuroectodermal tumors in children (44 cases) seen during a 62-year period (1919 to 1981). Their clinical presentation, radiological features, pathological findings, treatment, and outcome are reported. Six of the seven patients were known to be alive at the time of writing. The seventh patient was lost to follow-up after 3 years without tumor recurrence. Of 5 patients whose primary mode of treatment was operation alone. 3 had intraspinal or intracranial recurrences. Despite tumor recurrences, 2 patients were long term survivors after further operation and irradiation, whereas the third patient recently received craniospinal irradiation for intracranial tumor recurrence. The 2 patients who did not have tumor recurrence after operation alone had been followed for 3 and 7 years, respectively. Two children with subtotal tumor resection and spinal irradiation had no recurrences at 1 and 17 years, respectively. Our data suggest that this unusual subtype of spinal ependymoma is not uncommon during childhood and has a good prognosis. All patients with this tumor require prolonged follow-up for tumor recurrence after operation and irradiation.     

胃癌术后复发及其相关因素分析

目的探讨胃癌术后复发的形式及影响胃癌术后复发的独立因素。方法总结分析225例胃癌患者根治性手术后肿瘤复发的情况,并采用Logistic多因素回归分析,对可能影响胃癌术后复发的15个临床病理因素和治疗措施进行分析。结果胃癌术后复发率为37.3%(84/225),其中腹膜复发47.6%(40/84),血源性转移复发33.3%(28/84),区域局部复发15.5%(13/84),远处淋巴结转移复发3.6%(3/84)。术后2年内复发者75.0%(63/84),2年后复发者25.0%(21/84)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示:影响胃癌患者术后复发的独立因素依次为T、N分级,术后早期腹腔化疗;影响术后腹膜复发的独立因素依次为T分级,肿瘤大体分型,术后早期腹腔化疗;影响术后血源性转移复发的独立因素依次为T、N分级,术前区域性动脉灌注化疗;影响术后区域局部复发的独立因素依次为病期,肿瘤部位,肿瘤大体分型。结论胃癌术后复发大部分发生在术后2年内,以腹膜复发和血源性复发常见。T、N分级和术后早期腹腔化疗是影响胃癌术后复发的独立因素。     

内侧腓肠肌肌(皮)瓣在小腿近端恶性肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨采用内侧腓肠肌肌(皮)瓣修复小腿近端恶性肿瘤切除后缺损的方法及临床疗效。方法自2015年10月至2019年1月,对6例小腿近端恶性肿瘤切除后的胫前软组织缺损患者分别采用内侧腓肠肌肌(皮)瓣转移修复、内侧腓肠肌肌瓣转移联合人工网状补片重建伸膝功能,并于术后3个月对切口的愈合情况、肢体功能以及肿瘤控制情况进行评价。结果本组共6例患者,术后获随访11~34个月,平均(13.3±3.2)个月。5例切口一期愈合(占83.3%);1例皮瓣边缘发生部分坏死,经换药后愈合。1例于术后12个月因肿瘤肺转移而死亡;1例于术后3个月时肿瘤局部复发接受了二次手术治疗;其余4例肿瘤无复发,效果较满意。患者术后3个月MSTS评分为17~29分,平均(26.2±4.8)分;评定下肢功能的优良率为83.3%(5/6)。结论采用内侧腓肠肌肌(皮)瓣转移修复小腿近端恶性肿瘤切除后的软组织缺损,以及联合人工网状补片行伸膝功能重建,其方法简单易行,可获得较满意的临床效果。     

肿瘤基底黏膜下水扩张辅助激光切除治疗单发非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的初步研究

目的 探讨采用肿瘤基底黏膜下水扩张辅助激光切除治疗单发非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效. 方法 全身麻醉或连续硬膜外麻醉下,采用Cook膀胱黏膜注射针在肿瘤基底周围2 cm处黏膜下注射无菌灌注用水,黏膜呈丘状隆起、肿瘤与肌层脱离后,采用钬激光或铥激光沿隆起边缘切除膀胱肿瘤,共治疗12例,常规行肿瘤基底活检,术后常规行膀胱灌注化疗. 结果 肿瘤直径0.5～2.3 cm.12例均为膀胱尿路上皮肿瘤,术后病理报告低度恶性倾向尿路上皮乳头状瘤3例,低分级乳头状尿路上皮癌9例;临床分期Ta9例,T13例.12例手术均成功,手术时间20 ～ 45 min.平均25 min;术中出血＜5 ml.12例均未输血,未发生闭孔神经反射及膀胱穿孔、尿外渗,无电切综合征.基底组织活检阴性.术后持续冲洗ld;留置尿管l～4d,平均3d;术后住院3～6d,平均5d.随访4～36个月,未见肿瘤复发. 结论 肿瘤基底黏膜下水扩张辅助钬激光切除非肌层浸润性膀胱癌有效、安全,术中、术后并发症少,术后复发率低.     

Frequency of Diplopia after Intraoperative Nerve Disturbance in Trochlear Nerve Schwannoma: A Case Report and Systematic Review

Schwannomas of the trochlear nerve are relatively rare, and most patients present with preoperative diplopia because of trochlear nerve palsy. We describe the case of a 61-year-old male patient with a trochlear nerve schwannoma and no pre- and postoperative diplopia, despite his trochlear nerve being cut during the operation. We aimed to investigate the frequency of postoperative diplopia associated with intraoperative trochlear nerve disturbance by reviewing previous case reports, wherein postoperative diplopia did not occur after the trochlear nerve was cut intraoperatively. We recorded the frequency of diplopia because of intraoperative trochlear nerve disturbance, such as the trochlear nerve being cut, in cases without pre- and postoperative diplopia. We searched the PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases for works published from 1976 to 2020 and followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. We reviewed 36 publications and found 92 cases of trochlear nerve schwannoma. Surgical resection was performed for 43 patients, of whom 40 were kept under observation and 9 were treated with radiation therapy. Of the 43 cases, 9 without preoperative diplopia underwent gross total resection. We analyzed ten cases (including ours) without preoperative diplopia to check for postoperative diplopia. In total, four cases, including ours, did not display postoperative diplopia despite the trochlear nerve being cut. This may be attributed to the preoperatively acquired motor and sensory fusion in the patient’s vision because of tumor progression. Our findings may benefit neurosurgeons who treat patients with schwannomas and help them predict patients’ outcomes.     

Microsurgical management of spinal schwannomas: evaluation of 128 cases

OBJECT: The authors conducted a study to evaluate the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes in patients with spinal schwannomas and without neurofibromatosis (NF). METHODS: The data obtained in 128 patients who underwent resection of spinal schwannomas were analyzed. All cases with neurofibromas and those with a known diagnosis of NF Type 1 or 2 were excluded. Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) scores were used to compare patient outcomes when examining the anatomical location and spinal level of the tumor. The neurological outcome was further assessed using the Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle testing scale. RESULTS: Altogether, 131 schwannomas were treated in 128 patients (76 males and 52 females; mean age 47.7 years). The peak prevalence is seen between the 3rd and 6th decades. Pain was the most common presenting symptom. Gross-total resection was achieved in 127 (97.0%) of the 131 lesions. The nerve root had to be sacrificed in 34 cases and resulted in minor sensory deficits in 16 patients (12.5%) and slight motor weakness (MRC Grade 3/5) in 3 (2.3%). The KPS scores and MRC grades were significantly higher at the time of last follow-up in all patient groups (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Spinal schwannomas may occur at any level of the spinal axis and are most commonly intradural. The most frequent clinical presentation is pain. Most spinal schwannomas in non-NF cases can be resected totally without or with minor postoperative deficits. Preoperative autonomic dysfunction does not improve significantly after surgical management.     

周围神经鞘瘤的显微外科治疗

目的：探讨周围神经鞘瘤显微手术治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析54例经显微手术切除神经鞘瘤的疗效。结果本组54例均取得良好效果。经过1～2年的随访,5例恶性神经鞘瘤无复发;良性神经鞘瘤,1例术后出现皮肤感觉麻木,3例出现运动功能障碍,6个月后基本恢复。结论周围神经鞘瘤经显微手术治疗可最大限度地降低神经的损伤,可最大程度地完整切除肿瘤,对于恶性神经鞘瘤,扩大切除可降低复发。     

Microneurosurgical treatment of intracranial dermoid and epidermoid tumors

Forty-three patients with intracranial, intradural dermoid (8) and epidermoid (35) tumors underwent radical surgical resection utilizing strict microneurosurgical technique. The average age was 37.3 years for the patients with epidermoid tumors and 36.2 years for the patients with dermoid tumors. The male to female ratio was 3:2 for the epidermoid group and 3:1 for the dermoid group. Common clinical presentations included cerebellar dysfunction, cranial nerve impairment, and seizures. Typically, computed tomography scans revealed the epidermoid tumors (30 cases studied) as nonhomogeneous hypodense lesions with irregular borders and without contrast enhancement. The dermoid tumors (7 cases studied) had a similar appearance, but with a wider range of attenuation values. Magnetic resonance imaging findings for the epidermoid tumors (6 cases studied) consisted of increased T1 and increased T2 relaxation times. Supratentorial tumors were excised by the pterional (frontosphenotemporal) approach, mesencephalic tumors by either a supratentorial posterior interhemispheric transtentorial approach or an infratentorial/supracerebellar method, and posterior fossa tumors by either a medially or laterally positioned suboccipital osteoplastic craniotomy. One epidermoid tumor and one dermoid tumor were considered to be subtotally resected because of dense adherences left attached to vital structures; the remaining 41 tumors were completely excised. The most frequent complications were aseptic/chemical meningitis and transient cranial nerve palsies. There were no perioperative deaths. Mean follow-up was 5.2 years. Eighty-six percent of patients reported good to excellent results. No patient had experienced symptomatic or radiographic evidence of recurrence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Stereotactic radiosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas.

BACKGROUND: Jugular foramen schwannomas pose difficult management problems because of the surgical risk of lower cranial neuropathy. The indications and results of stereotactic radiosurgery are not well documented. METHODS: We reviewed our 10-year experience in the management of 17 patients who had jugular foramen schwannomas managed with the gamma knife. Thirteen patients previously had undergone surgery (range, 1-6 resections). Four patients had multiple cranial nerve deficits before microsurgical resection; 12 developed multiple lower cranial nerve palsies after resection. Four patients underwent radiosurgery based on imaging criteria alone. Conformal dose planning (tumor margin dose of 12-18 Gy) successfully encompassed the irregular tumor volumes in all patients. RESULTS: Follow-up varied from 6 to 74 months. Tumor size decreased in eight patients, remained stable in eight, and increased in one patient during the average follow-up interval of 3.5 years. Six patients improved and 10 others retained their preradiosurgery clinical status. One patient had an increase in tumor size and clinical deterioration 6 months after radiosurgery and underwent microsurgical resection. No patient developed new cranial nerve or other neurological deficits after radiosurgery. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that gamma knife radiosurgery is an effective alternative to microsurgical resection for patients who have small tumors and intact lower cranial nerve function. It is also effective for patients who have residual or recurrent tumors after microsurgical resection.     

Repeated Pancreatectomy after Pancreatoduodenectomy

Background When pancreatic duct dilatation is found in the patient having undergone pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), observation is chosen in most cases. Similarly, recurrent tumor in the remnant pancreas of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the pancreas is seldom indicated for resection. We have aggressively performed repeated pancreatectomy for these cases and obtained good results. Methods Repeated pancreatectomy after PD was performed for three types of circumstances: (1) pancreatodigestive anastomotic stricture; (2) neoplasm after intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN); and (3) recurrence of IDC of the pancreas. Results Resection of anastomosis and reanastomosis was performed for pancreatodigestive stricture in four patients. Symptoms derived from pancreatitis in three patients resolved by the second operation and did not recur during follow-up. None of the four patients required pancreatic enzyme substitution because of clinically overt malabsorption, and the defecation frequency of the four patients was within twice a day. Mild diabetes mellitus has been identified in only one patient who had diabetes mellitus before the second surgery. Completion pancreatectomy and pancreatic tail resection was performed for recurrence in two patients and IDC in one patient, respectively, after PD for IPMN. Intrapancreatic recurrences of IPMN in two patients existed in the main pancreatic ducts. As CT revealed pancreatic duct dilatation but not intraductal tumors, recurrences were not correctly diagnosed before the second operation. Completion pancreatectomy was performed for recurrence of IDC in two patients. One patient who underwent completion pancreatectomy for recurrence of IDC survived 66/44 months after the first/second operation. Conclusion Repeated pancreatectomy should be performed for patients with pancreatodigestive anastomotic stricture to preserve remnant pancreatic function and for patients with neoplasm or pancreatic duct dilatation after PD for IPMN, and repeated pancreatectomy for recurrence of IDC might be indicated for selected patients.     

上颈段哑铃形肿瘤的外科治疗策略

目的探讨上颈段哑铃形肿瘤的外科治疗策略及预后。方法回顾2000年1月至2009年12月收治的46例上颈段哑铃形肿瘤患者,分析其临床特点、外科分期、手术入路、切除方法、内固定重建技术及疗效。肿瘤性质包括神经鞘瘤33例,神经纤维瘤9例,恶性神经鞘瘤4例。依据前期设计的颈椎管哑铃形肿瘤的外科分期方法,Ⅰ期8例,Ⅱ期24例,Ⅲ期9例,Ⅳ期3例,Ⅴ期2例。经后外侧入路行肿瘤切除36例,前后联合入路行肿瘤切除10例。39例采用颈椎后路钉棒内固定系统重建,3例采用前后联合固定,4例未行内固定。结果 1例术中发生椎动脉损伤,压迫止血。术后发生脑脊液漏19例,2例继发颅内感染,经相关处理后痊愈。术后随访6～125个月,2例恶性神经鞘瘤患者于术后8个月、14个月出现局部复发,再次行手术治疗,分别于术后21个月、38个月因肺部转移导致全身衰竭死亡。其余患者未见复发,随访仍在持续进行中。结论上颈段哑铃形肿瘤的外科治疗具有相当的难度与风险,外科分期系统有助于合理制定手术方案。经后外侧入路或联合前方入路可实现肿瘤切除与重建,应注意相关并发症的处理与预防,以提高疗效。     

Facial Nerve Schwannomas of the Cerebellopontine Angle: The Mayo Clinic Experience

Background There is often controversy regarding the optimal management for patients with facial nerve schwannomas (FNSs) of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA).Methods The clinical and radiological outcomes in 14 patients with CPA FNS were retrospectively reviewed.Results Patients underwent resection with anatomic nerve preservation (n = 3), facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis (n = 4), gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) (n = 6), or observation (n = 1). A total of 83% of tumors that underwent GKS were stable or decreased in size. No patient who underwent resection showed evidence of tumor recurrence; the tumor under observation remained unchanged with normal facial function at the time of the last follow-up. Facial function was decreased in 57%, stable in 14%, and improved in 29% of those who underwent microsurgery. A total of 67% of patients who underwent GKS had stable facial function. Serviceable hearing was maintained in 50% of patients in the GKS group and 67% of the tumor resection group. Mean and median follow-up was 48 and 43 months, respectively (range, 12 to 95 months).Conclusion Observation should be the primary management when encountered with FNS of the CPA in those with good neurologic function. Microsurgery or radiosurgery may be used in those with poor facial function or tumor progression.     

Risk factors for recurrence and regrowth of spinal schwannoma

BackgroundSpinal schwannoma recurs after initial surgery at a rate of 4%–6%, with known risk factors including subtotal resection, multilevel involvement, large tumor size, and malignant histopathology. This study examined risk factors for schwannoma recurrence and residual tumor regrowth.MethodsSixty-five patients who underwent resection of spinal schwannoma in our department between July 2010 and December 2018 and were followed up for more than 1 year were retrospectively analyzed for age, sex, follow-up duration, imaging and surgical data, recurrence, reoperation, and Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores before and 1 year after surgery. Patients with postoperative recurrence or residual tumor regrowth of >10% at the final visit (R+ group) were compared with patients without recurrence or regrowth (R– group). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze concurrent effects of risk factors on recurrence and regrowth.ResultsThe 65 patients (mean age 52.4 years at surgery) had schwannomas involving cervical (n = 14), thoracic (n = 25), and lumbar (n = 26) spinal levels. Mean follow-up duration was 58 months. Location was intradural in 65%, extradural in 17%, and both intradural and extradural in 18%. There were 4 recurrences (6.2%), and the mean interval between surgery and recurrence was 18.8 months. Seven patients (10.8%) experienced regrowth. Comparing group R+ (n = 11) and group R– (n = 54), univariate analysis showed significant differences in Sridhar tumor classification, giant tumor (Sridhar classification II, IVb, and V), left–right and cranial–caudal tumor size, largest diameter, operative time, blood loss, subtotal resection, reoperation, fusion surgery, and follow-up duration. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed giant tumor (Sridhar classification types II, IVb, and V) as an independent risk factor for recurrence and regrowth.ConclusionsThis retrospective review of 65 consecutive patients with spinal schwannoma in a single institution demonstrated that 16.9% had recurrence or regrowth, demonstrating that this potential risk should be kept in mind.     

脊柱原发软骨肉瘤的外科治疗

目的：探讨脊柱原发软骨肉瘤的治疗方法及预后。方法：对1993年-2005年收治的16例脊柱原发软骨肉瘤进行回顾性分析。男9例，女7例；年龄19—69岁，平均44岁。累及胸椎7例，腰椎2例，胸腰椎多发1例，骶椎6例。8例伴神经损伤症状，Frankel分级C级3例，D级5例。1例骶骨巨大软骨肉瘤因去分化改变采取化疗，因化疗无效患者放弃治疗出院；其余15例均行手术治疗，根据肿瘤部位不同采取前路、后路或前后路联合肿瘤切除术，并予以相应重建方式。结果：15例手术患者术后随访1—13年，平均6．2年。1例死于术后肺栓塞。术前有神经症状者中1例Frankel C级患者术后无改变，其余7例（87．5％）术后Frankel分级均改善1个等级。2例出现去分化改变，于术后12个月内死亡。术后复发7例，占47％（7／15），复发1次者4例（4／15，27％），复发2次以上者3例（3／15，20％）。除1例去分化软骨肉瘤外，其余6例每次复发后均行手术再次切除。至今存活12例，生存时间1-19年，平均7．5年。结论：对于脊柱原发软骨肉瘤，首选广泛性切除，对难以达到广泛切除者．应尽量争取彻底切除；对复发肿瘤，仍应争取再次手术并尽可能彻底切除，可达到一定的生存时间及功能保留。