经颈静脉肝内门体分流术与内镜下组织胶注射术治疗胃静脉曲张出血效果的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析来评估和比较经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)与内镜下组织胶注射术治疗胃静脉曲张出血的临床疗效。方法在PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、ScienceDirect、中国知网、万方数据库检索关于TIPS和内镜下组织胶注射治疗胃静脉曲张疗效比较的随机对照试验,检索日期截止到2018年6月30日。对纳入的文献进行评价和提取数据,采用RevMan 5. 3软件对数据进行统计分析。结果本研究共纳入6个随机对照试验,其中TIPS组366例,组织胶组255例。Meta分析显示:TIPS术后和组织胶术后患者早期再出血率比较差异无统计学意义[比值比(OR)=1. 05,95%可信区间(95%CI):0. 53～2. 06,P=0. 89];但晚期再出血率TIPS组低于组织胶组,差异有统计学意义(OR=0. 33,95%CI:0. 19～0. 57,P 0. 000 1)。2组患者病死率比较差异无统计学意义(OR=1,95%CI:0. 65～1. 55,P 0. 05)。TIPS术后肝性脑病发生率高于组织胶组,差异有统计学意义(OR=4. 09,95%CI:1. 59～10. 58,P=0. 004)。结论从长远看,TIPS术后胃静脉曲张再出血率明显低于组织胶注射术,是有效的治疗胃静脉曲张的方法。     

TIPS对比腹腔穿刺放液治疗肝硬化顽固性腹水的Meta分析

目的评价经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic,TIPS)和腹腔穿刺放液(total paracentesis,TP)治疗肝硬化顽固性腹水患者的疗效与安全性.方法检索Pub Med、Web of Science、Medline、E M B A S E、中国知网、万方医学全文数据库及中国生物医学文献数据库,纳入TIPS对比TP治疗肝硬化顽固性腹水的随机对照研究,并由2位评价者独立进行资料提取和文献质量评价,采用Reman5.2软件对资料进行Meta分析.结果共纳入符合标准的文献6篇,总共390例患者(TIPS组192例,TP组198例).Meta分析结果显示:与TP组相比,TIPS能显著改善术后患者无需肝移植而存活(liver transplantation-free,LTF)的生存率(HR=0.61,P=0.0009),减少腹水复发[相对危险度(relative risk,RR)=0.61,P0.0001];降低肾素[加权均数差(weighted mean difference,WMD)=-5.41,P0.00001]和醛固酮水平(WMD=-23.72,P=0.02),控制水钠潴留;同时减少肝肾综合征发病率(RR=0.38,P=0.03),但TIPS更易导致肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy,HE)发生(RR=1.81,P=0.007).此外两者术后总病死率、住院天数、术后消化道出血、自发性细菌性腹膜炎发生率及在改善肝肾功能方面无明显差异.结论与传统治疗性腹腔穿刺相比,TIPS更易导致术后HE发生,但在改善LTF生存率、减少腹水复发、控制水钠潴留、预防肝肾综合征方面有着显著的优势.     

乳果糖预防肝硬化消化道出血后诱发肝性脑病的meta分析

目的探讨乳果糖制剂用于预防肝硬化消化道出血后诱发肝性脑病发生的疗效评价。方法计算机检索PubMed、Wiley、The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials外文数据库及CNKI中国期刊全文数据库、万方数字化期刊全文数据库、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库中文数据库中有关乳果糖预防肝硬化消化道出血后诱发肝性脑病发生的临床随机对照试验,采用RevMan5.0软件对入选试验进行Meta分析。结果共5项随机对照试验符合入选标准,包括318例患者。Meta分析结果显示:乳果糖制剂可以明显降低肝硬化消化道出血病人肝性脑病的发生率(RR=0.20,95%CI:0.10~0.40,P0.000 01),有效降低血氨水平(WMD=-9.10,95%CI:-11.48~-6.73,P0.000 01),缩短数字连接试验所需的反应时间(WMD=-14.48,95%CI:-20.08~-9.60,P0.000 01)。结论乳果糖制剂可改善肝硬化消化道出血患者部分指标,对预防肝硬化消化道出血患者肝性脑病的发生有一定疗效。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术联合组织胶栓塞术治疗肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血的效果分析

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)和TIPS联合食管胃曲张静脉组织胶栓塞术(SEVE)治疗肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血(GOVB)的临床疗效。方法收集2009年1月-2013年12月于南京鼓楼医院消化科行TIPS或TIPS+SEVE治疗的肝硬化GOVB患者共142例,分为TIPS组(n=31)和TIPS+SEVE组(n=111)。观察2组术中情况、随访结果并分析影响肝硬化GOVB患者术后再出血的危险因素等。计量资料组间比较采用独立样本t检验,计数资料比较采用χ2检验,等级资料比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,采用Kaplan-Meier绘制再出血率、分流道失功率和生存率曲线,采用log-rank比较累积再出血率、分流道失功率和生存率,采用Cox回归模型行单因素和多因素分析。结果 142例患者均成功完成手术。TIPS组和TIPS+SEVE组患者随访时间[(34±23)个月vs(32±21)个月,t=0.501,P0.05]、术后肝性脑病发生率(12.9%vs 18.9%,χ2=0.641,P0.05)比较差异均无统计学意义。TIPS组和TIPS+SEVE组患者随访期间1、2、3、5年累积再出血率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.511,P0.05)。TIPS组和TIPS+SEVE组患者随访期间1、2、3、5年累积分流道失功发生率分别为13%、21%、34%、34%和7%、12%、13%、13%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.087,P0.05)。TIPS组和TIPS+SEVE组随访期间患者1、2、3、5年累积生存率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.471,P0.05)。患者的术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级[风险比(HR)=0.385,95%可信区间(95%CI):0.165~0.898]、支架类型(HR=0.429,95%CI:0.240~0.766)和术后分流道失功(HR=5.840,95%CI:2.566~13.294)是影响肝硬化GOVB患者术后再出血的相关因素(P值均0.05)。多因素分析结果显示:支架类型为裸支架(相对危险度为0.527,95%CI:0.290~0.954)和术后发生分流道失功(相对危险度为4.436,95%CI:1.899~10.360)是影响肝硬化GOVB患者术后再出血的独立危险因素(P值均0.05)。结论 TIPS+SEVE与TIPS比较可降低肝硬化GOVB的术后分流道失功发生率,但并不能降低术后再出血率及提高生存率;而术中采用裸支架、分流道失功是影响肝硬化GOVB患者术后再出血的独立危险因素。     

食管静脉曲张套扎术和β-受体阻滞剂预防肝硬化初次出血的Meta分析

目的评价食管静脉曲张套扎术(EVL)和β-受体阻滞剂(BB)预防肝硬化初次静脉破裂出血的有效性和安全性。方法计算机检索Cochrane临床对照试验资料库(2006年第4期)、MEDLINE(1966年至2006年11月)、EMBASE(1985年至2006年11月)和中国期刊全文数据库(1994—2006年),并辅以手工检索有关EVL和BB预防食管静脉曲张初次破裂出血的随机对照临床试验,按Cochrane协作网推荐的方法进行Meta分析。结果共纳入8个随机对照试验(RCT)。Meta分析结果显示,EVL和BB比较,EVL可降低肝硬化初次静脉破裂出血的发生率[相对危险度(RR)=0.63,95%可信区间(CI):0.46~0.85;P=0.003;相对危险度减少(RRR)=0.37,需要治疗的患者数(NNT)为12例]和严重副反应发生率(RR=0.23,95%CI:0.12~0.43;P<0.01;RRR=0.77,NNT为8例);但二者对总病死率的影响差异无显著性意义(RR=1.03,95%CI:0.81~1.31;P=0.82)。结论预防肝硬化初次静脉破裂出血EVL比BB更有效和安全。     

普萘洛尔和经内镜硬化治疗预防肝硬化静脉曲张再出血的荟萃分析

目的:系统评价普萘洛尔和经内镜硬化疗法预防肝硬化静脉曲张再出血的有效性和安全性.方法:计算机检索PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane Library、CBM、CNKI、VIP数据库2009-02前发表的有关普萘洛尔和经内镜硬化疗法预防肝硬化静脉曲张再出血的随机对照试验,2名评价员独立对纳入文献进行质量评价和数据提取,用RevMan5.0软件统计分析.结果:共纳入9篇随机对照试验共计740例患者,Meta分析结果显示:两组在生存率(RR=0.97,95%CI:0.86-1.10)、病死率(RR=1.20.95%CI:0.90-1.59)方面差异均无统计学意义;普萘洛尔组再出血率高于经内镜硬化治疗组(RR=1.33,95%CI:1.14-1.54),但普萘洛尔组不良反应发生率低(RR=0.48,95%CI:0.26-0.86).结论:普萘洛尔与经内镜硬化治疗在预防再出血,再出血发生率高但不良反应发生率低.     

乳果糖预防肝硬化消化道出血后肝性脑病疗效的系统评价

目的:评价乳果糖预防肝硬化消化道出血后肝性脑病的疗效.方法:检索1990-01/2015-08 Medline、Embase、SCI、CBM以及Cochrane图书馆数据库,不限语种纳入所有关于乳果糖预防消化道出血后肝性脑病的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials,RCT)文献,对搜索到的RCT以及参考文献进行二次筛选,对纳入的研究进行质量评价,采用Rev Man软件进行Meta分析.结果:共有11篇R C T文献符合纳入标准.Meta分析结果显示,增加乳果糖治疗可以减少肝硬化上消化道出血后肝性脑病的发生率(RR=0.24,95%CI:0.16-0.35,P0.00001),减少SHE的发生率(RR=0.15,95%CI:0.06-0.38,P0.0001),缩短数字连接试验时间(WMD=-12.55,95%CI:-17.23--7.87,P0.00001),降低血氨浓度(W M D=-6.44,95%CI:-8.26--4.61,P0.00001).结论:乳果糖可以降低肝硬化合并消化道出血时肝性脑病以及SHE的发生率,降低血氨水平、改善数字连接试验(number connection test,NCT)时间,不良反应率低,可以推荐用来预防肝硬化消化道出血患者肝性脑病的发生.目前需要大样本量、多中心、高质量的RCT来支持这一循证医学结论.     

HBV相关肝硬化合并急性上消化道出血的危险因素分析

目的分析HBV相关肝硬化合并急性上消化道出血(AUGIB)的危险因素。方法以2011年1月-2011年12月于巩义市人民医院住院的58例HBV相关肝硬化合并AUGIB患者为研究组,另外随机抽取同期未发生上消化道出血的100例HBV相关肝硬化患者为对照组。收集其入院时的一般临床资料。计量资料组间比较采用t检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ~2检验。采用多因素Cox回归模型分析其影响AUGIB的危险因素;采用life tables法统计患者1、2、3年累积生存率并绘制生存曲线。结果 HBV相关肝硬化并发AUGIB患者的1、2、3年的累积生存率分别为72.2%、51.9%、35.2%,中位生存时间是24.7个月。单因素分析结果显示:出血史(χ~2=7.128,P=0.008)、病程(t=8.283,P0.001)、不良饮食习惯(χ~2=7.612,P=0.006)、Child-Pugh分级(χ~2=6.045,P=0.049)、食管静脉曲张程度(χ~2=46.241,P0.001)、胃底静脉曲张(χ~2=14.211,P0.001)及门静脉高压(χ~2=6.846,P=0.009)在2组间比较,差异均有统计学意义。多因素Cox回归分析显示,病程[(风险比)RR=0.745,95%CI(95%可信区间):0.824~0.967,P=0.026]、不良饮食习惯(RR=1.426,95%CI:1.033~2.582,P=0.032)、Child-Pugh分级(RR=2.032,95%CI:1.05~2.34,P=0.036)、食管静脉曲张程度(RR=0.796,95%CI:1.23~3.37,P=0.015)、胃底静脉曲张(RR=0.825,95%CI:2.46~3.92,P=0.043)、门静脉高压(RR=0.983,95%CI:1.26~3.75,P=0.007)为AUGIB发生的独立危险因素。结论病程、不良饮食习惯、Child-Pugh分级、食管静脉曲张程度、胃底静脉曲张以及门静脉高压是影响HBV相关肝硬化并发AUGIB的独立危险因素,临床医生应加以重视,以期改善患者的预后。     

卡维地洛或普萘洛尔联合内镜套扎术预防肝硬化食管静脉曲张再出血的疗效和安全性的meta分析

背景:非选择性β受体阻滞剂联合内镜套扎术是食管静脉曲张破裂出血二级预防的首选方案。卡维地洛联合内镜套扎术可能有更好的治疗潜能。目的:系统评价卡维地洛或普萘洛尔联合内镜套扎术预防肝硬化食管静脉曲张再出血的疗效和安全性。方法:计算机检索中国知网、维普、万方、Pub Med、Embase、Cochrane Library数据库,纳入卡维地洛+内镜套扎术(试验组)与普萘洛尔+内镜套扎术(对照组)治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张再出血的随机对照试验。采用Rev Man 5. 3软件对纳入文献行meta分析。结果:共纳入7篇文献。Meta分析结果显示,试验组总有效率显著高于对照组(RR=5. 40,95%CI:3. 01～9. 69,P 0. 000 1),总出血率、不良反应发生率显著低于对照组(RR=0. 57,95%CI:0. 36～0. 89,P=0. 01; RR=0. 46,95%CI:0. 29～0. 73,P=0. 000 9),而两组死亡率、心率降低程度、平均动脉压降低程度无明显差异(RR=0. 66,95%CI:0. 33～1. 30,P=0. 23; MD=-4. 99,95%CI:-10. 04～0. 07,P=0. 05; MD=3. 59,95%CI:-0. 71～7. 89,P=0. 10)。结论:卡维地洛联合内镜套扎术对肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂再出血的疗效优于普萘洛尔联合内镜套扎术,出血率较低,不良反应较少,且不增加死亡率,安全可靠。     

内镜下套扎序贯硬化治疗食管静脉曲张的荟萃分析

目的:对内镜下套扎序贯硬化(EVLS)治疗食管静脉曲张的疗效进行系统评价.方法:通过PubMed、维普和中国生物医学文献数据库检索1997-01/2007-12发表的有关内镜下EVLS治疗食管静脉曲张随机对照临床试验的相关文献.由2名评价员独立对纳入文献进行质量评价和数据提取,并使用RevMan4.2软件进行Meta分析.结果:按照纳入标准,有11项前瞻性随机对照临床试验纳入.EVLS组和内镜下套扎(EVL)组对食管静脉曲张疗效的比较结果显示:EVLS组食管静脉曲张复发率低于EVL组(RR=0.37,95% CI:0.25-0.55,P<0.01);食管静脉曲张消失率高于EVL组(RR=1.14,95%CI:1.05-1.23,P=0.001);而在再出血率、并发症发生率和死亡率方面,两组无统计学差异.EVLS组与内镜下硬化(EVS)组疗效的比较结果显示:EVLS组并发症发生率低于EVS组(RR=0.49,95%CI:0.31-0.75,P=0.001);食管静脉曲张消失率高于EVS组(RR=1.12,95%CI:1.04-1.20,P=0.004);而在食管静脉曲张复发率、再出血率和死亡率方面,两组无统计学差异.结论:EVLS在治疗食管静脉曲张方面较EVL或EVS更有优势,既保证了一定的疗效,又避免了高的并发症发生率,值得进一步推广.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。