不动杆菌整合子基因及其耐药性关系的研究

目的：研究整合子系统在不动杆菌中的分布情况,探讨其与该菌耐药性之间的关系。方法：收集深圳市第二人民医院2005～2006年临床标本中分离的不动杆菌122株,采用VITEK-32全自动细菌分析仪测定细菌耐药表型;多重PCR方法检测整合子基因及类型。结果：43.4%（53/122）的不动杆菌检测出1类整合子,未检出2、3类整合子;携带与不携带1类整合子的菌株在耐药性上存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）。整合子阳性菌株更多的表现出多重耐药。结论：不动杆菌中只检出1类整合子,整合子与不动杆菌多重耐药关系密切。     

鲍曼不动杆菌I类整合子与耐药相关性研究

目的了解鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及其I类整合子分布情况,探讨I类整合子携带与鲍曼不动杆菌耐药关系。方法菌株鉴定采用API板条,药物敏感实验采用K-B纸片扩散方法,I类整合子基因检测采用PCR方法。结果本研究鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率低于30%,对头孢噻肟和磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶耐药率超过90%,对其它种类抗菌药物除多粘菌素外,其耐药率在30%～90%之间;I类整合子检出阳性率为70%,I类整合子检测阳性菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于I类整合子检测阴性菌株。结论本次临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率较高,且呈多重耐药,多重耐药与其携带的I类整合子密切相关。     

致血液系统感染大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子参与耐药的研究

目的：探讨致血液系统感染大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子介导耐药性的分子机制。方法：应用全自动细菌分析仪Microscan WalkAway40和纸片扩散法，对16株大肠埃希菌进行抗生素敏感性测定，PCR扩增细菌总DNA上的Ⅰ类整合子，对扩增产物测序并分析其中的基因盒。结果：8株细菌含有Ⅰ类整合子，整合子大小分别为600bp、1700bp和2500bp，600bp整合子含基因盒dfr2d，1700bp整合子含基因盒dfr17-aadm5。结论：整合子在介导细菌耐药性方面发挥着重要作用。     

铜绿假单胞菌整合子与其多药耐药的相关性分析

目的调查北京大学人民医院自血液中分离的铜绿假单胞菌整合子携带情况,并分析整合子与其多药耐药的相关性。方法收集2006~2008年自血液分离的铜绿假单胞菌42株,仪器法鉴定,K-B法测定其药敏情况,简并引物PCR法扩增整合子的整合酶基因,对阳性PCR产物采用HinfⅠ内切酶作限制片段多态性(RFLP)分析进行整合子分类。结果42株铜绿假单胞菌对20种抗菌药耐药率显示,有54.8%的菌株表现出对12种抗菌药物耐受,45.2%的铜绿假单胞菌检出Ⅰ类整合子,PCR-RFLP结果显示,均为Ⅰ类整合子,未检出Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合子。结论Ⅰ类整合子广泛存在于血中分离的铜绿假单胞菌中;整合子检出率逐年上升;整合子与铜绿假单胞菌多药耐药具有相关性。     

致泌尿系统感染中大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子的研究

目的：分析泌尿系统感染中大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子的流行情况和分子特征。方法：应用全自动细菌分析仪Microgcan WalkAway40和纸片扩散法，对40株大肠埃希菌进行抗生索敏感性测定，PCR扩增细菌总DNA上的Ⅰ类整合子。对扩增产物进行测序。并分析其中的基因盒。利用脉冲场电泳（PFGE）对菌株进行分子分型。结果：22株细菌含有Ⅰ类整合子，整合子大小为1000、1200、1700和3000bp，22株细菌各含1-2个整合子。1000bp整合子含基因盒aadA1。1200bp整合子含基因盒dfr1—OFRx，1700bp整合予含基因盒dfr17-aadA5，3000bp整合子两端分别含基因盒aadB、cmlA1，40株细菌被分为不同的基因型，在不同基因型菌株中发现了相同的整合子。结论：整合子在泌尿系统感染大肠埃希中广泛存在，整合子是介导细菌耐药性的重要分子机制，基因分型结果提示整合子在细菌种内水平传播。     

Antimicrobial resistance and class 1 integrons in pathogenic Escherichia coli from dairy farms

The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and class 1 integrons, including integron-associated genes, in 24 Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms. Escherichia coli isolates (n = 14) from dairy cows with mastitis (ECDM), Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) O157:H7 from cull dairy cow fecal samples (n = 9) and bulk tank milk (n = 1) were evaluated for sensitivity to 19 antimicrobial agents used commonly in human and/or veterinary medicine. Multiplex PCR was used to determine presence of genes associated with class 1 integrons (intI1, qacEDelta1, and sulI1). Class 1 integrons were found only in eight of 10 isolates (one STEC O157:H7 and seven ECDM) that demonstrated antimicrobial resistance, and seven of these were resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents. Eight of 10 STEC O157:H7 and six of 14 ECDM were susceptible to all commonly used antibiotics. Five ECDM demonstrated multiple resistances to four or more antibiotics. Most of the 24 isolates examined exhibited resistance against sulfamethoxazole, followed by streptomycin and tetracycline. STEC O157:H7 strains had less prevalence of antibiotic resistance and integron carriage than ECDM. The multiplex PCR method developed for detection of intI1, qacEDelta1, and sulI1 can be used routinely for monitoring presence of these genes. Class 1 integrons were found in eight of 10 E. coli strains that demonstrated antimicrobial resistance; seven of these were resistant to two or more antibiotics. It appears that integrons played a role in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance of the strains used in this study.     

菌落杂交法鉴定沙门菌第一类整合子

目的:建立一种快速而经济的鉴定细菌中整合子的新方法,分析整合子介导的细菌耐药性。方法:以第一类整合酶基因intI1为探针,采用地高辛进行标记,菌落杂交的方法来鉴定第一类整合子阳性菌株。结果:发现在23株沙门菌中,四株第一类整合子阳性菌株,与采用第一类整合酶基因intI1 PCR扩增方法所得到的结果相一致。结论:菌落杂交法可以简单快速地鉴定细菌中整合子,这对研究整合子的特性及整合子在细菌耐药性中的介导作用具有重要意义。     

腹泻病人中志贺菌的耐药性和Ⅱ类整合子

目的:研究志贺菌的耐药表型、携带的耐药基因及整合子的流行现状。方法:对2008年-2009年从闵行区腹泻病患者大便标本分离的63株志贺菌,用KB法测定其对9种抗生素的药物敏感情况;PCR筛查整合子种类;长片段扩增Ⅱ类整合子可变区并测序。结果:63株志贺菌均表现出明显的多重耐药和交叉耐药现象,福氏志贺菌对复方新诺明、氨苄青霉素、四环素和萘啶酸的耐药率达90%以上。宋内氏志贺菌对复方新诺明和四环素的耐药率达85%以上。92.1%(58/63)的志贺菌中检出II类整合子,未检出I类整合子。58株II类整合子保守区阳性的标本,可变区扩增亦全部阳性,大小约3 kb～4 kb之间。测序结果显示耐药菌株含有编码对磺胺类抗生素耐药的基因dfrA1、对链丝菌素耐药的基因sat1和对氨基糖甙类抗生素耐药的基因aadA1。结论:多重耐药和交叉耐药在志贺菌中广泛存在;耐药志贺菌携带II类整合子,II类整合子与耐药表型之间存在一定关联。     

Plasmid-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli in crude and treated wastewater used in agriculture

A total of 273 Escherichia coli isolates from raw and treated municipal wastewaters were investigated to evaluate the frequency and persistence of antibiotic resistance and to detect the occurrence of conjugative R plasmids and integrons. The highest resistance rates were against ampicillin (22.71%), tetracycline (19.41%), sulfamethoxazole (16.84%) and streptomycin (14.28%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was present in 24.17% of the isolates. Several multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates proved to be able to transfer en bloc their resistance patterns by conjugative R plasmids with different molecular sizes and restriction profiles. Class 1 integrons of 1 or 1.5 kbp were found in 5 out of 24 representative multiresistant E. coli isolates. Although wastewater treatments proved to be effective in eliminating Salmonella spp. and in reaching WHO microbiological standards for safe use of wastewater in agriculture, they were ineffective in reducing significantly the frequency of plasmid-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance in surviving E. coli. Since multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria carrying integrons and conjugative R plasmids can constitute a reservoir of antibiotic-resistance genes in wastewater reclaimed for irrigation, risks for public health should be considered. Bacterial strains carrying R plasmids and integrons could contaminate crops irrigated with reclaimed wastewater and transfer their resistances to the consumers' intestinal bacteria.     

医院感染患者与健康者呼吸道分离肺炎克雷伯菌携带整合子的分析比较

目的 分析比较来源于南京地区部分社区健康成年人鼻咽部与住院患者分离的肺炎克雷伯菌(KPN)耐药性、携带整合子的特征及基因盒种类.方法 于医院体检中心采集健康体检者的鼻咽拭子,按《全国临床检验操作规程》进行培养、分离及鉴定KPN;运用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK细菌分析系统,鉴定住院患者痰标本中的KPN;应用纸片扩散法对抗菌药物进行耐药性监测和分析;应用PCR法扩增整合子;对PCR产物纯化、测序、并对结果进行分析.结果 来源于临床痰标本的24株KPN,10株为Ⅰ类整合子阳性株,整合子阳性率为41.7％,明显高于24株健康者定植菌分离KPN整合子的阳性率4.2％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);医院感染患者检出的KPN对13种抗菌药物总的耐药率为16.7％～83.3％,明显高于健康者分离KPN的4.2％～45.8％;且携带有氨基糖苷类、磺胺类、氯霉素抗菌药物耐药基因盒.结论 医院感染患者分离的KPN整合子阳性率及耐药率,显著高于健康者呼吸道分离的KPN,健康者携带菌株可分离出Ⅰ类整合子,提示应从基因水平上检测不同人群细菌耐药性.     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌Ⅰ类整合子的分布及耐药谱型

目的了解嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌Ⅰ类整合子的存在情况以及耐药谱型。方法2006年7月-2007年12月自临床标本分离60 株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,采用聚合酶链反应法检测分析其基因intⅠ、qacE△1 sul 1。药敏试验采用微量肉汤稀释法。结果60 株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌Ⅰ类整合子阳性率为13.33%（8/60）,对临床常用抗菌药物敏感率＞80%的仅有米诺环素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、左氧氟沙星。结论嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌是一种重要的医院感染病原菌,其具多重耐药性, Ⅰ类整合子的存在加快了细菌耐药性的传播。     

多药耐药肺炎克雷伯菌噬菌体原/噬菌体、整合子、转座子、插入序列及质粒遗传标记分析

目的 调查多药耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(MDRKP)中噬菌体原/噬菌体、整合子、转座子、插入序列和质粒等可移动遗传元件遗传标记的存在情况.方法 收集2008年8月-2010年5月6所医院共47株MDRKP,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法,分析12种噬菌体原/噬菌体、3种整合子、7种转座子插入序列和两种质粒共24种可移动遗传元件遗传标记.结果 该组MDRKP共检出1种噬菌体原/噬菌体、1种整合子、6种转座子和插入序列、两种质粒遗传标记.结论 携带Ⅰ类整合子(intⅠ 1)、插入序列(IS26、IS903、ISEcp1、ISKpn6)、耐药质粒(trbC)是该组MDRKP耐药的一个重要原因,MDRKP同时作噬菌体原/噬菌体、整合子、转座子、插入序列和质粒等遗传标记检测为国内首次.     

水产品中耐药大肠埃希菌整合子与耐药基因盒研究

目的:利用水产品中分离到的耐药大肠埃希菌,研究整合子与耐药性的关系。方法:PCR扩增1类和2类整合酶及整合子,将其进行序列分析。结果:85株耐药大肠埃希菌中88%含有1类整合酶基因;其中68%能扩增此基因;1类整合子可变区PCR扩增产物谱型有17种;1类整合子最常见的基因盒有4种。还发现1株大肠埃希菌同时携带1和2两类不同的整合酶和整合子。结论:大肠埃希菌耐药性与整合子有相关性。     

High Prevalence of Class 1 to 3 Integrons Among Multidrug-Resistant Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Southwest of Iran

Objectives

Horizontal transfer of integrons is one of the important factors that can contribute to the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of integrons among MDR Escherichia coli strains isolated from stool specimens and investigate the associations between the existence of integrons and MDR properties in the southwest of Iran.

Methods

There were 164 E. coli strains isolated from January 2012 to June 2012. Fecal specimens identified as E. coli by the conventional methods. Subsequently the antibiotic resistance was assessed using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute criteria. The presence of class 1–3 integrons and embedded gene cassettes was verified using specific primers by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay.

Results

Among a total of 164 studied samples, 69 (42.07%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Class 1 and class 2 integrons were present in 78.26% and 76.81% MDR isolates, respectively. For the first time in Iran, class 3 integron was observed in 26.09% MDR isolates. Significant correlations were identified between: class 1 integron and resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and co-trimoxazole; class 2 integron and resistance to aminoglycosides, co-trimoxazole, cefalexin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol; and class 3 integron and resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that integrons are common among MDR isolates and they can be used as a marker for the identification of MDR isolates. Therefore, due to the possibility of a widespread outbreak of MDR isolates, molecular surveillance and sequencing of the integrons in other parts of the country is recommended.     

食品中大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌整合子的耐药性水平传递研究

探讨整合子在细菌耐药性的获得及传递中的作用。方法 :采用膜接合试验。结果 :菌株之间的接合频率在 1 0 - 1～ 1 0 - 5之间。结论 :整合子可发生水平传递 ,同时整合子可捕获或丢失基因盒 ,造成耐药基因的水平播散。     

食品中沙门菌整合子与耐药性关系研究

目的：研究食品中沙门菌的整合子携带情况及整合子与耐药性之间的关系。方法：PCR检测细菌总DNA中1、2、3类整合酶基因，确定细菌携带整合子的情况。整合子阳性菌档进一步检测整合子的可变区，分析插入基因盒的序列。结果：69株大肠菌中25株携带1类整合子，集中分布在对4种以上抗生素耐药的菌株中。插入基因盒主要是dfr(甲氧苄氨嘧啶)和aadA(氨基糖甙类)基因盒，各种基因盒组合中最常见的是difrl—aadA1。结论：细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致，但是单个菌株的耐药谱与整合子的耐药基因盒缺乏对应关系。     

Into the sea: Antimicrobial resistance determinants in the microbiota of little penguins (Eudyptula minor)

Terrestrial and aquatic birds have been proposed as sentinels for the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, but few species have been investigated specifically in the context of AMR in the marine ecosystem. This study contrasts the occurrence of class 1 integrons and associated antimicrobial resistance genes in wild and captive little penguins (Eudyptula minor), an Australian seabird with local population declines. PCR screening of faecal samples (n = 448) revealed a significant difference in the prevalence of class 1 integrons in wild and captive groups, 3.2% and 44.7% respectively, with genes that confer resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin, trimethoprim and multidrug efflux pumps detected. Class 1 integrons were not detected in two clinically relevant bacterial species, Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli, isolated from penguin faeces. The presence of class 1 integrons in the little penguin supports the use of marine birds as sentinels of AMR in marine environments.     

耐碳青霉烯酶类肺炎克雷伯菌中整合子及相关基因盒的分布

目的 了解耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌整合子及相关基因盒的分布,分析整合子与耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌多药耐药的关系.方法 采用革兰阴性杆菌药敏卡检测耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合酶基因(intⅠ1、intⅡ2、intⅢ3)及Ⅰ类整合子可变医基因盒,并分析可变区上游启动子的类型.结果 74株耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌中有67株检测到Ⅰ类整合酶基因,检出率为90.5％,2株检测到Ⅱ类整合酶基因,检出率为2.7％,未检测到Ⅲ类整合酶基因阳性菌株;55株(74.3％)成功扩增出Ⅰ类整合子可变区,主要携带甲氧苄啶及早期使用的氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药基因,可变区启动子大多为弱启动子;携带Ⅰ类整合子菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药率与Ⅰ类整合子阴性菌株之间的差异无统计学意义.结论 Ⅰ类整合子及相关基因盒在耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌中分布广泛.所携带的整合子具有非常强的从周围环境中捕获耐药性基因盒的能力.     

临床分离大肠埃希菌耐药性分析及I型整合子研究

目的了解临床分离大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药状况;研究整合子在大肠埃希菌中的分布情况,探讨其与大肠埃希菌耐药性之间的相关性。方法收集广东省3所医院2010-2012年分离的大肠埃希菌,采用K B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验;聚合酶链反应（PCR）法扩增3类整合子整合酶基因和整合子可变区,测序分析整合子所携带的耐药基因盒类型。结果共收集156株大肠埃希菌,其对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类和磺胺类等的大多数抗菌药物的耐药率＞50%;耐药率＜10%的抗菌药物有头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（0）、亚胺培南（3.85%）、头孢替坦（4.35%）、厄他培南（7.69%）和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦（8.97%）;I类整合子的检出率为57.69%（90/156）,多重耐药菌与非多重耐药菌的整合子检出率分别为66.00%（66/100）和64.71%（22/34）,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但分别与敏感菌组（9.09%,2/22）相比,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。所检出的整合子可变区分为9种类型,大部分都含有aadA和dfrA耐药基因盒。结论大肠埃希菌整体耐药情况严重;I类整合子在临床分离大肠埃希菌中分布广泛,并与大肠埃希菌的耐药性关系密切,主要介导对氨基糖苷类、磺胺类、β 内酰胺类等多种抗菌药物的耐药性。     

Distribution of Class 1–3 Integrons in Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Inpatients in Shiraz,South of Iran

BackgroundHealth-care-associated infection (HAI) is effect on patients for the time of staying in the hospital. Opportunistic pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most dangerous biological agents in nosocomial infections. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of 3 classes of integrons carrying to carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa strains collected from Nemazee hospital.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from Nemazee hospital. The identification of the isolates was performed by routine biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was determined using the disk diffusion method against imipenem and meropenem. The int1, int2 and int3 genes were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsSeventy-five clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were recovered from various clinical infections. A carbapenem-resistant phenotype was detected in 42.7% (imipenem) and 29.3% (meropenem) of isolates. As the PCR results, 48 (64%) and 15 (20%) isolates were identified as being positive for class 1 and class 2 integrons, respectively. Class 3 integrons were not found among the studied isolates.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate the importance of class 1 and 2 integrons in carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa strains. Therefore, integrons play an important role in acquisition and dissemination of carbapenem resistance genes among these pathogens, so, management of infection control policies and the appropriate use of antibiotics is essential for control the spreading of antibiotics resistance genes.