B型主动脉夹层病人院内安全转运的护理

[目的]总结B型主动脉夹层病人院内安全转运的护理。[方法]对50例B型主动脉夹层病人进行院内转运,加强转运前的风险评估及准备,优化转运流程,加强转运途中的监护、观察及应急抢救措施,转运后的交接等。[结果]50例病人均安全送达目的地,无一例病人在转运中发生意外,未发生医患纠纷。[结论]加强B型主动脉夹层病人院内安全转运的护理可避免或减少B型主动脉夹层病人的抢救及医疗纠纷的发生。     

Stanford B型主动脉夹层介入治疗病人的观察及护理

[目的]探讨21例Stanford B型主动脉夹层病人行介入治疗的观察及护理。[方法]对行介入治疗的21例Stanford B型主动脉夹层病人,从围术期护理、并发症的观察及出院指导等方面总结护理经验。[结果]21例病人手术全部成功,未发生严重并发症。[结论]对Stanford B型主动脉夹层行介入治疗病人,加强围术期护理,做好并发症的观察是治疗成功的关键。     

StanfordB型主动脉夹层介入治疗病人的观察及护理

[目的]探讨21例 Stanford B 型主动脉夹层病人行介入治疗的观察及护理。[方法]对行介入治疗的21例 Stanford B 型主动脉夹层病人,从围术期护理、并发症的观察及出院指导等方面总结护理经验。[结果]21例病人手术全部成功,未发生严重并发症。[结论]对 Stanford B 型主动脉夹层行介入治疗病人,加强围术期护理,做好并发症的观察是治疗成功的关键。     

89例主动脉夹层急诊CT检查的护理

[目的]探讨主动脉夹层的CT检查急救护理要点。[方法]回顾性分析急诊科收治的89例主动脉夹层的病人,在CT检查前从绿色通道开放、入抢救室救治、生命体征的监测与护理、疼痛的评估与护理、药物的观察与护理、安全转运、心理疏导等多方面对其进行急救与护理。[结果]89例病人经过急救、护理后,2例出现血管外膜破裂未注射造影剂,CT检查后9例出现轻度皮疹,18例出现轻度胃肠道反应,1例死亡,其余病人都顺利完成检查。[结论]在对主动脉夹层病人进行CT检查过程中护理人员应对所有可能的意外提前预知,协助建立急救检查绿色通道,在转运及检查过程中应做到抢救准备充分、转运过程安全有序,熟练掌握急救护理程序,实施有效的急救护理措施,为抢救病人生命夺得第一宝贵时间。     

28例主动脉夹层病人的急救护理

[目的]总结主动脉夹层病人的急救护理。[方法]对28例主动脉病人进行急救护理,主要包括快速分诊、紧接救治、严密监测生命体征、有效控制血压和心率变化、安全转运、心理支持等。[结果]21病人做到早期诊断及时治疗,顺利送入病房,进一步治疗,4例病人转院治疗,3例病人因血管破裂死亡。[结论]加强主动脉夹层病人的急救护理有利于预后。     

老年主动脉夹层病人的急救与护理

[目的]总结老年主动脉夹层病人的急救与护理措施。[方法]回顾性分析10例老年主动脉夹层病人的临床资料。[结果]本组病人行主动脉替换术2例,内科保守治疗8例;经积极抢救、治疗和护理,好转出院8例,死亡2例。[结论]加强老年主动脉夹层病人的急救与护理有利于预后。     

急性主动脉夹层病人的急救护理

[目的]总结急性主动脉夹层病人的急救护理方法。[方法]对28例急性主动脉夹层病人进行急救护理,即建立急诊绿色通道,严密观察病情和监测生命体征,熟练掌握急救和护理程序,及时准确地执行医嘱,实施有效的护理措施,协助医生早期诊断,安全转运。[结果]28例病人经急救护理后转至心血管外科,2例死亡,其余均痊愈出院,未发生与护理相关的并发症。[结论]积极有效的护理是降低主动脉夹层急性期病死率、赢得治疗时间的关键。     

主动脉夹层病人的急性期护理

[目的]探讨主动脉夹层急性期的护理方法。[方法]对我科救治87例主动脉夹层病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。[结果]本组病人住院期间死亡3例,84例病人经治疗后出院。出院后随访,2例病人未加强控制血压发生主动脉破裂死亡,3例发生术后并发症,嘱病人继续随诊。[结论]及时正确的主动脉夹层急性期护理是保证病人生命及良好生活质量的关键。     

重症监护病房颅脑损伤建立人工气道病人院内转运的护理

[目的]总结重症监护病房（ICU）颅脑损伤建立人工气道病人院内转运的护理。[方法]对180例ICU颅脑损伤建立人工气道病人进行院内转运,做好转运前的充分准备、转运途中的严密观察、呼吸道和各种管道的管理、与相关检查的科室严密交接等。[结果]ICU颅脑损伤建立人工气道病人院内安全转运成功率达97.5%;气管插管移位及引流管脱出由35%降到5%,病情变化由35%降到10%,未发生重大病情变化而中断转运。[结论]加强ICU颅脑损伤建立人工气道病人院内转运的护理可保证危重病人院内转运的安全。     

Stanford B型主动脉夹层病人覆膜支架植入术围术期的护理

[目的]总结主动脉夹层覆膜支架植入术病人围术期护理。[方法]回顾性分析12例Stanford B型主动脉夹层覆膜支架植入病人的临床资料。[结果]12例病人覆膜支架成功植入,无严重并发症,均康复出院。[结论]充分的术前准备、密切的术中配合以及完善的术后护理是病人安全渡过围术期的保证。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.