帕博利珠单抗联合一线化疗方案治疗晚期胃癌的药物经济学评价

摘要：目的:从中国医疗卫生体系角度出发,对治疗晚期胃癌的帕博利珠单抗、帕博利珠单抗联合化疗、单纯化疗等3种化疗方案进行药物经济学评价,为国内外晚期胃癌患者治疗提供决策参考。方法:基于Ⅲ期临床试验的研究数据,通过文献获取相关的参数,利用TreeAge软件建立Markov模型,对3种用药方案进行成本-效果分析,并用敏感性分析验证模型分析结果的稳定性。结果:根据Markov模型分析结果,相对于帕博利珠单抗方案,单纯化疗方案可增加4.6个质量调整生命年(QALY),同时成本增加104 927.91元,其增量成本-效果比(ICER)为22 810.42元/QALY,低于我国的意愿支付阈值(242 928元/QALY);而帕博利珠单抗联合化疗方案增加3.92 QALY、同时成本增加360 754.87元,其ICER为92 020.30元/QALY;单因素敏感性分析提示,年贴现率、稳定期效用值和进展期效用值对成本-效果分析结果有较大的影响;概率敏感性分析提示随着我国人均国内生产总值(GDP)的增长,相对于帕博利珠单抗方案,单纯化疗方案与帕博利珠单抗联合化疗方案均是优选的方案。结论:相对于帕博利珠单抗治疗晚期胃癌的方案,帕博利珠单抗联合一线化疗方案具有一定的成本-效果,而单纯化疗方案具有明显的经济性优势。     

帕博利珠单抗单药对比标准化疗用于晚期非小细胞肺癌治疗的成本效用分析

目的 对帕博利珠单抗单药对比标准化疗一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌治疗的经济性进行评价,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 以KEYNOTE-042中国研究为基础创建Markov模型对帕博利珠单抗单药对比标准化疗一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌进行成本效用分析,成本参数测算参考KEYNOTE-042中国研究,CSCO推荐的治疗、检查和不良反应处理模式和某三甲肿瘤医院的医疗服务价格,效用参数参考已发表的文献,通过模型测算各方案治疗的总成本、QALY、ICER值,并对各参数进行敏感性分析。结果 当患者PD-L1表达的TPS值分别≥50%、≥20%、≥1%的情况下,患者选择帕博利珠单抗单药治疗对比标准化疗分别能多获得0.73,0.56,0.45个质量调整生命年(QALY),多花费674 740元、522 741元、513 048元,对应的增量成本效果比(ICER)值分别是928 713,951 323,114 006,均大于3倍人均国内生产总值(GDP)。敏感性分析结果显示：各组ICER值大于3倍的人均GDP的结果稳定。结论 以3倍人均GDP为支付阈值,帕博利珠单抗单药对比标准化疗一线治疗晚期NSCLC不具有经...     

卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗治疗中国晚期非小细胞肺癌的成本-效果分析

摘 要 目的：评价卡铂和培美曲塞联合卡瑞利珠单抗与单独化疗用于晚期非鳞状非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的成本-效果分析。方法：建立Markov模型,对卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗与单独化疗一线治疗晚期非鳞状NSCLC进行成本-效果分析。临床效果参数和效用参数源于Ⅲ期临床试验（CameL试验）数据和国内外参考文献,结果指标包括成本、质量调整生命年（QALYs）和增量成本-效果比（ICER）。采用单因素和概率敏感性分析对结果进行分析,以评估模型结果的稳健性。结果：基础分析显示,卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗可产生额外的0.395 QALY,增量成本为48 786元,从卫生体系角度来看,对应于每个QALY的增量成本效益比为123 509元。从医保支付方角度作情境分析,结果显示,从城镇居民医保角度卡瑞利珠单抗化疗的ICER为101 959元,从职工医保角度ICER为103 393元。结论：基于217 341元/QALY的支付意愿阈值,对于中国晚期非鳞状NSCLC患者,卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗的一线治疗相对于单独化疗具有经济学优势。     

帕博利珠单抗联合化疗方案一线治疗晚期或不可切除胆道恶性肿瘤的成本-效用分析

目的 从我国卫生体系角度出发,评价帕博利珠单抗联合化疗方案对比安慰剂联合化疗方案一线治疗晚期或不可切除胆道恶性肿瘤（BTC）的经济性。方法 根据KEYNOTE-966试验数据构建分区生存模型,模拟周期为21 d,模拟时限为患者终生。以质量调整生命年（QALY）为产出指标,采用成本-效用分析法评价上述两种方案的经济性。通过单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析验证基础分析结果,并探讨有赠药方案情境下的经济性。结果 基础分析结果显示,帕博利珠单抗组的成本与效果均高于安慰剂组,增量成本-效果比（ICER）为3 909 359.78元/QALY,高于以3倍我国2022年人均国内生产总值（GDP）即257 094元作为的意愿支付（WTP）阈值,证明没有经济性。单因素敏感性分析结果显示,效用贴现率、无进展生存状态效用值、成本贴现率、帕博利珠单抗成本等对ICER的影响较大。概率敏感性分析验证了基础分析结果的稳健性,并得出当WTP阈值大于1 500 000元/QALY时,帕博利珠单抗组方案开始具有经济性。情境分析结果表明,当考虑针对低收入人群的帕博利珠单抗慈善赠药方案时,虽然治疗成本大幅下降,但仍不具有经济...     

基于分区生存模型的帕博利珠单抗单药与化疗一线治疗PD-L1肿瘤比例分数不同的非小细胞肺癌的成本-效果分析

目的：从卫生体系角度出发,评价帕博利珠单抗单药与化疗一线治疗PD-L1肿瘤比例分数≥1%的局部晚期或转移性非小细胞肺癌的经济性,为相关卫生决策提供参考。方法：根据疾病发展进程建立无进展、进展和死亡三状态分区生存模型,以质量调整生命年（QALY）作为产出指标计算增量成本-效果比。生存分析数据来自于一项多中心随机对照非盲的Ⅲ期临床试验KEYNOTE-042,成本数据来自于米内网和8个省市的医疗卫生服务项目价格中位数,效用数据源于已发表文献,并对关键参数进行敏感性分析和情景分析。结果：基础分析结果表明,相较于标准化疗组,帕博利珠单抗单药治疗相对于化疗的增量成本效果比在PD-L1肿瘤比例分数不同的人群中分别为228 254.12元/QALY（TPS≥50%）、351 267.03元/QALY（TPS≥20%）和256 990.96元/QALY（TPS≥1%）。单因素敏感性分析显示帕博利珠单抗价格和PFS状态效用等对ICER的变化有较大影响。概率敏感度分析结果表明模型结构稳定,稳健性较好。结论：在中国3倍人均GDP（193 932.00元）的意愿支付阈值下,帕博利珠单抗单药治疗与化疗相比不具有成本-效果,其经济性未来可通过降低价格来实现。     

替雷利珠单抗单药二线治疗晚期或转移性食管鳞状细胞癌的成本-效用分析

目的 评价替雷利珠单抗单药二线治疗晚期或转移性食管鳞状细胞癌（ESCC）的经济性，为临床合理用药提供参考。方法从我国卫生体系角度出发，基于RATIONALE-302研究数据构建三状态分区生存模型，模拟时限为10年，循环周期为1个月。采用成本-效用分析法，以质量调整生命年（QALY）作为效用指标并计算增量成本-效果比（ICER），比较替雷利珠单抗单药方案相对于化疗方案二线治疗晚期或转移性ESCC的经济性。采用敏感性分析和情境分析来验证基础分析结果的稳健性。结果 基础分析结果显示，相对于化疗组，替雷利珠单抗组患者的人均增量成本为35 025.32元，人均增量效果为2.71 QALYs,ICER为12 892.31元/QALY，远低于以3倍2021年我国人均国内生产总值（GDP）即242 928元作为的意愿支付（WTP）阈值。单因素敏感性分析结果显示，阿帕替尼成本、疾病进展状态效用值和化疗组不良反应处理成本等参数对ICER值的影响较大，但这些参数均不能导致基础分析结果翻转。概率敏感性分析结果显示，当WTP阈值大于80 000元/QALY时，替雷利珠单抗单药方案具有经济性的概率为100%。情境...     

曲妥珠单抗联合化疗治疗HER-2阳性晚期胃癌的成本-效果分析

目的 从卫生体系角度出发,评价曲妥珠单抗联合化疗对比单纯化疗治疗HER-2阳性晚期胃癌的成本效果。方法 参考1项Ⅲ期临床试验数据（ToGA研究）构建分区生存模型,通过拟合最佳参数来外推生存曲线模拟患者终生,以质量调整生命年（QALY）来计算增量成本-效果比（ICER）,通过单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析验证基础分析结果的稳健性。结果 基础分析结果显示：曲妥珠单抗联合化疗较单纯化疗增加0.19 QALY的同时,需增加成本65 352.42元,大于支付意愿阈值（WTP）。单因素敏感性分析显示：对模型最敏感的3个因素为：无进展生存期（PFS）和进展期（PD）的效用值和曲妥珠单抗的成本。概率敏感性分析显示：当WTP＜320 000.00元时,曲妥珠单抗联合化疗组具有经济性的概率低于45.6%。结论 曲妥珠单抗联合化疗方案治疗HER-2阳性晚期胃癌目前不具有经济性。     

阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗与索拉非尼一线治疗不可切除肝细胞癌的药物经济学评价

摘要：目的:从中国医疗保健系统角度和美国支付者角度出发,比较阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗（AteBev）与拉非尼（Sor）在一线治疗不可切除肝细胞癌（uHCC）患者中的经济性。方法:基于Ⅲ期临床研究（IMbrave150）最新研究结果构建评价经济性的Markov模型和分区生存（PS）模型,循环周期为1个月,研究时限为10年。成本和效用来源于文献和数据库,转移概率和比例通过计算获得;模型主要结果包括总成本、总生命年（LYs）、总质量调整生命年（QALYs）和增量成本效果比（ICER）、增量净健康收益（INHB）、增量净货币收益（INMB）。通过将ICER值与意愿支付阈值（WTP）比较,判断两种方案的经济性。通过敏感性分析处理模型参数的不确定性。结果:基础分析中,从中国医疗保健系统角度出发,基于Markov模型和PS模型,AteBev方案相对于Sor方案的ICER值分别是138 462美元/QALY、137 056美元/QALY;从美国支付者角度出发,基于Markov模型和PS模型,AteBev方案相对于Sor方案的ICER值分别是492 241美元/QALY、485 804美元/QALY,ICER值均大于其意愿支付阈值（31 499美元/QALY、150 000美元/QALY）,各种敏感性分析结果表明,基础分析结果稳定。结论:从中国医疗保健系统角度和美国支付者角度出发,在阈值为31 499美元/QALY、150 000美元/QALY时,Sor方案在一线治疗uHCC中更具经济性。     

替雷利珠单抗联合化疗一线治疗局部晚期不可切除或转移性胃或胃食管结合部腺癌的成本-效果分析

目的 评价替雷利珠单抗联合化疗一线治疗局部晚期不可切除或转移性胃或胃食管结合部腺癌的经济性。方法 从我国卫生体系角度出发,利用RATIONALE-305试验和相关文献数据建立分区生存模型,循环周期为3周,模拟时限为10年,贴现率为5%。以质量调整生命年（QALYs）为健康产出指标,评价替雷利珠单抗联合化疗对比安慰剂联合化疗一线治疗局部晚期不可切除或转移性胃或胃食管结合部腺癌的经济性,并进行单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析。结果 基础分析结果显示,与安慰剂联合化疗相比,替雷利珠单抗联合化疗方案可使患者多获得0.268 QALYs,但治疗成本会增加70 404.81元,增量成本-效果比（ICER）为262 431.62元/QALY,低于3倍2023年我国人均国内生产总值（GDP）的意愿支付阈值（268 074元/QALY）。单因素敏感性分析结果显示,无进展生存效用值和替雷利珠单抗药品成本对ICER值的影响较大。概率敏感性分析结果显示,当WTP阈值为3倍2023年我国人均GDP时,替雷利珠单抗具有经济性的概率为53.3%。结论 当WTP阈值为3倍2023年我国人均GDP时,与安慰剂联合化疗方...     

基于Markov模型的卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗治疗非鳞状非小细胞肺癌的成本-效果分析

摘要：目的:从中国卫生体系角度出发,评价卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗治疗非鳞状非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的经济性,为相关卫生决策提供依据。方法:根据疾病发展进程建立Markov模型,以质量调整生命年（QALY）作为健康效果指标计算增量成本-效果比（ICER）。生存数据来自一项多中心随机对照开放的Ⅲ期临床试验NCT03134872,成本数据来自中标价格,健康效果数据源于已发表文献。对关键参数进行确定型敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析。结果:基础分析结果表明,卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗相对于单纯化疗的ICER为90 393.77元/QALY,介于人均国内生产总值（GDP）和3倍人均GDP之间。确定型敏感性分析显示无疾病进展状态阶段的效果值、贴现值以及补救性化疗的成本对ICER有较大影响。概率敏感度分析结果表明意愿支付值（WTP）为3倍人均GDP值（217 341元）时具有成本-效果的概率为100%,若WTP为人均GDP值时具有成本-效果的概率较低。结论:与单纯化疗相比,卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗治疗非鳞状NSCLC更具成本-效果优势。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.