肾移植术后上尿路梗阻14例临床诊治体会

目的探讨肾移植术后上尿路梗阻的诊断及处理。方法回顾总结2000—2006年我院1090例肾移植患者中的14例移植后上尿路梗阻患者，其中输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄9例，6例行膀胱输尿管二次吻合手术，1例移植肾周感染输尿管末段坏死采用移植肾近端新鲜存活输尿管与自体输尿管吻合，1例采用膀胱肌瓣代移植输尿管，1例采用输尿管镜下气囊扩张后放置双J管。出血相关性梗阻、输尿管扭曲和输尿管结石所致梗阻5例，均行开放手术。结果14例肾移植术后上尿路梗阻患者中2例切除移植肾，其余各例患者经开放手术及腔镜处理均成功挽救移植肾功能。再次手术后随访0．5—1年，血肌酐68-155μmol／L，B超未见移植肾扩张积水加重。结论新上尿路梗阻是肾移植术后常见亦是较为棘手的外科并发症，多数和外科手术操作有关，可以通过提高手术技巧避免。一旦发生上尿路梗阻，应根据梗阻原因采取相应的治疗方法及时处理。     

肾移植术后输尿管并发症17例临床分析

目的 总结肾移植术后输尿管并发症的诊治经验.方法 回顾分析济南军区总医院诊治的17例肾移植术后输尿管并发症患者的临床资料.结果 17例患者伴有不同程度的少尿和局部肿胀不适等症状,实验室检查血清肌酐（Scr）升高,彩色多普勒超声（彩超）检查示移植肾积水、移植肾输尿管扩张,经磁共振水成像或计算机断层摄影术（CT）尿路成像明确诊断.其中输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄15例,输尿管坏死2例.治疗经过：14例行开放性手术,包括行移植肾输尿管膀胱重新吻合术12例,移植肾输尿管-自体输尿管吻合1例,移植肾输尿管游离、重新放置输尿管支架管1例.3例行非开放性手术治疗,包括输尿管皮肤造瘘1例、腔内球囊导管扩张术1例、软膀胱镜下逆行输尿管支架管插管治疗1例.疗效：14例开放手术治疗患者与1例输尿管皮肤造瘘患者的移植肾肾盂与膀胱的连接部恢复通畅,移植肾功能均明显改善.另2例非开放手术治疗患者,包括1例腔内球囊导管扩张术及1例行软膀胱镜下逆行输尿管支架管插管术患者术后复发,行开放手术治疗.结论 彩超及磁共振成像水成像或CT尿路成像等影像学检查是确诊移植肾输尿管并发症的主要方法.肾移植术后输尿管并发症应以预防为主,确诊后视具体情况行开放性手术或非开放性手术治疗,开放手术治疗的疗效较佳.     

移植肾并发输尿管梗阻的治疗

目的 探讨肾移植术后并发输尿管梗阻的治疗策略.方法 同种异体肾移植术后7 d～10年并发输尿管梗阻患者34例,其中3例移植输尿管部分坏死患者以开放手术治疗,其余31例采用经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术及经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术进行碎石、内切开或扩张等方法解除梗阻,放置双J管内引流,观察患者肾功能改善情况.结果 3例开放手术清除坏死段输尿管后移植输尿管再吻合成功;1例输尿管内血凝块堵塞者成功清除血凝块;2例输尿管膀胱吻合口水肿、11例输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄及6例吻合口上方狭窄患者行狭窄段扩张或内切开;6例输尿管结石及1例体外冲击波碎石术后石街患者行输尿管镜碎石、取石治疗;2例输尿管迂曲及2例尿漏患者行输尿管镜下置管术.术后随访18～50个月,29例引流通畅,肾功能恢复正常,血肌酐45～120μmol/L;5例肾功能恢复较差,血肌酐170～360 μmol/L;1例吻合口上方狭窄患者需定期更换支架管.结论微创技术治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻疗效好、安全.     

近期移植肾输尿管狭窄的原因探讨及防治

目的：探讨肾移植术后近期移植肾输尿管狭窄的原因及其防治。方法：收治肾移植术后近期输尿管狭窄患者8例，通过B超及手术探查了解狭窄梗阻的发生部位，并根据狭窄周围探查情况，推断造成狭窄的原因。结果：经手术探查发现，造成狭窄的原因多样，且多与手术操作不当有关。8例患者经手术重建输尿管膀胱通道，病情改善，移植肾功能恢复。术后观察10个月无复发。结论：肾移植术后近期移植肾输尿管狭窄的原因多与术中操作不当有关；若在输尿管膀胱吻合术中注意某些环节，则可减少部分输尿管狭窄的发生。     

肾移植术后长段输尿管狭窄的诊断与开放性手术治疗

目的 总结肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄的诊断方法与手术治疗经验.方法 分析11例肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料.患者发生长段输尿管狭窄的时间为肾移植术后2～6个月,临床表现为血肌酐升高、体重增加、尿量减少和移植肾区肿胀.所有患者均经B型超声、64层螺旋CT尿路造影(CTU)或磁共振尿路水成像(MRU)确诊,输尿管狭窄长度为3～7 cm.11例患者的治疗方法为:5例行膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术;2例行供肾肾盂-自体输尿管吻合术;4例行供肾输尿管-自体输尿管吻合术.结果 11例长段输尿管狭窄的患者经开放性手术治疗后,均取得成功,恢复了尿路的通畅.手术时间为2.5～4 h,无明显手术并发症.术后尿量显著增加,血肌酐下降至75～156μmol/L,B型超声示移植肾积水明显减轻或消失.术后随访8～62个月,患者肾功能稳定,无再发狭窄.结论 对肾移植术后出现血肌酐升高等临床特点的患者,应考虑到输尿管狭窄的可能,及时采用B型超声进行常规的检查,采用CTU或MRU明确狭窄的长度及部位;明确诊断后应及时进行开放性手术治疗.肾移植术后的长段输尿管狭窄经早期诊断和及时治疗成功率较高.     

移植肾输尿管梗阻的原因与处理方法

目的:探讨移植肾输尿管梗阻的发病原因及其处理方法。方法:报告行肾移植后发生移植肾输尿管梗阻29例的临床资料。全部经手术探查证实,包括输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄9例,输尿管下段狭窄5例,输尿管全段闭锁2例,膀胱肌层包埋过紧1例,输尿管下段穿孔4例,输尿管全段坏死2例,输尿管下段血块堵塞1例,输尿管外周血肿压迫2例,脓肿压迫1例,移植肾输尿管结石2例。14例移植输尿管坏死患者中有10例梗阻前发生急性排斥反应。结果:患者尿路重建后移植肾功能均恢复良好,随访1年均无再次梗阻发生。结论:移植肾输尿管梗阻以输尿管狭窄和坏死最为多见,排斥反应是发生输尿管梗阻的重要病因之一。对于影像学提示梗阻而移植肾功能无明显受损的病例,应积极行移植肾活检。手术是解决移植肾输尿管梗阻最有效的方法。     

肾移植术后尿路梗阻的诊治体会

目的 探讨肾移植术后尿路梗阻的原因,总结诊断和治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析我院1996年2月至2010年12月收治的14例肾移植术后尿路梗阻患者的临床资料.12例患者因血清肌酐进行性升高发现尿路梗阻,2例因尿瘘、尿外渗发现.均行开放手术治疗,术中发现输尿管末段狭窄,行输尿管膀胱吻合术.结果 所有患者移植肾功能于术后1～3周明显改善,移植肾积水于术后3～6周渐恢复.随访期间未见有尿路梗阻致移植肾积水.结论 尿路梗阻是肾移植术后严重并发症,加强围手术期管理,术中精细操作可有效预防其发生.超声和磁共振尿路成像对诊断有较大帮助.积极治疗可有效延长移植肾的存活,具有重要临床意义.     

移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻的腔内手术处理

目的　探讨微创性经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术和经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术治疗移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻的可行性与疗效。方法　对移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻的16例患者,采用微创性经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术和经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术对吻合口狭窄或闭锁进行内切开与扩张,放置输尿管内支架管内引流,并观察患者肾功能的改善情况。结果　1 例患者经尿道逆行插入输尿管镜,行气囊扩张后,放置输尿管内支架管内引流;13 例患者经皮肾穿刺顺行插入输尿管镜,行梗阻段内切开与扩张,放置输尿管内支架管内引流;2例因吻合口闭锁长度超过1 cm,改开放手术。术后随访1~24 个月,13 例引流通畅,肾功能恢复正常,血肌酐为45~113μmol/L;3 例肾功能恢复较差,血肌酐为158~315μmol/L。结论　微创性经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术和经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术处理移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻,疗效较好,操作简便、安全。     

经皮顺行输尿管支架植入在移植肾输尿管梗阻中的应用11例

目的 探讨经皮顺行输尿管支架植入治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的有效性和安全性.方法 2009年3月至2011年3月间11例肾移植输尿管梗阻患者,其中急性梗阻2例,慢性梗阻9例.11例梗阻的原因为移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄5例,结石梗阻2例,原因不详4例.术前以超声评估移植肾及集合系统,选择合适穿刺部位,在X线透视下完成顺行肾盂和输尿管造影;明确梗阻位置后,通过穿刺针植入斑马导丝直至膀胱,再经膀胱镜从尿道引出斑马导丝,沿斑马导丝顺行植入输尿管支架管,X线下观察输尿管支架上端进入肾盂后,拔除斑马导丝,再次透视,确认支架管位置.移植肾肾盂造瘘管引流1～2周后拔除,输尿管支架在术后半年至1年内取出.在术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月行B型超声及肾功能检查,之后每隔半年检查.结果 11例中10例手术成功,1例因输尿管狭窄段过长置管失败.输尿管支架植入手术耗时为(54±27) min,患者血清肌酐由术前(326±147) μmol/L下降至术后(89±49) μmol/L.随访6～27个月,患者均未发生并发症.结论 经皮顺行输尿管支架植入治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻是一种安全、有效的方法.     

同种异体肾移植术后输尿管狭窄开放手术治疗探讨(附6例报告)

目的 探讨同种异体肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄的手术治疗方案,分析手术治疗效果与临床实用性.方法 2018年4月～2020年11月收治的移植肾输尿管狭窄病人6例.6例均行移植肾造口术和移植肾输尿管膀胱再植术,术后对6例病人进行临床随访.结果 6例病人发生输尿管狭窄为术后1～76个月,平均为术后16.3个月,肾移植术后血肌...     

经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年至2011年华中科技大学附属协和医院6例接受经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料。所有患者先行B超引导移植肾穿刺造瘘,顺行造影确定梗阻的具体位置,顺行球囊扩张输尿管狭窄段,术后留置双J管和肾造瘘管,无效则改开放手术。结果6例患者中1例输尿管狭窄段〉1cm,球囊扩张失败,1例合并尿瘘,尿囊肿,扩张治疗无效,此2例均经开放手术治愈;其余4例一次扩张治愈,随访16～38个月,肾功能正常,无梗阻复发。结论经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张安全、损伤小,可作为治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的首选方法,对于合并有其他外科并发症或扩张治疗失败的患者,需开放手术治疗。     

Antegrade percutaneous dilation of ureteral strictures after kidney transplantation

Ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation is due mostly to retroperitoneal fibrosis in the area of surgical dissection, and pyeloureterostomy is the treatment of choice for such an obstruction. For confined strictures, especially at the site of the ureteroneocystostomy, endoscopic dilation may be a good alternative. Antegrade percutaneous dilation was used to treat six patients with ureteral stricture after kidney transplantation. Four patients had stricture at the ureterovesical junction, one a confined midureteral stricture, and one a secondary stricture at the site of pyeloureterostomy. Percutaneous antegrade dilation of the stricture to 14 Fr with semirigid fascial dilators and external ureteral stenting with a 12-Fr silicon splint for 6 weeks was successful in the four patients with ureterovesical junction obstruction but not in the two other patients. Results were judged on the basis of serum creatinine concentration, renal ultrasonography, and intravenous urography (IVU). The follow-up period was 12–20 months (mean 15 months). None of the six patients died and perioperative morbidity was minimal.     

腹腔镜输尿管吻合术

目的 探讨腹腔镜输尿管吻合术治疗输尿管梗阻性疾病的可行性及临床体会。方法本组9例，男4例，女5例；年龄34～64岁，平均49岁；左侧5例，右侧4例；其中输尿管上段结石伴大息肉形成2例、腔静脉后输尿管1例、输尿管上段息肉1例、输尿管中段肿瘤(对侧为无功能肾)1例、输尿管中段狭窄1例、输尿管上段结石术后输尿管狭窄1例，输尿管中段结石伴输尿管狭窄1例，妇科巨大子宫肌瘤术后输尿管下段结扎梗阻1例。B超检查均有患侧肾输尿管扩张、积水，其中重度肾积水6例、中度肾积水3例。手术采用经腹腔路径腹腔镜下打开侧腹膜、探查输尿管、切除病变输尿管并用5-0可吸收线间断缝合输尿管切口作输尿管吻合。结果9例手术均成功，手术时间80～170min，平均116min。术中出血80～200ml，平均147ml，无输血。术后引流管均无明显漏尿，1个月拔除双J管。平均随访14个月，8例IVU、经腹超声(BUS)复查患肾分泌功能改善，7例显影良好，1例肾显影延迟改逆行尿路造影(RGU)检查，患肾积水明显减轻，其中中度肾积水2例、轻度肾积水4例、无肾积水2例。输尿管无狭窄。1例输尿管肿瘤者病理报告为输尿管鳞癌，切缘阴性，但于术后13个月肿瘤复发而再次行肾造瘘术。结论腹腔镜输尿管吻合术是治疗输尿管疾病的微创方法，具有实用价值。     

Reconstruction of late‐onset transplant ureteral stricture disease

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Most of the published literature reporting on ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation details the outcomes of management when performed within a few months post‐transplantation. The present study attempts to document the management and outcomes of patients who develop delayed ureteral strictures after renal transplant.

OBJECTIVE

? To describe our experience with surgical management of transplant ureteral strictures over a 6‐year period.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

? The present study identified patients who underwent open reconstruction for transplant ureteral strictures between March 2002 and May 2008 after kidney or kidney–pancreas transplantation. ? Baseline clinical characteristics were documented, including age at transplantation and reconstruction, serum creatinine levels, immunosuppressive drug regimen, and comorbidities. ? Postoperative complications were noted, including urinary tract infections, stricture recurrence and graft failure. ? Successful reconstructions were defined as stable allograft function with unobstructed outflow not requiring repeat dilation, ureterotomy or stent placement.

RESULTS

? Median age at the time of reconstruction was 51 years and the mean time from transplantation was 62 months. ? Seven of the 13 patients had failed previous balloon dilation. ? The patients were followed for a median of 41 months and a successful repair was achieved in 10 of 13 patients. ? Ureteral strictures recurred in two patients who received ureteroneocystostomies, which were subsequently managed with chronic stent exchanges. ? Another recurrence involved a 1.5‐cm anastomotic stricture 6 months postoperatively, which was balloon‐dilated and has remained recurrence‐free for 16 months.

CONCLUSIONS

? Patients who present >6 months after renal transplantation with ureteral strictures that are recalcitrant to endoscopic management can safely undergo open surgical ureteral reconstruction without subsequent renal or graft failure. ? Further investigation involving a larger patient cohort is required to confirm these initial results.     

Surgical treatment of urologic complications in kidney transplantation

Summary Between January 1973 and December 1987 we carried out 846 kidney transplants using a transvesical end-to-side implantation of the ureter in the bladder without an antireflux mechanism. Moreover, 22 transplantations were carried out in 19 patients with a urinary diversion. We examined the urologic complications in these 868 consecutive transplants. Urinary leakage and obstruction were the two main urologic posttransplant complications. Severe leakage occurred in 17 patients (1.9%) and was treated by open surgery; the treatment of choice is a pyeloureterostomy (anastomosis between the transplant renal pelvis and the native ureter). There were 33 patients (3.8%) with severe ureteral obstructions. In 28 patients, open surgical treatment of the obstruction was necessary, and 5 patients required percutaneous endourologic treatment (dilitation of a confined ureteral stricture in 4 patients and percutaneous stone treatment in 1). The postoperative mortality was low: three patients (6%) died, two of septicemia due to leakage and one of pulmonary embolism after repair of the obstruction. The results of surgical treatment were good. The graft survival after 2 years in the group of urologically complicated transplants was 69.2% for the patients with leakage and 82.4% for those with obstructions. We conclude from these results that urologic complications after renal transplantation can be successfully treated by surgical (or percutaneous) correction.     

Diagnosis and treatment of urological complications in kidney transplantation.

Between January 1973 and January 1990 we carried out 1,038 kidney transplantations using a transvesical end-to-side implantation of the ureter in the bladder without an antireflux mechanism. Moreover, 30 transplantations were done in 26 patients with a urinary diversion. We examined the urological complications in these 1,068 consecutive transplants. Urinary leakage and obstruction were the two main urological posttransplant complications. Severe leakage occurred in 21 patients (2.0%), and was treated by open surgery; 2 patients had a urinary diversion. The treatment of choice is a pyeloureterostomy (anastomosis between the transplant renal pelvis and the native ureter). There were 35 patients (3.3%) with severe ureteral obstruction of whom 5 had a urinary diversion. In 30 patients open surgical treatment of the obstruction was necessary and in 7 patients a percutaneous endourologic treatment was done (dilatation of a confined ureteral stricture in 6 patients and percutaneous stone treatment in 1). The postoperative mortality in the patients treated for leakage or obstruction was low: 4 patients (7%) died, 3 of septicemia due to leakage and 1 of pulmonary embolism after repair of the obstruction. The results of surgical treatment were good. The graft survival after 2 years in the group of urologically complicated transplants was 68% for the patients with leakage and 80% for those with obstruction. The 2-year graft survival in the patients without complications was 67% and 71% for the patients with a urinary diversion. We conclude from these results that urological complications after renal transplantation can be treated successfully by surgical (or percutaneous) correction.     

Ureteric reconstruction for the management of transplant ureteric stricture: a decade of experience from a single centre

This study was conducted to review the outcomes of patients who had undergone surgical repair of a ureteric stricture following renal transplantation. All patients who developed a ureteric stricture and underwent ureteric reconstruction following renal transplantation, between December 2003 and November 2013, were reviewed. One thousand five hundred and sixty renal transplants were performed during the study period. Forty patients required surgical repair of a ureteric stricture (2.5%, 25 male, median age 48 [14–78]). The median time to stricture was 3 [1–149] months. 19 patients were reconstructed by reimplantation to the bladder, 18 utilized a Boari flap, two were a pre‐existing ileal conduit and one was an anastomosis to a native ureter. In one patient, reconstruction was impossible and consequently an extra‐anatomic stent was used. Two patients required re‐operation for restricture and kinking. Median serum creatinine at 12 months following surgery was 148 [84–508] μmol/l. There was no 90‐day mortality. Eleven grafts were lost at the time of this study, a median time of 11 [1–103] months after reconstruction. The incidence of ureteric stricture following renal transplant is low. Surgical reconstruction of the transplant ureter is the optimal treatment and is successful in the majority of patients.     

改良输尿管剥脱在移植肾同侧原肾肾盂癌手术中的应用

目的 评价改良输尿管剥脱术在处理移植肾同侧发生的原肾肾盂肿瘤中的临床价值.方法肾移植术后发生移植肾同侧原肾肾盂肿瘤患者7例.男2例,女5例.年龄36～57岁,平均54岁.行后腹腔镜下原肾切除,用5 F输尿管导管作为输尿管剥脱器,将输尿管肌层固定于输尿管导管末端,于尿道外口持续缓慢外牵输尿管导管至尿道口外,再次置入膀胱电切镜,于管口处将输尿管与膀胱连接的黏膜切断,切除输尿管及其膀胱壁内段,移除输尿管.观察患者手术前后移植肾功能指标、手术时间、出血量及手术相关并发症.结果 7例均成功完成输尿管剥脱术.手术时间105～160 min,平均126 min;出血量80～160 ml,平均124 ml.术后行膀胱灌注化疗.7例均未出现术中输尿管断裂、输尿管牵出困难等并发症.术前及术后6个月肌酐平均值分别为136.5、138.6μmol/L,尿素氮7.42、7.80 mmol/L,手术前后比较差异无统计学意义.1例合并膀胱肿瘤者术后3个月肿瘤复发,再次手术治疗.余6例随访6个月未见肿瘤复发.结论 肾移植术后并发同侧原肾肾盂肿瘤的患者采用输尿管剥脱处理输尿管创伤小、操作简便.