Association of angiographic perfusion score following percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction with left ventricular remodeling at 6 weeks in GRACIA-2

Higher angiographic perfusion score (APS) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been shown to be associated with improved clinical outcomes. The association between APS after STEMI and left ventricular remodeling as assessed by volumetric parameters derived from left ventriculography has not been assessed. Methods The APS (the arithmetic sum of the TIMI Flow Grade (TFG) and TIMI Myocardial Perfusion grade (TMPG) before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), range of 0–12) was assessed in 168 patients from the GRACIA-2 trial. Left ventriculograms performed in the 30° right anterior oblique projection were obtained among 148 patients at initial angiography (prior to PCI) and at 6 weeks. The association of APS with markers of left ventricular remodeling at 6-weeks was examined using left ventricular ejection fraction, delta end systolic volume, delta stroke volume and wall motion index. Results Full perfusion (APS 10–12), as compared to partial perfusion (APS 4–9) or failed perfusion (APS 0–3), was associated with a greater left ventricular ejection fraction (61.6% ± 10.0 vs. 56.9% ± 12.5 vs. 49.8% ± 16.9, P = 0.015), a decrease in left ventricular end systolic volume indicating favorable remodeling (mean −4.1 cc ± 17.3 vs. +2.0 cc ± 17.3 vs. +9.8 cc ± 16.1, P = 0.015), a greater improvement in left ventricular stroke volume (mean +13.7 cc ± 17.1 vs. +6.7 cc ± 15.5 vs. +1.2 cc ± 13.4, P = 0.009) and a decreased wall motion index (number of chords in the hypokinetic region) (mean 15.1 ± 16.4 vs. 21.4 ± 20.5 vs. 32.9 ± 22.1, P = 0.026) at 6 weeks. Conclusion In conclusion, among patients treated with combined reperfusion and revascularization strategies for STEMI, higher APS is associated with more favorable markers of left ventricular remodeling and improved 6-week left ventricular function. The GRACIA-2 trial was funded by unrestricted grants from the La Red Temática de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (RECAVA) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III of the Spanish Ministry of Health, the Spanish Society of Cardiology, Guidant CO, and Lilly CO. Additional support was obtained from Guidant CO to reimburse interventional centers for the cost of stents. No additional funding was received for the present analysis.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌灌注不良的影响因素

目的:探讨急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(心梗)(STEMI)急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后心肌灌注不良的影响因素。方法:根据PCI后心肌梗死溶栓治疗(TIMI)心肌灌注分级(TMPG),91例患者分为心肌灌注不良组(TMPG0～2级,n=30)和心肌灌注正常组(TMPG3级,n=61),比较2组基本临床资料和造影结果以及介入结果,并对各因素进行Logistio回归分析,总结急性心梗急诊PCI后心肌灌注不良的影响因素。结果:91例患者中男76例,女15例,年龄38～84(62.3±11.8)岁,心肌灌注不良组合并高血压病的比例更高(80.0%比54.1%,P=0.0163),心梗部位以非前壁心梗居多(70.0%比29.5%,P=0.002);造影结果中,心肌灌注不良组梗死相关血管以右冠状动脉(RCA)更多见(63.3%比18.0%,P     

急诊PCI对老年急性心肌梗死患者的疗效及左室重构的作用

目的观察急诊PCI对老年急性心肌梗死患者的临床疗效及恢复期左室重构的作用。方法98例老年急性心肌梗死患者（≥60岁）随机分为2组,其中PCI组50例,对照组48例。PCI组于发病12h内行急诊PCI术;对照组给于尿激酶150万u静脉溶栓治疗。两组患者均长期服用抗凝、抗血小板药物及冠心病二级预防药物,并分别于发病后1个月、6个月做心脏彩超了解心功能及左室重构情况,观察1年内主要不良心脏事件的发生情况。结果两组患者在发病1个月后左心室容积及射血分数差异无统计学意义;发病6个月后,PCI组左心室容积小于对照组,射血分数大于对照组,差异有统计学意义。PCI组主要不良心脏事件的发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论对于老年急性心肌梗死患者,急诊PCI能阻止患者的左室重构,改善患者的远期左室功能,并能减少主要不良心脏事件的发生。     

ST-segment resolution assessed immediately after primary percutaneous coronary intervention correlates with infarct size and left ventricular function in cardiac magnetic resonance at 1-year follow-up

Background

Little is known about the predictive value of electrocardiographic ST-segment resolution (STR) assessed immediately after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of the study was to analyze the value of STR and maximum single-lead ST-segment elevation assessed immediately after primary PCI in prediction of infarct size and left ventricular function in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) at 1-year follow-up.

Methods and results

A total of 28 patients with anterior wall ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary PCI entered the study. There was a significant correlation of STR and maximum single-lead ST-segment elevation assessed immediately after primary PCI and CMR infarct size and left ventricular function after 1 year. When analyzed according to standard optimal reperfusion cutoff (70% for STR and 1 mm for single-lead elevation), both electrocardiographic parameters were also good predictors of CMR infarct size and left ventricular function after 1 year.

Conclusions

ST-segment resolution and the single-lead maximum ST-segment elevation assessed immediately after primary PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction are good predictors of infarct size and left ventricular function in 1-year follow-up.     

应变率成像对急性前壁心肌梗死冠脉介入治疗后左室局部收缩功能的评价

目的运用应变率成像（SRI）技术定量评价急性前壁心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）前后梗死相关血管供血区域局部收缩功能。方法对62例急性前壁心肌梗死患者行PCI术。血管开通后无复流13例（无复流组）,心肌灌注良好49例（灌注组）。分别于PCI术前、术后3d、1个月及6个月测量左前降支参与供血的9个室壁节段的沿长轴收缩期应变率（SR）并与术前比较,确定异常节段。结果两组各时点sR降低,灌注组术后不同时间点的SR均显著高于无复流组,绝大多数心肌节段SR较术前增加,且随着时间的推移,其SR逐渐增加;无复流组术后3d及1个月除极少数节段SR降低外,其他节段心肌SR与术前无明显差异;术后6个月部分心肌节段SR较术前及术后3d有所增加。结论SRI可动态观察急性前壁心肌梗死PCI术前、术后梗死相关血管供血区域心肌收缩功能,间接评估心肌灌注情况。     

多普勒评价PCI对近期心肌梗死患者左室结构和功能的影响

目的：评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术对近期S—T段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI）患左心室结构和功能的影响。方法：51例已确诊为近期STEMI的患，全部行冠状动脉照影检查，25例行梗死相关动脉(IRA)PCI术，其后予以常规药物治疗，26例未行介入治疗直接进行药物治疗；术前或用药前应用多普勒超声测量ESV、EDV、LVEF、WMAS、E、A、E／A、Ei、Ai、Ei／A、SV等指标，并随访3个月，进行复查。结果：介入治疗组术后3个月ESV、EDV、WMAS、Ai较术前分别下降了26．5％(P＜0．01)、15．6％(P＜0．01)、41％(P＜9．01)、26．6％(P＜0．05)，LVEF、Ei／Ai较术前提高了17．8％(P＜0．01)、35．6％(P＜0．01)。对照组随访3个月，ESV、EDV分别较初期提高了10．8％、9．6％(P均＜0．05)，IVEF降低了10．0％(P＜0．05)，两组问Ai、Ei／Ai、ESV、EDV、LVEF、WMAS均有非常显差异(P均＜0．01)。结论：PCI术可改善近期心肌梗死患的左室功能及预后。     

Incidence,Predictors, and Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the incidence of ischemic stroke among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), predictors of post-PCI ischemic stroke, and the impact of post-PCI ischemic stroke on in-hospital morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and cost.BackgroundData on the incidence and outcomes of ischemic stroke in patients undergoing PCI in the contemporary era are limited.MethodsThe National Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients who underwent PCI between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2016. The incidence of post-PCI ischemic stroke was calculated, and its predictors were assessed. In-hospital outcomes of patients with and those without post-PCI stroke were also compared.ResultsThe adjusted incidence of post-PCI ischemic stroke increased during the study period from 0.6% to 0.96% following PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, from 0.5% to 0.6% following PCI for non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and from 0.3% to 0.72% following PCI for unstable angina or stable ischemic disease (p_trend <0.001). Carotid disease, cardiogenic shock, atrial fibrillation, and older age were the strongest predictors of post-PCI ischemic stroke. Post-PCI stroke rates were lower at high-volume versus low- to intermediate-volume centers. Thrombolytics, cerebral angiography, and mechanical thrombectomy use increased over time but remained infrequent. After propensity score matching, in-hospital mortality was higher among patients with post-PCI stroke (23.5% vs. 11.0%, 9.5% vs. 2.8%, and 11.5% vs. 2.4% in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina or stable ischemic heart disease cohorts, respectively; p < 0.001). Post-PCI stroke was associated with a >2-fold increase in length of stay, a >3-fold increase in nonhome discharges, and a >60% increase in cost.ConclusionsThe incidence of post-PCI ischemic stroke increased significantly over the past decade, partially because of the increasing complexity of patients undergoing PCI over time. Further studies are needed to systematically assess contributors to this worrisome trend and to identify effective strategies for its mitigation.     

Nonroutine Use of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Myocardial Infarction With Successful and Unsuccessful Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objectives

The authors sought to compare outcomes of patients with myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (CS) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with or without intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support according to final epicardial flow in the infarct-related artery.

Temporal Trends and Outcomes of Mechanical Complications in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the temporal trends and outcomes of mechanical complications after myocardial infarction in the contemporary era.BackgroundData regarding temporal trends and outcomes of mechanical complications after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are limited in the contemporary era.MethodsThe National Inpatient Sample database (2003 to September 2015) was queried to identify all STEMI and NSTEMI hospitalizations. Temporal trends and outcomes of mechanical complications after STEMI and NSTEMI, including papillary muscle rupture, ventricular septal defect, and free wall rupture, were described.ResultsThe analysis included 3,951,861 STEMI and 5,114,270 NSTEMI hospitalizations. Mechanical complications occurred in 10,726 of STEMI hospitalizations (0.27%) and 3,041 of NSTEMI hospitalizations (0.06%), with no changes in trends (p = 0.13 and p = 0.83, respectively). The rates of in-hospital mortality in patients with mechanical complications were 42.4% after STEMI and 18.0% after NSTEMI, with no significant trend changes (p = 0.62 and p = 0.12, respectively). After multivariate adjustment, patients who had mechanical complications after myocardial infarction had higher in-hospital mortality, cardiogenic shock, acute kidney injury, hemodialysis, and respiratory complications compared with those without mechanical complications. Predictors of lower mortality in patients with mechanical complications who developed cardiogenic shock included surgical repair in the STEMI and NSTEMI cohorts and percutaneous coronary intervention in the STEMI cohort.ConclusionsContemporary data from a large national database show that the rates of mechanical complications are low in patients presenting with STEMI and NSTEMI. Post–myocardial infarction mechanical complications continue to be associated with high mortality rates, which did not improve during the study period.     

A combination of increased Rho kinase activity and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide predicts worse cardiovascular outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Background

Recent experimental evidence suggests that the Rho/Rho-kinase (ROCK) system may play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) but there are little clinical data. This study examined if ROCK activity is increased in patients with acute coronary syndrome and if ROCK activity predicts long‐term cardiovascular event.

Method

Blood samples were collected from 188 patients within 12 h after admission for ACS (53% men; aged 70 ± 13) and from 61 control subject. The main outcome measures were all cause mortality, readmission with ACS or congestive heart failure (CHF) from presentation within around 2 years (mean:14.4 ± 7.2 months; range: 0.5 to 26 months).

Results

ROCK activity increased in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, n = 90) (3.33 ± 0.93), non-STEMI (NSTEMI, n = 68) (3.37 ± 1.04) and unstable angina (UA, n = 30) (2.53 ± 0.59) groups when compared with disease controls (n = 31) (2.06 ± 0.38, all p < 0.001) and healthy controls (n = 30) (1.54 ± 0.43, all p < 0.001). There were 24 deaths, 34 readmissions with ACS and 15 admissions with CHF within 2 years. Patients with a high N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high ROCK activity on admission had a five-fold risk of a cardiovascular event (RR: 5.156; 95% CI: 2.180–12.191) when compared to those with low NT-proBNP and low ROCK activity.

Conclusion

ROCK activity was increased in patients with ACS, particularly in those with myocardial infarction. The combined usage of both ROCK activity and NT-proBNP might identify a subset of ACS patients at particularly high risk.     

Percutaneous Circulatory Assist Devices for High-Risk Coronary Intervention

A unifying definition of what constitutes high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention remains elusive. This reflects the existence of several recognized patient, anatomic, and procedural characteristics that, when combined, can contribute to elevating risk. The relative inability to withstand the adverse hemodynamic sequelae of dysrhythmia, transient episodes of ischemia-reperfusion injury, or distal embolization of atherogenic material associated with coronary intervention serve as a common thread to tie this patient cohort together. This enhanced susceptibility to catastrophic hemodynamic collapse has triggered the development of percutaneous cardiac assist devices such as the intra-aortic balloon pump, Impella (Abiomed Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts), TandemHeart (CardiacAssist, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), and extracorporeal membranous oxygenation to provide adjunctive mechanical circulatory support. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss the physiology underpinning their application. Thereafter, we examine the results of several randomized multicenter trials investigating their use in high-risk coronary intervention to determine which patients would benefit most from their implantation and whether there is a signal to delineate whether they should be used in an elective pre-procedure, standby, rescue, or routine post-procedure fashion.