早期限制性液体复苏治疗重度颅脑外伤合并失血性休克

目的：了解早期限制性液体复苏治疗重度颅脑外伤合并失血性休克的临床疗效,寻找该疾病的有效复苏方案。方法采用简单随机化法将241例重度颅脑外伤合并失血性休克患者随机分为对照组107例和治疗组134例。对照组采用常规液体复苏,治疗组采用限制性液体复苏。记录两组的总补液量和输入胶体量,比较病死率。检测和比较患者复苏后的血红蛋白（Hb）、血小板（PLT）、红细胞比容（HCT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）。结果两组输入胶体差异无统计学意义（t＝0．227,P＞0．05）;治疗组总补液量少于对照组（t＝0．468,P＜0．05）;治疗组病死率为38．1％,明显低于对照组的55．1％（χ^2＝15．89,P＜0．05）。复苏后两组Hb、PLT、HCT和PT差异均有统计学意义（ t＝0．451、0．746、0．512、0．409,均P＜0．05）。结论早期限制性液体复苏治疗重度颅脑外伤合并失血性休克比常规液体复苏病死率低,疗效更显著,有较高的临床推广应用价值。     

创伤失血性休克液体复苏治疗模式的初步探讨

目的探讨创伤失血性休克液体复苏治疗的有效模式，为成功抢救患者提供理论依据。方法100例创伤失血性休克患者随机分为A组和B组各50例，A组采取限制性液体复苏模式，B组采取积极液体复苏模式，观察两组患者临床疗效和实验室指标的差异。结果A组死亡率为11％，B组为24％，两组差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A组术前剩余碱（BE）值、术前凝血酶原时间显著低于B组。而术前血小板计数显著高于B组，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论液体复苏治疗在抢救创伤失血性休克是必要的，限制性液体复苏疗法抢救成功率高，值得推广应用。     

中心静脉-动脉二氧化碳分压差在感染性休克液体复苏策略中的指导作用

目的：探讨中心静脉-动脉二氧化碳分压差（ΔPCO2）作为检测指标指导感染性休克液体复苏治疗的可行性。方法选取感染性休克患者57例,随机分为试验组（ n ＝30）和对照组（ n ＝27）治疗。监测2组中心静脉压（ CVP）、氧合指数（ PaO2／FiO2）、ΔPCO2、急性生理功能和慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ（ APACHEⅡ评分）、序贯器官衰竭估计（SOFA）评分、住ICU时间、机械通气时间、28 d病死率、6 h液体平衡。结果2组治疗6 h后CVP,PaO2／FiO2均有明显升高,APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分均明显下降,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0)．05）。治疗后试验组CVP和PaO2／FiO2均显著高于对照组,APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分以及住ICU时间、机械通气时间、6 h液体平衡均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。2组28 d病死率差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。结论监测ΔPCO2辅助液体复苏可有效降低液体平衡量,缩短机械通气时间和住ICU时间,改善治疗效果。     

加温高渗盐溶液复温救治创伤失血性休克的临床研究

目的探讨不同温度的高渗盐溶液复苏救治创伤失血性休克（HTS）临床效果。方法用高渗盐溶液复苏救治结HTS患者56例,随机分为常温高渗盐溶液组26例,常温组液体温度20-21℃;加温高渗盐溶液组26例,加温组：通过水浴加温高渗盐溶液40～42℃,输入体内的温度约37-38℃。比较两组中心温度、凝血酶原时间、乳酸值、碱剩余值、病死率和并发症发生率等进行统计学分析。结果加温组中心温度、凝血酶原时间、乳酸值、碱剩余值、病死率和并发症发生率与常温组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论加温高渗盐溶液复温救治创伤失血性休克能降低失血性休克的病死率和并发症的发生率,也适用于颅脑外伤者失血性休克的救治。     

脉搏指示剂连续心排量监测在感染性休克液体复苏中的应用价值

目的：探讨使用脉搏指示剂连续心排量监测（ PiCCO）在指导感染性休克患者早期液体复苏（ EGDT）中的应用价值。方法选取诊断明确感染性休克患者42例,于确诊0 h、6 h、24 h记录HR、MAP、CVP,PiCCO组（n＝26）,根据监测心排指数（CI）、全心舒张末期容积指数（GEDVI）、血管外肺水指数（EVLWI）、体循环阻力指数（SVRI）及CVP指标指导液体复苏,对照组（n＝16）仅采用监测CVP指导液体复苏。比较两组液体复苏治疗后6 h、24 h的效果,观察PiCCO组患者CVP升高2 mmHg、GEDVI增幅是否大于10％分析CVP、GEDVI与CI之间的相关性。结果 PiCCO组液体复苏6 h后HR、MAP较对照组改善明显[（101．3＆#177;7.8）次／min比（119．4＆#177;7．2）次／min,t＝-7．520,P＜0．05;（71．8＆#177;7．6） mmHg比（51．5＆#177;8．9） mmHg,t＝7.873,P＜0．05],早期液体复苏成功率较对照组高;APACHEⅡ评分、乳酸清除率均较对照组明显改善,住ICU天数较对照组减少[（17．0＆#177;3．4）分比（22．7＆#177;4．1）分,t＝-4．978,P＜0．05;（53．6＆#177;11．5）％比（-16．5＆#177;5.2）％,t＝9．283,P＜0．05;（13．8＆#177;2．6）d比（23．3＆#177;2．2）d,t＝-5．075,P＜0．05],28 d病死率差异均无统计学意义（t＝-2．162,P＞0．05）;PiCCO组中液体复苏前后GEDVI的变化与CI的变化呈正相关（r＝0．799, P＜0．05）,CVP变化与CI的变化无明显相关（r＝-0．446,P＞0．05）;GEDVI随CVP升高而增加的16例中0 h CI≥3 L＆#183; min-1＆#183; m-2有13例（81．3％）,GEDVI不随CVP升高而增加的10例中0 h CI≥3 L＆#183; min-1＆#183; m-2有3例（30．0％）,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝6．829,P＜0．05）。结论 PiCCO监测所得血流动力学指标指导下的感染性休克液体复苏治疗,能有效地提高液体复苏的成功率。与CVP相比,GEDVI更能有效反应心脏前负荷,在感染性休克并心功能抑制患者中,CVP与GEDVI之间的变化关系更能有效反应心脏功能。     

感染性休克患者两种药物治疗的临床效果研究

目的对垂体后叶素与去甲肾上腺素治疗感染性休克的临床效果进行研究。方法以2011年3月～2013年6月在我院住院治疗的36例感染性休克患者为研究对象,按照不同的治疗方法分成观察组和对照组,观察组18例,采用垂体后叶素进行复苏治疗,对照组18例,采用去甲肾上腺素进行复苏治疗,同时监测两组患者血压、血气及肝肾功能等。结果观察组6h复苏成功率为83．3％,明显高于对照组50．O％,多脏器功能不全（MODS）的发生率为27．8％,明显低于对照组61．1％,治疗1个月病死率为16．7％,明显低于对照组50．0％,两组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组与对照组治疗前乳酸浓度相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,治疗12h、24h后观察组乳酸清除率明显高于对照组,相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论通过垂体后叶素治疗感染性休克患者,患者复苏成功率高,组织细胞灌注不足或者缺氧状态的改善明显比去甲肾上腺素效果好,值得临床推广应用。     

高渗氯化钠/羟乙基淀粉40注射液治疗急性失血性休克临床研究

目的 研究急性失血性休克患者行限制性液体复苏时不同的复苏液体对治疗效果的影响。方法 将30名急性失血性休克患者随机分为A、B两组,每组15例,采用限制性液体复苏方案：A组复苏液体为晶体（0.9%氯化钠注射液）与胶体（羟乙基淀粉40注射液）比例为2∶1;B组为高渗氯化钠/羟乙基淀粉40注射液（霍姆复合液）。每5min监测并记录生命体征（血压、心率、呼吸、经皮血氧饱和度）及液体用量。于液体复苏即刻（T0）、复苏后30min（T1）、60min（T2）、120min（T3）监测并记录血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（Hct）、PT、血乳酸浓度（LA）、C反应蛋白（CRP）等指标,分析组织氧合、血流动力学情况。结果 液体复苏后30min、60min,120min,B组患者心率小于A组,B组患者平均动脉压显著大于A组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。A组患者30min、60min及120min测得Hb及Hct较复苏即刻明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。B组患者60min及120min测得Hct与复苏即刻差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而Hb低于复苏即刻水平,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。A、B两组患者30min、60min及120min测得LA较复苏即刻下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。组间对比B组患者LA下降水平较A组高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。A、B两组患者60min及120min测得PT较复苏即刻升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。组间对比B组患者PT升高水平较A组低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。复苏后60min,120min,A、B两组CRP均较入院时上升,B组患者CRP小于A组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论在对急性失血性休克患者行限制性液体复苏时,霍姆复合液能够更好的纠正组织低灌注,保护心、脑、肺等重要脏器。     

76例创伤性休克患者的急诊抢救分析

目的：对创伤性休克的急诊抢救措施进行分析，以期找到最有效的抢救措施。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年1月我院急诊科所收治的76例创伤性休克患者的临床资料，常规抢救组（对照组）28例，在常规抢救基础上，加用限制性液体复苏组（观察组）48例，对两组患者的抢救结果进行分析。结果观察组死亡率10．4％显著性低于对照组的28．6％（χ2＝4．111， P＜0．05），死亡原因主要有严重创伤致呼吸循环衰竭、多脏器功能衰竭、肺部感染、出血过多以及送治时间过晚等；两组患者死亡时间主要集中在1～2h内，但1～2h内的死亡率，观察组显著性低于对照组（χ2＝3．964， P＜0．05）。结论对创伤性休克患者抢救，采取常规抢救基础上加用限制性液体复苏方法效果良好，有利于为后续的手术抢救赢得时间，降低创伤性休克的死亡率，值得临床推广应用。     

颅脑外伤对多发伤患者静脉血栓栓塞风险的影响

目的：探讨颅脑外伤对多少伤患者静脉血栓栓塞风险的影响。方法对111例多发伤患者根据是否合并颅脑外伤分为脑外伤组51例和无脑外伤组60例,比较2组患者的创伤严重程度评分、ICU 住院时间、静脉血栓发生率和死亡率。结果脑外伤组血管栓塞发生率为25．49％,非脑外伤组血管栓塞发生率为26．67％,2组静脉血栓发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。脑外伤组创伤严重程度评分高于非脑外伤组（P＜0．05）,ICU住院时间大于非脑外伤组（P＜0．05）;2组患者病死率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论脑部损伤不会增加多发伤患者血管栓塞风险,且给予恰当的抗凝治疗不会增加患者颅内出血的风险,并且与患者病死率无明显相关性。     

限制性液体复苏在急诊创伤性休克患者中的应用

目的探讨限制性液体复苏在治疗创伤性休克中的应用价值。方法将100例创伤性休克患者随机分为限制组和常规组各50例。在一般处理基础上,限制组予限制性补液治疗,常规组予常规补液治疗。监测2组入院72h内心率、平均动脉压、凝血酶原时间（胛）、红细胞压积（HCT）、血氧分压（PaO2）水平及输液量。观察成人呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）、多器官功能衰竭（MODS）、急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）及其他并发症的发生率和病死率。结果限制组心率、平均动脉压及PT水平均低于常规组,HCT及PaO2水平高于常规组,输液量少于常规组,并发症发生率及病死率均低于常规组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论限制性液体复苏在急诊创伤的治疗中能有效改善组织、器官的有效灌注,明显降低并发症发生率和病死率,从而改善患者预后,值得临床推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.