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1.
Are patients who refer themselves to physiotherapy different from those referred by GPs? Results of a national trial 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Lesley K. Holdsworth Valerie S. Webster Angus K. McFadyen The Scottish Physiotherapy Self Referral Study Group 《Physiotherapy》2006,92(1):26-33
Objectives
To establish if there are differences in the profile of patients who refer themselves to physiotherapy compared with patients referred by or at the suggestion of their general practitioner (GP) in a range of primary care settings.Design of study
Quasi-experimental.Setting
Twenty-nine general practices throughout Scotland.Participants
Three thousand and ten patients (>16 years of age) and 100 physiotherapists.Method
Self-referral was introduced in each site. The demographic and clinical data relating to all referrals collated over a full year were compared by referral group (self-referrals, GP-suggested referrals and GP referrals).Results
There was no relationship between gender or age group and referral group, but other differences in the profile were found. The groups differed in terms of their presenting condition and its severity (P = 0.027). Greater proportions of patients who referred at the suggestion of their GP and patients who self-referred presented with low back and neck conditions (54% versus 43%, P < 0.001). Self-referrers reported having their symptoms for less than 14 days to a greater extent than the other groups (14% versus 9% and 10%, P = 0.011). Non-preferential treatment waiting time to physiotherapy also differed, with 44% of patients who self-referred being seen within 2 weeks of referral compared with 36% of patients who referred at the suggestion of their GP (P < 0.001). Self-referrers were absent from work in lower proportions (20% versus 28% and 28%, P = 0.048) and were absent for half the mean time (2.5 days versus 6 days). They also completed their treatment in greater proportions (76% versus 69% and 72%, P = 0.002). Although all groups experienced the same mean number of physiotherapy contacts (n = 4), patients who referred at the suggestion of their GP had a proportionally lower contact rate with 65% having four or less contacts compared with 55% of patients who self-referred and 51% of patients referred by their GP (P < 0.001). There was no difference in the outcome determined by physiotherapists or patients.Conclusions
Patients who refer to physiotherapy at the suggestion of their GP and patients who self-refer appear to have a different profile from patients who are referred by their GP. 相似文献2.
Background
There are increasing opportunities for MI patients to attend lay-led, community based generic self-management programmes via self-referral.Aims
To determine the effectiveness of the Expert Patient Programme (EPP) for MI patients who had completed CR using a randomised controlled, wait-list design, with a nested qualitative study.Methods
The Intervention Group attends the EPP immediately after completing the baseline assessment; The Control Group had the opportunity to attend the EPP after completion of the 4-month follow-up. 192 MI patients (72% men) completed baseline assessment; 162 responded at follow-up. Telephone interviews were conducted with 10 male and 9 female Intervention group participants.Results
Intention-to-treat analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between the groups although a pattern of small improvements among the Intervention Group was observed over time. Interviews revealed that Intervention Group participants viewed CR as being more about instruction whereas the EPP was viewed as being more about discussion, mutual support, and goal setting. A gender difference emerged whereby male participants valued information exchange whereas female participants expressed a preference for emotional support and social interaction within the EPP context.Conclusion
The EPP appears to hold few benefits for MI patients who have attended CR. 相似文献3.
Objective
To investigate the effect of spectators on the performance of a physiotherapy exercise.Design
Observational study.Setting
Research laboratory, Trinity College Dublin.Participants
Forty adult volunteer subjects (36 females, four males). As there were only four males, these were excluded from the analysis.Interventions
Subjects were observed and timed while performing single leg stance in two conditions 48 hours apart; once with the investigator present (investigator condition) and once with the investigator and three spectators present (spectator condition).Main outcome measure
Duration of single leg stance in seconds.Results
The mean duration of single leg stance, for females, under the investigator condition was 173 seconds [95% confidence interval (CI) 131 to 214], while that of the spectator condition was 168 seconds (95%CI 128 to 208). The mean difference between the two conditions was 5 seconds (95%CI −21 to 31). This was not statistically significant using a paired t-test (P = 0.686).Conclusions
Female performance of a straightforward exercise such as single leg stance was not affected by the presence of three spectators. 相似文献4.
Objectives
Acquired brain injury (ABI) requires an extended recovery time and residual signs may be observed years after discharge. Supervised home-based motor training may present a viable option for continuing treatment of adult patients, but little information is available on home-based treatment in children. This study assessed the feasibility of home practice in children with ABI (1 or more years post-trauma). The efficacy of the programme was also evaluated.Design
A non-randomised, self-control study with control and intervention periods.Setting
Home-based exercise programme.Participants
Nineteen children (mean age 12.5 ± 3.1 years).Interventions
A 4-week daily training programme of step-up and sit-stand-sit exercises.Main outcome measures
Feasibility was assessed by the number of participants who completed the programme. Efficacy was evaluated at different stages using 10-metre walking and 2-minute walking tests, and the balance subitems of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. An energy expenditure index was calculated for walking. Performance scores were used to assess balance.Results
Nine participants completed the study. The mean number of training sessions was 22 ± 8 of the 30 sessions originally scheduled. Major differences were noted between the experimental stages. Walking speed, endurance and balance improved significantly during the intervention period.Conclusions
Continuing exercising at home may be a feasible and efficient option for a considerable proportion of ABI children who are compliant with a simple but challenging exercise programme. A randomised controlled trial with a larger sample is now required. 相似文献5.
Objectives
Facilitating patient sit-to-stand activities has been identified as a major cause of back pain. Whilst some aspects of equipment use have been addressed in health care, few studies have considered physiotherapy activities. This study aimed to establish whether equipment could be used to replace the manually assisted rising component of patient sit-to-stand treatment activities.Design
Four types of equipment were evaluated: a chair lifter, a stand-and-turn aid, a stand-and-walk aid and a walking harness. The equipment was evaluated according to a randomized, balanced presentation order.Setting
Two hospitals specializing in patient rehabilitation.Participants
A convenience sample of 10 physiotherapists and 10 patients who needed assistance to stand.Main outcome measures
Perceived rate of exertion, stability, ease of use, effectiveness, posture and duration of task. Qualitative data were collected via a focus group discussion with the physiotherapists.Results
The task duration varied significantly between equipment types, with the walking harness taking nearly 4 minutes (95% confidence interval 3-6 minutes) to use and the chair lifter taking 1 minute (95% confidence interval 0.5-1 minute). There were no significant differences between conditions for other variables, although the chair lifter and the walking harness were found to result in a high risk of musculoskeletal injury. The physiotherapists suggested that equipment could complement treatment activities, and recommended a variable-speed option to meet individual patient's needs. The multi-functional design of the stand-and-walk aid and the walking harness was preferred for early treatment activities, whereas treatment carryover could be enhanced with the chair lifter and the stand-and-turn aid in functional situations.Conclusions
Equipment can be used to complement manual assistance during treatment activities and is preferable to poorly performed techniques. Further studies are indicated for more specific guidance on patient selection, treatment progression and effect on physiotherapists’ posture. 相似文献6.
Background
Walking tests, such as the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), are recommended in the assessment of ambulatory oxygen for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there is no evidence that these tests can be used interchangeably.Objectives
To compare the ISWT and the 6MWT in COPD patients in terms of indication for ambulatory oxygen therapy.Design
Crossover design.Setting
Patients attended as outpatients.Participants
Fifty patients with stable COPD (31 males; age 67 years, range 43 to 83 years); mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second 1.2 l [standard deviation (SD) 0.6 l] and 48.6% predicted (SD 23.4%).Intervention
Patients performed both the ISWT and the 6MWT whilst breathing air. Breathlessness (Borg scale), percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate were measured before and after both tests.Main outcome measures
Post-test SpO2 and change from baseline.Results
The mean change in saturation was −4.6% (SD 6.2%) and −2.8% (SD 5.3%) after the ISWT and the 6WMT, respectively. Using Bland and Altman plots, the limits of agreement for difference in change in SpO2 (%) between the two tests were wide (−8.1 to 11.6) and clinically relevant. Sixteen patients (32%) and 13 patients (26%) met the criteria for ambulatory oxygen with the ISWT and the 6MWT, respectively (P = 0.32).Conclusions
This study found a wide variation between differences in exercise oxygen desaturation after the ISWT compared with the 6MWT, supporting the premise that these tests should not be used interchangeably in the assessment of ambulatory oxygen for COPD patients. 相似文献7.
Mohammad A. Mohseni-Bandpei Jacqueline Critchley Thomas Staunton Barbara Richardson 《Physiotherapy》2006,92(1):34-42
Objectives
To assess the short- and long-term effectiveness of spinal manipulation therapy, and to identify the effect of manipulation on lumbar muscle endurance in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP).Design
A randomised controlled trial comparing manipulation and exercise treatment with ultrasound and exercise treatment.Setting
An outpatient physiotherapy department.Participants
One hundred and twenty patients with chronic LBP were allocated at random into the manipulation/exercise group or the ultrasound/exercise group.Interventions
Both groups were given a programme of exercises. In addition, one group received spinal manipulation therapy and the other group received therapeutic ultrasound.Main outcome measures
Pain intensity, functional disability, lumbar movements and muscle endurance were measured shortly before treatment, at the end of the treatment programme and 6 months after randomisation using surface electromyography.Results
Following treatment, the manipulation/exercise group showed a statistically significant improvement (P = 0.001) in pain intensity [mean 16.4 mm, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.1-26.8], functional disability (mean 8%, 95% CI 2-13) and spinal mobility (flexion: mean 9.4 mm, 95% CI 5.5-13.4; extension: mean 3.4 mm, 95% CI 1.0-5.8). There was no significant difference (P = 0.068) between the two groups in the median frequency of surface electromyography (multifidus: mean 6.8 Hz, 95% CI 1.24-14.91; iliocostalis: mean 2.4 Hz, 95% CI 2.5-7.1), although a significant difference (P = 0.013) was found in the median frequency slope of surface electromyography in favour of spinal manipulation for multifidus alone (mean 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.5). A significant difference was also found between the two groups in favour of the manipulation/exercise group at 6-month follow-up.Conclusions
Although improvements were recorded in both groups, patients receiving manipulation/exercise showed a greater improvement compared with those receiving ultrasound/exercise at both the end of the treatment period and at 6-month follow-up. 相似文献8.
Objectives
To investigate whether there was a gender difference in the intensity of electromyographic (EMG) activity in vastus medialis oblique (VMO) relative to vastus lateralis (VL).Design
A cross-sectional observational study measuring EMG activity during stepping down from a step and during straight leg raise exercises.Setting
University campus laboratory.Participants
Two groups of healthy participants were tested, one female (mean age 23.5 years, n = 15) and one male (mean age 23.5 years, n = 15).Main outcome measures
Surface EMG activity (sampling rate 1000 Hz) was recorded from VMO and VL of the dominant limb during five repetitions of a step down activity and five repetitions of a straight leg raise exercise. The average intensity of the rectified and smoothed EMG activity from each activity was normalised to that elicited in a maximal quadriceps setting exercise. The ratio of normalised VMO:VL EMG intensity levels was calculated.Results
The median difference in the VMO:VL ratio between the groups was 0.11 [approximate 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.62 to 1.00] during step down and −0.07 (approximate 95% CI −0.26 to 0.20) during straight leg raise. Using Mann Whitney U-tests, these differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.648 and 0.619, respectively).Conclusions
This study found no gender difference in the VMO:VL EMG intensity ratio in asymptomatic participants. This suggests that the difference in incidence of patellofemoral pain syndrome between genders is not influenced by quadriceps intensity ratios, when participants are asymptomatic. 相似文献9.
Objectives
To compare heart rate responses in the 6-minute walk test and the treadmill exercise test before and after an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programme.Design
Prospective cohort study.Setting
Hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation programme in Hong Kong.Participants
Thirty patients (mean age 62.1 ± 8.5 years, 20 males) with stable ischaemic heart disease.Interventions
Eight-week exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programme involving upper and lower limb aerobic and resistance training.Main outcome measures
Six-minute walk test and treadmill exercise test before and after the exercise programme.Results
Comparing parameters before and after the exercise programme, the peak heart rate in the 6-minute walk test increased (median of 105 beats per minute (bpm), interquartile range 96.8-116.5 versus 110 bpm, interquartile range 100.5-124.5, P = 0.006), while heart rate recovery improved in each 30-second interval of a 2-minute recovery period. The distance covered during the 6-minute walk increased from a mean of 486.3 m (±standard deviation 113.9 m) to 552.5 m (±standard deviation 111.9 m) (P < 0.001). Rating of perceived exertion during the 6-minute walk test decreased from a median of 14 (interquartile range 13-15) to 13 (interquartile range 13-13) (P = 0.001). Heart rate recovery following treadmill exercise testing improved during the 30-second periods from 60 to 90 seconds and from 90 to 120 seconds of recovery. Metabolic equivalents increased during treadmill testing from a median of 7.0 (interquartile range 5.8-8.6) to 8.6 (interquartile range 7-8.6) (P < 0.001).Conclusions
Both treadmill exercise and 6-minute walk tests demonstrated improvements in heart rate recovery and increases in achieved workload following exercise training. This suggests that the 6-minute walk test is a valid tool to assess heart rate recovery following such a programme. 相似文献10.
Shin DW Choi JE Kim JH Joo JS Choi JY Kang J Baek YJ Mo HN Park JH Park EC 《Journal of pain and symptom management》2011,42(2):251-264
Context
There is an increasing need for the comparative assessment of palliative care services; however, few systematic empirical studies have been performed to determine the most feasible, representative, efficient survey method.Objectives
To investigate the feasibility, representativeness, and efficiency of several survey methods.Methods
This study was performed as a part of a national initiative to develop a system to evaluate the quality of palliative care services. Three separate but related surveys of patients, caregivers, and bereaved family members were conducted. These surveys were designed to simulate an independent assessment in a nationwide quality evaluation project.Results
The effective response rates for the patient, caregiver, and bereavement surveys were 30.4% (105 of 344), 46.5% (160 of 344), and 20.9% (501 of 2398), respectively. Subjects who responded to the patient and caregiver surveys were likely to have better physical and mental conditions, whereas subjects who responded to the bereaved family survey did not differ significantly from nonrespondents in regard to patient characteristics, except for a small difference in patient gender (females: 47.2% vs. 41.7%, P = 0.028). The average number of responses per institution was 3.2, 4.8, and 15.2, respectively. The cost of the patient and caregiver surveys was much higher than the cost of the bereaved family member survey.Conclusion
There were significant differences between the three methods. Despite the low response rate, our findings suggest that the bereaved family member survey has strengths in terms of feasibility and efficiency, and could be considered as a practical option for the comparative assessment of palliative care services by an independent body. 相似文献11.
Objective
The purpose of this work was to design and evaluate an information leaflet for new patients attending a physiotherapy outpatient department. This formed part of a wider agenda of improving the patients’ experience and increasing adherence to the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy's core standards.Design
A needs analysis was undertaken with existing patients to determine the content of the new leaflet. This was then tested for readability, reviewed by physiotherapy staff and evaluated by patients via a questionnaire.Setting
The musculoskeletal outpatient physiotherapy department at Southampton General Hospital.Participants
Patients referred to the outpatient physiotherapy service, plus all clinical and support staff employed in the musculoskeletal outpatient team.Main outcome measures
Numerical Rating Scale and Gunning's Fog Index.Results
Thirty-seven of 50 patients completed the needs analysis (74%), generating 42 ideas for the leaflet content. The definitive leaflet addressed one core standard and 16 specific criteria, and had a readability of grade 8.3, which is below the recommended maximum limit of grade 9 for health education leaflets. Using an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale, where 0 = of no benefit and 10 = extremely helpful, the mean rating for the leaflet from 29 of 100 patients was 8.6.Conclusions
This work has produced a patient information leaflet for physiotherapy outpatients, a copy of which is freely available (electronically) from the author. The leaflet forms part of an ongoing commitment to improving the patients’ experience. 相似文献12.
Objectives
To investigate the inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of measurement of ankle movement during a weight-bearing dorsiflexion lunge in healthy and injured groups.Setting
Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, UK.Participants
Seventeen healthy subjects, 11 subjects with ankle injuries and three trained observers.Design
Each observer assessed subjects on two separate test days, 7 days apart. Each measurement was repeated six times and the results were averaged. Limits of agreement and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to give a measure of reliability.Main outcome measures
A measurement tool designed at the Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, UK.Results
Intra-observer 95% limits of agreement ranged from ±3.30 to ±3.66 cm for the healthy group and from ±2.35 to ±3.85 cm for patients. The inter-observer limits of agreement ranged from ±1.57 to ±2.65 cm for healthy subjects and from ±0.87 to ±3.46 cm for patients.Conclusions
Results indicate acceptable inter-observer and intra-observer reliability for use of this rehabilitation assessment tool to measure the weight-bearing dorsiflexion lunge range of ankle motion when results are averaged over six repetitions. 相似文献13.
Brigid M. Gillespie Wendy Chaboyer Marianne Wallis 《International journal of nursing studies》2010,47(6):732-741
Background
Effective teamwork and communication is a crucial determinant of patient safety in the operating room. Communication failures are often underpinned by the inherent differences in professional practices across disciplines, and the ways in which they collaborate. Despite the overwhelming international support to improve team communication, progress has been slow.Objective
The aim of this paper is to extend understanding of the organisational and individual factors that influence teamwork in surgery.Design
This qualitative study used a grounded theory approach to generate a theoretical model to explain the relations between organisational and individual factors that influence interdisciplinary communication in surgery.Setting and participants
A purposive sample of 16 participants including surgeons, anaesthetists, and nurses who worked in an operating room of a large metropolitan hospital in south east Queensland, Australia, were selected.Methods
Participants were interviewed during 2008 using semi-structured individual and group interviews. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. Using a combination of inductive and deductive approaches, thematic analyses uncovered individual experiences in association with teamwork in surgery.Results
Analysis generated three themes that identified and described causal patterns of interdisciplinary teamwork practices; interdisciplinary diversity in teams contributes to complex interpersonal relations, the pervasive influence of the organisation on team cohesion, and, education is the panacea to improving team communications.Conclusions
The development of shared mental models has the potential to improve teamwork in surgery, and thus enhance patient safety. This insight presents a critical first step towards the development teambuilding interventions in the operating room that would specifically address communication practices in surgery. 相似文献14.
Krahn G McCarthy M Westwood D Powers L 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2008,89(7):1341-1349
Krahn G, McCarthy M, Westwood D, Powers L. Evaluation of an innovative methodology to recruit research participants with spinal cord injury through durable medical equipment suppliers.
Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness, strengths, and limitations of an innovative research method to recruit persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).Design
A pilot study for feasibility.Setting
Community-based durable medical equipment suppliers (DMESs) in the states of Oregon, Washington, and New York.Participants
Three DMESs participated and successfully distributed surveys to 591 customers with International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, codes reflecting SCI. Of these, 316 people completed surveys, with 270 identifying SCI among their disabling conditions.Interventions
Not applicable.Main Outcome Measures
The effort required to solicit recruitment assistance from DMESs, survey response rate, verification of SCI by self-report, and comparability of sample demographics to those of other SCI research samples from both the United States and other countries.Results
A moderate level of effort was required to solicit recruitment assistance from DMESs. The survey had a 53% response rate, and 85% of respondents verified that they had an SCI by self-report. Sample demographics were generally similar to those of comparable research samples but with more single and unemployed persons responding and with longer duration of SCI.Conclusions
This method of recruitment has the potential to address limitations of other recruitment methods but presents its own challenges with implementation. Potential sampling bias is discussed. 相似文献15.
Background
Nurses working with patients with advanced heart failure need knowledge that will help us to help patients cope with their situations of chronic illness. However, our knowledge bank is deficient due to the scarcity of inquiry that takes the affected person's point of view as its central focus.Aim
The aim of this study was to describe patients' experiences of living with advanced heart failure.Methods
The study sample (N = 9) consisted of male (N = 6) and female (N = 3) patients with advanced (NYHA classes III-IV) heart failure. The design was qualitative and open unstructured interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim during 2006.Results
Four main themes emerged: Living in the Shadow of Fear; Running on Empty; Living a Restricted life; and Battling the System. The experience of living with advanced heart failure was described as a fearful and tired sort of living characterised by escalating impotence and dependence.Conclusions
The findings suggest that there may be an illogical but enduring ethos of ‘cure’ pervading health care worker's attitudes to advanced heart failure care. This mindset might be working to hinder the application of additional or alternative therapies, which might better palliate the physical and psychosocial distress of patients. 相似文献16.
Shuldham C Parkin C Firouzi A Roughton M Lau-Walker M 《International journal of nursing studies》2009,46(7):986-992
Background
Research has shown a direct relationship between staffing levels and patient outcomes for specific nurse-sensitive indicators, with lower patient to nurse ratios (i.e. less patients per nurse) associated with better outcomes.Objectives
To explore the relationship between nurse staffing characteristics (the nursing hours worked by permanent and temporary staff and nurse hours per patient day) and patient outcomes: pressure sores, patient falls, upper gastrointestinal bleed, pneumonia, sepsis, shock and deep vein thrombosis.Design
A case study using retrospective hospital data, at ward level.Setting
A tertiary cardio-respiratory NHS Trust in England, comprising two hospitals.Participants
All patients, including day cases, who were admitted to either hospital as an in-patient over 12 months.Methods
Data were extracted from corporate hospital systems. The clinical areas were categorised as lower dependency, i.e. wards, or critical care which included ICU and high dependency units. The relationship between nurse staffing characteristics and patient outcomes was assessed using either a Poisson or negative binomial regression model as appropriate. We sought to establish whether the outcomes were affected by the nurse hours per patient day, the permanent nurse hours worked as a percentage of the total hours, and the permanent nurse hours worked as a percentage of the permanent and bank hours combined.Results
In the lower dependency category wards there was only a weak association demonstrated between nurse staffing and the majority of the outcomes. The results from the high dependency critical care areas showed few significant results with only the rate of sepsis being significantly reduced as the ratio of permanent staff hours increased.Conclusions
The study demonstrated the possibility of using existing hospital data to examine the relationship between nurse staffing and patient outcomes, however the associations found were weak and did not replicate reliably the findings from previous work. 相似文献17.
Objective
To compare the analgesic efficacy of interferential therapy (IFT) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) using an experimental cold pain model.Design
Randomised controlled trial with repeated measures design.Setting
University research laboratory.Participants
Twenty healthy subjects.Interventions
IFT and TENS applied to each subject on different days.Main outcome measures
Cold pain threshold (time), intensity and unpleasantness (visual analogue scales).Results
The mean cold pain threshold with a TENS intervention was higher than that with IFT. A training effect was evident as subjects’ responses become more consistent with repeated exposure to stimulation and the testing procedure. Using data from the second testing sessions, the differences in pain threshold between IFT and TENS for the two during-intervention (T3 and T4) measures were statistically significant (T3 difference in the means 5.9 seconds, 99% confidence interval 3.1 to 8.7 seconds; T4 difference in the means 6.6 seconds, 99% confidence interval 3.8 to 9.4 seconds). No significant differences were identified in pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings.Conclusions
TENS is more effective than IFT at increasing cold pain thresholds in healthy subjects, and this effect increases with repeated exposures. Future trials should include a familiarisation session prior to testing to increase the consistency of subjects’ responses. The clinical implications of these effects need investigation. 相似文献18.
Objective
To compare cold pack/skin interface temperature during a 20-minute ice application with various levels of compression.Design
Repeated measures.Setting
Laboratory setting in an educational institution.Participants
Forty healthy females aged between 20 and 23 years.Interventions
An ice pack was applied to the right thigh with compression using an elastic bandage. Five different levels of compression were used: 0 (no compression), 14, 24, 34 and 44 mmHg.Main outcome measure
Cold pack/skin interface temperature was monitored every minute during the 20-minute ice application.Results
Ice application with compression led to significantly lower cold pack/skin interface temperatures than ice application without compression during the 20-minute application (with compression: mean 6.1 °C, 95% confidence interval 5.9-6.3 °C; without compression: mean 8.1 °C, 95% confidence interval 7.7-8.5 °C) (P < 0.05). The level of compression did not significantly affect the magnitude of the cooling temperature (14 mmHg: mean 6.4 °C, 95% confidence interval 6.0-6.8 °C; 24 mmHg and 34 mmHg: mean 6.1 °C, 95% confidence interval 5.7-6.5 °C; 44 mmHg: mean 5.9 °C, 95% confidence interval 5.5-6.3 °C) (P > 0.05). The minimum temperature reached with ice application with compression of 0, 14, 24, 34 and 44 mmHg was achieved after 9, 7, 6, 6 and 5 minutes of application, respectively (0 mmHg: mean 5.0 °C, 95% confidence interval 4.9-5.1 °C; 14 mmHg: mean 4.2 °C, 95% confidence interval 4.1-4.3 °C; 24 mmHg: mean 4.0 °C, 95% confidence interval 3.9-4.1 °C; 34 mmHg: mean 3.9 °C, 95% confidence interval 3.7-4.0 °C; 44 mmHg: mean 3.7 °C, 95% confidence interval 3.6-3.9 °C) (P < 0.05).Conclusion
Ice application with adjunctive compression leads to a greater magnitude and rate of cooling compared with ice application without compression. The higher the level of compression, the shorter the time to the minimum recorded temperature. Further research is required to demonstrate the effect of various levels of compression applied over an ice pack in a clinical population. 相似文献19.
20.
Jeanne Langan Stephen T. Doyle Edward A. Hurvitz Susan H. Brown 《Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation》2010,91(10):1571-1576
Langan J, Doyle ST, Hurvitz EA, Brown SH. Influence of task on interlimb coordination in adults with cerebral palsy.