三硝基甲苯对眼晶状体的影响检查报告

目的：为验证接触三硝基甲苯（TNT）作业人员,眼晶状体混浊在不同工种和工龄中的影响程度。方法我们对2008年-2010年某企业227名接触三硝基甲苯（TNT）的作业人员,主要做了眼晶状体的详细检查。结果 TNT对眼晶状体混浊产生的典型影响,从不同工种统计结果显示,是以混合、包装、制索直接接触TNT的工种为明显,与其他工种相比有显著统计学意义,P＜0.01,接触TNT工龄越长者,眼晶状体混浊也越严重,20年以上与5年以下工龄相比P＜0.01。结论长期直接接触TNT作业对眼晶状体损害明显。     

三硝基甲苯白内障临床调查研究

本文总结分析了413名TNT作业工人眼部检查结果。检出TNT白内障143例,观察对象67例,总检出率50.9%。晶体损害发生率及病变程度随着工龄增长而增加,最短发病工龄3年,最小发病年龄22岁,以混药、装药工种发病率最高。作者对TNT晶体损害特征及脱离作业工人晶体病变及进展情况进行了分析,并探讨了与全身中毒的关系。     

三硝基甲苯白内障临床调查研究

本文总结分析了413名TNT作业工人眼部检查结果。检出TNT白内障143例,观察对象67例,总检出率50.9％。晶体损害发生率及病变程度随着工龄增长而增加,最短发病工龄3年,最小发病年龄22岁,以混药、装药工种发病率最高。作者对TNT晶体损害特征及脱离作业工人晶体病变及进展情况进行了分析,并探讨了与全身中毒的关系。     

三硝基甲苯白内障调查研究

目的 为了探讨三硝基甲苯(TNT)对眼睛晶状体的损害及其发病规律，提出有效的预防控制措施。方法 对某厂302名TNT作业工人进行了眼晶状体损害的调查。结果 TNT白内障的检出率为47．71％。检出率与作业现场TNT浓度、工种、接触工龄密切相关。结论 表明浓度越高、工龄趋长，TNT白内障的检出率趋高。预防及控制措施除工艺改革、加强通风排毒、降低车间空气中TNT浓度外，重要的是做好个人清洁卫生，控制车间温度，使职工在工作期间能坚持使用劳动防护用品。     

铬酸盐生产工人肺癌发病情况的流行病学调查研究

对六个地区２５４５名铬酸盐生产工人和５１９７名对照工人的恶性肿瘤发病情况调查结果，铬酸盐生产工人肺癌高发。其男工肺癌的发病和死亡分别占全恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的３５．６３％和３７．５０％；其肺癌的发病率和死亡率分别高达８２．０８／１０万和７９．４３／１０万，均显著高于对照男工（Ｐ＜０．００１）；其肺癌的ＳＭＲ为１．９６７和２．５７１，表明其肺癌死亡率显著高于全国大城市和中等城市男性同年龄组人群的肺癌死亡率；接触铬化物较多的转炉和制造两工种肺癌的发病率分别高达１３１．２１／１０万和７７．２３／１０万，均显著高于对照男工；吸烟与接触铬化物有明显的协同致肺癌作用。     

焦化作业工人恶性肿瘤死亡调查分析

为了解焦化作业工人恶性肿瘤发病情况，探明发病原因，为制订防治对策提供依据，对枣庄市某焦化厂１９７６年１月￣１９９５年１２月不同工种，工龄职工进行恶性肿瘤死亡调查，结果表明，该厂全癌，肺癌死亡率高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）；炼焦工肺癌死亡率高于同厂的回收，其它工种（Ｐ〈０．０１），并随工龄增加而上升，在排除吸烟因素后，某焦化厂工人患肺癌的危险性比对照组大，认为炼焦工肺癌与环境中苯并（ａ）芘等有害因素有     

橡胶工业工人肿瘤死亡调查

本文运用回顾性队列研究方法，分析了建厂２０年以上的３个橡胶厂中２７１５名职工１９８０．１．１～１９８６．１２．３１日间恶性肿瘤死亡情况：橡胶接触工人标化死亡率１７９．６６／１０万，高于同期当地１６岁以上居民（１３６．２４／１０万）。其中，硫化工标化死亡率（５１９．０１／１０万）显著高于同期当地居民（ＳＭＲ为３８０．９５，Ｐ＜０．０５）。接触工人肿瘤死亡年龄较同期当地居民肿瘤死亡明显向前推移（男性提前７．９年，女性提前１５．５年）。肿瘤发病潜伏期１８．２年。橡胶工人肿瘤高发可能与硫化烟气有关。＂符号，表示与当地居民死亡比较，差异非常显著（ｐ＜０．０１）。２．３．２橡胶接触者肿瘤死亡分析在橡胶接触者中，硫化工肿瘤标化死亡率显著高于当地１６岁以上居民（ＳＭＲ为３８０．９５，ｐ＜０．０５），也明显高于其他工种，见表３。表３不同工种肿瘤死亡率比较注：表中标化死亡率是以当地居民死亡为标准求得间接标化率。肿瘤死亡年龄：橡胶接触者中，男性肿瘤死亡年龄在２７～７４岁之间，平均５４．５岁，比同期当地居民肿瘤死亡提前７．９岁；女性平均死亡年龄４６．２岁，提前了１５．５岁。接触工龄与肿瘤发病的关系：从表４可见，恶性肿瘤有随接触工龄     

某厂183名三硝基甲苯作业人员眼晶状体混浊情况调查

[目的]了解技术改造后民爆生产线TNT对作业人员健康危害情况，为控制TNT危害提供科学依据。[方法]对广西某机械厂183名TNT作业人员进行职业性健康检查。并着重检查眼晶状体情况。同时对车间的相关岗位进行空气中TNT浓度的检测。[结果]检查183人眼晶状体，发现晶状体混浊50人，混浊率27．32％。混浊率主要与接触工龄有关。按每5年工龄分组，1年～、5年～、10年～、15年～、20年～、25～33年工龄组晶状体混浊率分别为3．33％、13．95％、21．67％、39．29％、81．82％、90．91％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），显示接触工龄越长，混浊率越高。不同作业岗位、年龄、性别职工均有晶状体混浊发生，26岁～、30岁～、40～51岁年龄组晶状体混浊率分别为25．00％、26．79％、29．09％。男女性职工晶状体混浊率分别为30．63％，22．22％。差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05），提示各工种、年龄、性别的接触人群对TNT的侵害普遍易感。车间空气中TNT粉尘浓度在0．15～0．37mg／m^3之间。均低于国家标准（0．5mg／m^3）。[结论]TNT对眼部的损伤主要是造成晶状体混浊，最终导致白内障，该厂TNT作业人员眼晶状体混浊现象不容忽视，应及时采取完善措施保护TNT作业人员的身体健康。     

氯乙烯作业工人恶性肿瘤流行病学调查研究

目的 为了解氯乙烯作业工人恶性肿瘤发病情况。方法 采用回顾前瞻性观察法,对921名氯乙烯作业工人进行了40年死因流行病学调查。结果 男性接触组肝癌死亡率明显高于对照组。RR为2．16（P＜0．05）;接触组恶性肿瘤、肝癌的死亡也显著高于1994年全国城市居民恶性肿瘤的死亡率及1995年全国城市居民肝癌的死亡水平。SMR分别为1．8、29（P＜0．05）。在恶性肿瘤分类构成中,接触组肝癌居首位。结论 氯乙烯作业工人肝癌高发具有职业性特征。     

某厂三硝基甲苯作业工人白内障发病情况调查研究

目的研究三硝基甲苯(TNT)对眼晶状体的损害及其发病情况,探讨有效的预防控制措施。方法对某化工厂187名TNT作业工人眼晶状体损害进行调查。结果TNT白内障检出率为41.71%,性别、工种、年龄、工龄、接触工龄与TNT白内障发生密切相关。结论职业接触吸收主要以TNT的皮肤吸收为主。接触工龄越长,TNT白内障的检出率越高。预防控制TNT职业损害,要进行工艺改革,加强通风排毒,降低车间空气中TNT浓度,采取切实有效的皮肤防护措施。     

氯乙烯作业工人恶性肿瘤发病情况的前瞻性流行病学调查

对全国范围内12个城市的13个大、中型聚氯乙烯生产工厂5 291名接触氯乙烯的工人,及6 276名对照工人,进行了从1982-01-01～1989-12-31为止的前瞻性流行病学调查。结果没有发现肝血管肉瘤患者,但接触组男工肝癌的死亡率显著高于我国中等城市男性居民肝癌的死亡率(P<0.05),在恶性肿瘤的分类构成中,接触组男工以肝癌居首位,而且肝癌的发病年龄比对照组显著提前。     

Retrospective cohort mortality study of cancer among sewage plant workers

There is little known about the incidence of cancer among sewage workers. In this paper we examine findings from a retrospective cohort study of 487 white male sewer authority workers employed between January 1950 and October 1979. Vital status was ascertained for 93% of the cohort yielding a total of 6,886 person years. Total mortality from all causes was comparable to that of the general white male U.S. population (Standardized Mortality Ratio [SMR] = 0.91, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.77-1.07). The cohort was subdivided into those not exposed, and sewer workers who were exposed to sewage effluent, sludge, or wastewater containing chemicals including potential carcinogens. Among the nonexposed group, mortality from all causes was significantly low (SMR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.33-0.88). Among the exposed sewer workers, mortality from all causes was not significantly different from that of the general white male U.S. population (SMR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.84-1.19). Mortality from all cancers among exposed sewer workers was slightly higher than that of the general population (SMR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.79-1.7). Statistically significant elevated mortality ratios were seen for cancer of the larynx (SMR = 7.93, 95% CI = 1.59-23.96), and cancer of the liver (SMR = 5.4, 95% CI = 1.10-16.05). Careful study of the medical and occupational histories of these cases suggested that larynx cancer was possibly work-related, while liver cancer was not. A group estimated to be the highest exposed, composed predominantly of operatives, had a higher directly adjusted death rate from all malignant neoplasms combined compared to all other workers (rate ratio = 1.64). These findings of increased risk of cancer among exposed sewage workers, especially operators, are based on small number of cases and should be interpreted with caution. Studies of larger cohorts are needed to clarify the risk of these cancers among sewage workers.     

Mortality of workers exposed to methylene chloride employed at a plant producing cellulose triacetate film base.

OBJECTIVE: To study mortality among 1785 employees of a factory that produced cellulose triacetate film base at Brantham in the United Kingdom. Also, to investigate patterns of mortality after exposure to methylene chloride; in particular, mortality from liver and biliary tract cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and cardiovascular disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All male employees with a record of employment at the film factory in 1946-88. A total of 1473 subjects worked in jobs that entailed exposure to methylene chloride. The mean duration of exposure was nine years at 19 ppm (eight hour time weighted average). RESULTS: In the cohort, 334 deaths were identified up to 31 December 1994. Mortalities for the cohort were compared with national and local rates and expressed as standardised mortality ratios (SMR). In the subcohort of workers exposed to methylene chloride, substantially reduced mortalities compared with national and local rates were found for all causes, all cancers, and the principal cancer sites of interest. The significantly reduced lung cancer mortalities in exposed workers (SMR 48) seemed to reflect the restrictions on smoking at the workplace. In contrast, mortality from ischaemic heart disease in exposed workers, although lower than national rates (SMR 92), was slightly increased compared with local rates. However, mortality from ischaemic heart disease was lower in active employees (SMR 83) where a direct effect of exposure to methylene chloride should be concentrated. No in service mortality due to ischaemic heart disease was found in workers with the highest cumulative exposure (> or = 800 ppm-years). CONCLUSIONS: The study provided no indication that employment at the plant, or exposure to methylene chloride, had adversely affected the mortalities of workers.     

Mortality in New Zealand workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides and dioxins

Aims: To evaluate mortality in New Zealand phenoxy herbicide producers and sprayers exposed to dioxins. Methods: Phenoxy herbicide producers (n = 1025) and sprayers (n = 703) were followed up from 1 January 1969 and 1 January 1973 respectively to 31 December 2000. A total of 813 producers and 699 sprayers were classified as exposed to dioxin and phenoxy herbicides. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated using national mortality rates. Results: At the end of follow up, 164 producers and 91 sprayers had died. Cancer mortality was reduced for sprayers (SMR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.14) and increased in exposed production workers (SMR = 1.24, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.67), especially for synthesis workers (SMR = 1.69), formulation and lab workers (SMR = 1.64), and maintenance/waste treatment/cleaning workers (SMR = 1.46). Lymphohaematopoietic cancer mortality was increased in exposed production workers (SMR = 1.65, 95% CI 0.53 to 3.85), especially for multiple myeloma (SMR = 5.51, 95% CI 1.14 to 16.1). Among sprayers, colon cancer (SMR = 1.94, 95% CI 0.84 to 3.83) showed increased mortality. Conclusions: Results showed 24% non-significant excess cancer mortality in phenoxy herbicide producers, with a significant excess for multiple myeloma. Associations were stronger for those exposed to multiple agents including dioxin during production. Overall cancer mortality was not increased for producers and sprayers mainly handling final technical products, although they were likely to have been exposed to TCDD levels far higher than those currently in the general New Zealand population.     

接触温石棉女工恶性肿瘤死亡的队列研究

目的调查接触温石棉女工的恶性肿瘤死亡率。方法以1960年1月1日至1980年12月31日曾经从事家庭内温石棉手工纺织作业一年以上的女工为调查对象,采用历史性队列流行病学方法进行研究。结果在5681名接触温石棉纺织女工中,有144名死于癌症,其中有74名女工死于肺癌,病死率最高;其次为肝癌,死亡数为27例;占第三位的是胃癌,死亡数为18例。以当地女性年龄组别恶性肿瘤死亡率均值为对照组计算标准化死亡比(SMR),所有除肺癌外的恶性肿瘤与肺癌的SMR分别为1.16(P<0.05)和4.17(P<0.01)。结论接触温石棉的女性纺织工人有明显的肺癌死亡高发倾向。     

Mortality and lead exposure: a retrospective cohort study of Swedish smelter workers.

The study is based on the work histories and mortality data for 3832 male workers first employed before 1967 at a copper smelter in northern Sweden and followed up from 1950 to 1981. From the 3832 workers a lead cohort consisting of 437 workers employed for at least three years at sites with considerable lead exposure during 1950-74 was selected. These workers had regularly had blood lead measurements performed since 1950. Based on the cumulative blood lead dose 1950-74 and peak blood lead values, the cohort was subdivided into high mean, low mean, high peak, and low peak groups. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated for the six groups using general and local reference populations. The original cohort of 3832 workers showed considerable excess of deaths for total mortality, malignant neoplasms especially lung and stomach cancer, ischaemic heart diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases when compared with the general population. In the lead cohort where the workers had been subjected to a considerable lead exposure only the raised SMR for lung cancer was sustained (SMR = 162; not significant). No significant differences were found between high lead and low lead exposed smelter workers.     

Mortality and lead exposure: a retrospective cohort study of Swedish smelter workers

The study is based on the work histories and mortality data for 3832 male workers first employed before 1967 at a copper smelter in northern Sweden and followed up from 1950 to 1981. From the 3832 workers a lead cohort consisting of 437 workers employed for at least three years at sites with considerable lead exposure during 1950-74 was selected. These workers had regularly had blood lead measurements performed since 1950. Based on the cumulative blood lead dose 1950-74 and peak blood lead values, the cohort was subdivided into high mean, low mean, high peak, and low peak groups. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated for the six groups using general and local reference populations. The original cohort of 3832 workers showed considerable excess of deaths for total mortality, malignant neoplasms especially lung and stomach cancer, ischaemic heart diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases when compared with the general population. In the lead cohort where the workers had been subjected to a considerable lead exposure only the raised SMR for lung cancer was sustained (SMR = 162; not significant). No significant differences were found between high lead and low lead exposed smelter workers.     

某厂枪弹制造作业人员恶性肿瘤流行病学研究

目的从流行病学的角度研究某厂枪弹制造作业人员恶性肿瘤的死亡水平,为进一步研究二者之间关系提供线索。方法应用回顾性队列研究法追访6310人,观察91600.0人年。观察期从1981年1月1日至1995年12月31日。结果该作业全死因粗死亡率590.61／10万人年,恶性肿瘤粗死亡率216.16／10万人年,居死因第一位。以哈尔滨市1986～1990年男性恶性肿瘤死亡专率为标准,暴露组及其中的熔铜、热加工组男性恶性肿瘤死亡超量,SMR分别为1.49、2.17、2.41,男性RRT分别为2.41、2.62（P＜0.01）。其中热加工组男性肺癌SMR为3.40,RR     

Mortality of UK electricity generation and transmission workers, 1973-2002

OBJECTIVE: To examine mortality from cancer and non-malignant causes among a large cohort of UK electricity generation and transmission workers. METHODS: The mortality experienced by a cohort of 83,923 employees of the former Central Electricity Generating Board of England and Wales was investigated for the period 1973-2002. All employees had worked for at least 6 months with some employment between 1973 and 1982. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were used to assess mortality in the total cohort and in three sub-cohorts: power station workers, substation and transmission workers and workers at non-operational locations. These classifications were based on the place of work of the first known job. RESULTS: Overall mortality was significantly below that expected, based on national rates [males: observed (Obs) 18,773, expected (Exp) 22,497.9, SMR 83; females: Obs 1122, Exp 1424.9, SMR 79]. Statistically significant deficits of deaths were also found for most of the major disease groupings. However, significant excesses of deaths were found in male power station workers for cancer of the pleura (Obs 129, Exp 30.3, SMR 426) and in male workers from non-operational locations for cancer of the brain (Obs 55, Exp 36.0, SMR 153). There was also a non-significant excess of deaths from cancer of the breast in male power station workers (Obs 10, Exp 5.3, SMR 190). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality was exceptionally low for most causes of death but late health effects from earlier asbestos exposure were still in evidence.     

温石棉与肺癌——二十七年追踪研究

目的 探讨单纯接触温石棉的工人恶性肿瘤,尤其肺癌是否超高。方法 采用固定队列研究方法。研究队列为515例男性石棉工人,人列条件为1972年1月1日工资在册,工龄满1年,没有明显心肺疾患者。对照队列为650例不接尘男性工人,其余条件同研究队。追踪27年（1972－1998）。结果 （1）研究队列全癌死亡50例（SMR＝144）,其中肺癌22例（SMR＝652）;．对照队列全癌死亡1例（SMR＝34）,肺癌3例（SMR＝89）。两队列间全癌和肺癌差异均有显著性（P＜0．05）。（2）不接触石棉的吸烟者肺癌RR为2．6,不吸烟的石棉接触者肺癌RR为12．2,而接触石棉的吸烟者RR高达32．1。吸烟和石棉暴露协同指数为2．2。（3）研究队列发生胸膜间皮瘤2例。结论 单纯暴露于温石棉的工人肺癌显著超高。