小儿盆腔及泌尿生殖系横纹肌肉瘤的影像诊断

目的探讨儿童盆腔及泌尿生殖系横纹肌肉瘤(RMS)的尿路造影和CT表现及其诊断价值。资料与方法回顾性分析20例经手术及活检病理证实的原发于盆腔及泌尿生殖系RMS的影像学资料。其中10例经静脉肾盂造影(IVP)检查,3例经膀胱尿道造影(VCUG)检查,10例经CT检查,1例经MRI检查。结果8例膀胱RMS的IVP、CT表现为膀胱内葡萄状充盈缺损,膀胱颈部与耻骨联合间距增宽,VCUG可见肿物延伸至后尿道;4例前列腺RMS表现为后尿道肿物压迫膀胱颈部并使其抬高、环绕尿道的盆底部包块。6例盆腔RMS IVP及CT表现为盆腔包块,压迫膀胱移位、变形,膀胱壁轻度浸润不规则,输尿管下段浸润者可有轻度输尿管及肾盂积水。1例尿道RMS表现为尿道内充盈缺损,1例阴道RMS,IVP表现为膀胱颈部充盈缺损。结论IVP及VCUG能明确诊断原发于膀胱、前列腺、尿道的RMS及上尿路继发病变;CT及MR可进一步了解起自阴道、前列腺、盆腔的RMS及其与周围器官的关系。     

儿童膀胱葡萄状肉瘤的影像诊断（附6例分析）

本文报道６例儿童膀胱葡萄状肉瘤的ＣＴ和膀胱造影表现。膀胱葡萄状肉瘤ＣＴ扫描主要表现为膀胱内软组织密度充盈缺损、膀胱壁增厚以及前列腺等邻近器官受侵。膀胱造影主要表现为息肉状充盈缺损以及膀胱受压、膀胱壁僵硬。结合文献讨论了其Ｘ线诊断以及鉴别诊断。     

小儿膀胱胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤一例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨小儿膀胱横纹肌肉瘤(rhabdomyosarcoma,RMS )的影像表现.资料与方法 对1例小儿膀胱RMS的临床及影像资料进行分析,并结合文献进行复习.结果 患儿RMS位于膀胱颈及尿道内口,并沿尿道侵犯前列腺,肿块呈"葡萄簇"状,CT平扫密度均匀,低于腹壁肌肉,未见坏死及钙化,增强扫描肿块逐渐强化,边缘呈持续明显强化,邻近膀胱壁稍增厚.多平面重组(MPR)清晰显示肿块形态及侵犯范围.结论 小儿膀胱RMS影像表现具有一定的特征性,结合患儿年龄及临床特征可做出正确诊断.     

小儿腹盆腔横纹肌肉瘤的CT表现与病理对比研究

目的探讨小儿腹盆腔横纹肌肉瘤(RMS)的CT表现特征及与病理学分型的相关性,提高其诊断水平。方法对10例经手术或活检病理证实的小儿腹盆腔RMS的临床病理资料及CT影像表现进行回顾性分析。结果 6例腹腔及腹膜后RMS,5例CT表现为腹盆腔边界清楚巨大软组织肿块,最大径12~19cm,1例为边界不清多发结节状团块融合;平扫6例密度均低于肌肉,4例均匀,2例内部可见不规则片状更低密度坏死区;增强后动脉期5例肿块内部可见迂曲肿瘤血管,静脉期6例均为肿瘤内部不均匀片絮状强化。4例膀胱RMS CT均表现为膀胱腔内低于肌肉密度葡萄簇状软组织肿块,膀胱壁不规则增厚,增强后肿块中度均匀强化,并可显示膀胱壁以黏膜下层增厚为主,其中2例合并膀胱外盆腔肿块。10例病理类型均为胚胎性RMS,其中4例起源于膀胱的RMS分属葡萄簇状亚型,余6例为梭形细胞型。结论小儿腹盆腔RMS CT表现有一定的特征性,并可初步反映其病理分型。     

胆管乳头状腺瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨胆管乳头状腺瘤的CT和MRI影像特点,提高其诊断正确率.方法 回顾性分析10例经手术及病理证实的胆管乳头状腺瘤,10例均行CT平扫和增强扫描,其中8例同时行MR平扫和增强扫描检查,对其影像表现进行研究分析.结果 10例中发生于左侧肝内胆管6例,右侧肝内胆管2例,胆总管2例.CT上6例表现为乳头状、颗粒状或结节状肿块,呈低密度或等密度,增强后5例呈轻、中度强化,1例未见明显强化.4例CT未发现肿瘤占位,仅发现肝内胆管扩张伴胆管壁增厚,增强后胆管壁轻度强化.MRI上4例表现为等或稍长T1、稍长T2信号肿块,MRCP中发现胆管腔内类圆形或不规则形充盈缺损; 2例常规扫描中未见明显肿瘤,仅在MRCP上显示不规则充盈缺损; 2例仅表现为胆管壁增厚和胆管扩张.10例均伴有局限性或广泛性胆管扩张.结论胆管乳头状腺瘤CT、MRI表现具有一定特征性,可以做到术前正确诊断.     

气肿性膀胱炎的CT表现

目的 分析气肿性膀胱炎患者的CT表现及诊断要点.资料与方法 回顾性分析6例临床确诊为气肿性膀胱炎患者的CT表现.结果 6例CT定位片均见膀胱体积增大,3例膀胱周围透亮气体影环绕,呈"气抱球"样;CT轴位扫描6例均见膀胱壁内气体影,4例膀胱内可见宽大液气平面,膀胱壁呈"锯齿"状,伴有膀胱壁外周气体带,较大时呈"新月"状;2例仅见膀胱壁散在分布小气泡影及膀胱内少许气体影.结论 气肿性膀胱炎的诊断主要依据影像学发现膀胱壁及膀胱内气体影为特征,CT检查对诊断气肿性膀胱炎敏感性高,是诊断此病的重要方法.     

儿童胃重复畸形的影像学表现

目的 分析儿童胃重复畸形的临床表现、影像特征及鉴别诊断要点,提高对该病的认识和影像学诊断水平。方法 回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的儿童胃重复畸形的临床及影像学表现。采用CT及MRI观察病变的数量、位置、形态、密度或信号特点、与胃壁的关系、病变周围情况及强化特点等;上胃肠道造影动态观察胃肠道形态、走行、肠管蠕动、管腔充盈情况和对比剂通过情况,以及是否存在梗阻及充盈缺损等异常征象。结果 2例无症状者于平扫CT和MRI上表现为与邻近胃壁紧密连接的单发类圆形囊性肿物,囊壁较薄,边界清晰;3例有症状者平扫CT显示病变囊壁增厚,边界不清,所有病变囊壁均未见钙化。5例CT增强检查均显示囊壁强化而囊内无强化;上胃肠道造影显示,腔内型病变表现为胃窦部巨大充盈缺损并胃出口梗阻,腔外型病变对胃壁形成了外压性切迹。结论儿童胃重复畸形是临床少见的胃肠道先天性畸形,临床表现多变且特异性较差,影像学表现具有一定特征,术前全面的影像学检查有助于临床诊断和治疗。     

256层iCT肺动脉造影对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的探讨256层i CT增强扫描在肺动脉栓塞影像诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析29例肺动脉栓塞患者临床资料,并分析其CT影像特征,所有病例均行256层i CT扫描并行多平面重组(MPR)、曲面重组(CPR)、三维容积成像(VR)及最大密度投影(MIP)等后处理,对血栓的形态、部位、影像特点进行归类分析。结果 29例均能显示肺栓塞的部位及范围,CT表现为:中心性充盈缺损、偏心性或附壁性充盈缺损、部分阻塞性充盈缺损(部分血管截断征),部分患者可见肺梗死、肺体积缩小、胸腔积液、膈肌抬高等肺动脉栓塞的间接征象。结论 256层i CT增强扫描是一种安全、快捷、有效的诊断肺栓塞的无创性检查手段,其检出率高,可作为肺栓塞的首选检查方法。     

髓质海绵肾的影像学表现

目的分析髓质海绵肾（MSK）的影像学表现,以期提高对该病诊断的正确性。方法回顾性分析8例MSK在腹部X线平片I、VP、CT及MRI上的影像表现,并进行文献复习。结果 8例中累及右肾4例,左肾2例,双侧肾2例。腹部X线平片5例见肾内多发小结石呈散在或簇状排列,3例未见异常。静脉肾盂造影6例肾功能正常,肾盏外围扩张的集合管内见造影剂充盈,使肾锥体呈花蕾状或葡萄串状致密影,结石位于扩张的集合管内;2例肾盂肾盏扩张,造影剂显影延迟。CT检查可以发现腹部X线平片未能显示的细小结石,增强扫描见肾锥体呈条纹状或小囊状扩张。MRI检查见肾锥体内结石在T1WI及T2WI均呈低信号,T2WI及MRU成像肾锥体内可见条纹状、放射状及小囊状高信号影,大小不等。结论 MSK有其特征性影像表现I,VP、CT、MRI都有助于MSK的诊断,但以IVP检查为首选。     

静脉血栓栓塞症介入诊疗术前的双源CT检查

目的：探讨在静脉血栓介入前双源CT检查的应用价值。方法：对27例临床怀疑肺动脉栓塞的患者行CT静脉血管成像和肺动脉血管成像联合扫描（CTVPA）检查并利用软件进行图像处理,2～5天后患者行下肢深静脉造影和肺动脉造影,对27例患者的CT图像和血管造影图像进行分析、比较。结果：27例患者血管造影发现肺动脉栓塞25例,下肢深静脉栓塞23例,CT发现肺动脉栓塞25例,下肢深静脉栓塞19例。下肢静脉栓塞CT表现为静脉腔内对比剂充盈缺损。横轴位上显示充盈缺损15例,“靶征”4例,MIP、CPR、VR图像15例显示静脉管腔狭窄和中断,4例表现双轨征。结论：CTV—PA是一种新的扫描模式,可同时完成肺动脉和下肢深静脉成像。两双源CT扫描速度快,扫描范围更大,图像重建更快捷、简便,更适合CTVPA。     

Urinary tract infection in children. A reappraisal of its radiologic investigation

In a prospective study, 100 children with either an acute or a previous history of urinary tract infection were investigated by intravenous urography, micturition cystourethrography, and ultrasonography. The results from the three diagnostic modalities were compared: The urinary tracts in 59 patients were normal, and revealed some abnormality in 41. Ultrasonography proved to be superior to intravenous urography in outlining renal contours and in detecting subtle cortical changes secondary to urinary tract infection (such as slight increases in cortical thickness and edema or cortical scarring). The mucosa of the renal pelvis and bladder was more easily assessed by ultrasound than by intravenous urography. Both modalities were "equally" accurate in detecting important congenital malformations of the urinary tract. Ultrasound failed to detect 24 of 28 ureters demonstrating reflux on voiding cystourethrography. We propose that carefully performed abdominal ultrasonography can replace intravenous urography in the initial investigation of urinary tract infection in children. It should be done in association with a radiographic or radionuclide voiding cystogram. Intravenous urography would then become a complementary examination for abnormal or problematic patients.     

Case report: computed tomography demonstration of renal papillary necrosis

Renal papillary necrosis has been diagnosed by intravenous urography and ultrasound, but no reports of the computed tomographic (CT) features have been published. We describe a case of renal papillary necrosis in a diabetic patient suspected on CT and confirmed by intravenous urography. CT demonstrated small kidneys, 'ring shadows' in the medullae, contrast filled clefts in the renal parenchyma and renal pelvic filling defects. In patients with poor renal function where intravenous urography may be difficult, CT may demonstrate necrotic papillae allowing the diagnosis of renal papillary necrosis to be made.     

Urogenital schistosomiasis: CT evaluation

Computed tomography (CT) was compared with plain films and intravenous urography in 20 male patients with schistosomiasis. CT better demonstrated the extent of calcifications, which were recorded in the urinary bladder in all cases. The anterior wall of the bladder is first affected. The length and nature of stricture of the ureter can be estimated with CT, and ureteral reflux may be demonstrated when fatty emulsion is used for filling the bladder and the ureter is dilated. Punctate ureteral wall calcifications may be distinguished from intraureteral stones. CT is also helpful in establishing the presence and the staging of bladder tumors.     

Paraffinoma in the urinary bladder: CT findings.

A case of a paraffinoma in the urinary bladder is presented. Plain radiography and intravenous urography showed a low attenuation filling defect in the urinary bladder, and CT demonstrated a lobulated fat-attenuation mass floating in the urinary bladder.     

输尿管息肉的影像学诊断

目的分析输尿管息肉的影像学表现,提高对输尿管息肉的诊断水平。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的5例单纯输尿管息肉的影像学资料（X线、CT、MRI）。5例患者均行静脉肾盂造影,3例行逆行肾盂造影．2例行CT平扫和增强,2例行MR平扫。结果4例静脉肾盂造影发现病变,表现为管腔内边缘光滑的充盈缺损,1例病变侧肾脏输尿管未显影。3例逆行肾盂造影发现病变。2例CT检查发现增强后期扩张输尿管内低密度充盈缺损。2例MR平扫LWI发现高信号管腔内低信号充盈缺损。结论输尿管息肉的影像学表现具有一定特征性。X线检查是输尿管息肉首选方法．CT、MRI可作为辅助诊断手段,对碘过敏及肾功能不良等不能使用碘对比剂的患者,首选MRI。     

回盲部血吸虫肉芽肿的X线诊断（附5例报告）

本文报告５例回盲部血吸虫肉芽肿，其中１例癌变。其影像学表现：（１）大小不等，边缘光滑，凸入腔内较深的息肉样充盈缺损．（２）息肉样充盈缺损的颗粒之间被挤压聚集的条索状粘膜纹。（３）回肠末端受累时粘膜粗乱或／和息肉样充盈缺损，无粘膜破坏是与癌肿鉴别的重要征象。充盈缺损周围粘膜增粗在鉴别诊断中也有参考。钡剂灌肠结合ＣＴ扫描可提高诊断正确率。     

低场强MR泌尿系水成像对尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断价值

目的:评价低场强磁共振泌尿系水成像(MRU)对尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断价值。方法:对60例尿路梗阻性疾病患者行MRU及常规MR检查,并与B超I、VU及CT检查结果进行比较。其中输尿管癌12例,输尿管结石19例,输尿管炎性狭窄9例,肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻4例,输尿管先天畸形6例,盆腔肿瘤外压性输尿管狭窄9例,神经源性膀胱1例。结果:MRU能清晰显示尿路梗阻部位,定位诊断符合率100%,结合常规MR定性诊断符合率86.7%,优于B超、IVU及CT检查。结论:MRU结合常规MR对尿路梗阻性疾病具有较高的诊断价值,对儿童、老年人、妊娠妇女及IVU禁忌者可作为首选方法。     

Spontaneous rupture of the bladder: an uncommon finding on excretory urography.

A case of recurrent intraperitoneal bladder rupture is reported. Tearing occurred after minor trauma in a woman who had suffered a fracture of the pelvic rim 6 years earlier. Spontaneous rupture of the bladder is rare. The symptoms of an intraperitoneal bladder rupture may suggest intestinal disease and intravenous urography may be misleading. A retrograde cystogram is required to obtain the diagnosis.