胶体金免疫层析法检测血清癌胚抗原

建立一种快速、简易的检测血清中癌胚抗原(CEA)的胶体金免疫层析法(GICA)。采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒，标记抗CEA单克隆抗体4A3。将单克隆抗体3B5划线包被于硝酸纤维素膜上，制成免疫层析检测试纸条。血清中CEA与试纸条上胶体金标记物结合后沿着硝酸纤维素膜移动，与膜上的包被抗体结合形成肉眼可见的红色线条。用GICA与ELISA试剂盒对比检测了637份血清标本，其灵敏度为96．69％，特异性为99．38％，两法符合率为98．74％。GICA检测血清中的CEA特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速，无需特殊仪器设备，有广泛应用价值。     

霍乱弧菌O1胶体金免疫层析快速检测法的建立

目的建立一种快速、简易的检测霍乱弧菌O1群的胶体金免疫层析法(GICA)。方法利用胶体金免疫层析技术,采用双抗体夹心法检测霍乱弧菌O1群,对该法进行敏感性、特异性和稳定性分析。与细菌培养法对比检测208份临床标本。结果该法能在10分钟内完成检测;该试纸条仅与霍乱弧菌O1群阳性样品发生特异性反应;检测霍乱弧菌O1群的最低检出浓度为1×105cfu/mL;与细菌培养法对比检测208份临床标本,特异性和灵敏度均达100%。结论新建立的霍乱弧菌O1群胶体金免疫层析试验简便、快速,特异性和灵敏度较好,适用于现场样品的快速筛查。     

早期诊断心肌损伤肌球蛋白胶体金免疫层析法研究

目的建立一种简便、快速、准确检测人心肌损伤的胶体金免疫层析法（GICA）。方法制备胶体金标记抗Myosin多肽抗体，抗Myosin单克隆抗体，结合垫和样品垫的处理，组装免疫层析试纸条。检测患者血清中Myosin，进行敏感性和特异性评定。结果测试条灵敏度可达5ng／mL。检测30例急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者血清Myosin水平，并与Roche肌钙蛋白胶体金免疫层析试剂条比较，符合率达84.2％。结论本方法特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速、可用于急性心肌损伤的早期诊断。     

人血红蛋白时间分辨荧光免疫分析试剂的研制及初步应用

目的建立人血红蛋白（Hb）时间分辨免疫荧光分析（TRFIA）试剂,探讨在大便潜血（FOB）检测中的应用。方法采用固相双抗体夹心法建立检测Hb的TRFIA方法,并对该试剂的各项性能指标进行评价。结果自制试剂盒的最低检测量为0．8ng／mL或32ng（Hb）／g（粪便）,线性范围为0．8—1000ng／mL或32—40000ng（Hb）／g（粪便）。分析内和分析间变异系数分别为3．4％-8．9％和5．2％-13．4％。与羊、鸡、牛、猪、兔、狗Hb不发生交叉反应。90份临床确诊标本用本试剂盒和胶体金免疫层析（GICA）试剂同时测试,TRFIA法的敏感性和特异性均为100％．GICA法的灵敏度和特异性分别为95．6％、100％。结论Hb—TRFIA试剂盒各项指标均达到临床检测要求,适用于临床上大便潜血Hb的检测。     

柯萨奇病毒IgM抗体胶体金免疫层析快速诊断试纸条的研制

目的建立一种快速检测柯萨奇病毒IgM抗体的胶体金免疫层析试纸条，并优化制备中各关键步骤的实验条件。方法以柠檬酸三钠还原法制备20nm的胶体金溶液，标记羊抗人IgM，制备免疫胶体金复合物，组装胶体金免疫层析快速诊断试纸条。结果用柠檬酸还原法制备的20nm胶体金溶液呈亮红色。胶体金标记羊抗人IgM最低稳定量是1μg/ml，最适稳定量为1．5μg/ml。最适pH为8．2。血清标本检测结果与进口ELISA试剂盒比较差异无统计学意义。结论胶体金免疫层析试纸条制备质量不但与抗原抗体的质量、层析材料的选择、胶体金的制备与标记等因素密切相关，而且缓冲系统、辅助添加剂的选择与优化也非常重要。     

人心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ胶体金免疫层析试纸条的研制

目的建立一种简便实用胶体金免疫层析检测方法．用于人心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）的快速检测。方法采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金,以鼠源抗cTnI单克隆抗体进行胶体金标记,以兔源抗cTnI多克隆抗体固定于硝酸纤维素膜作为捕获抗体,采用免疫层析技术制备快速检测cThI胶体金免疫层析检测试纸条。并与国外生产的胶体金试剂盒作对比。结果该试纸条检测范围质量浓度为5ng／mL～1μg／mL;灵敏度质量浓度为5ng／mL：特异性：与肌红蛋白、肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶、cTnT、cTnC无交叉反应：与国外胶体金试纸条检测结果比较阳性符合率为96．4％,阴性符合率为100．0％。结论成功建立cTnI胶体金免疫层析检测方法,该方法灵敏度高,特异性强,检测速度快,适于急性心肌梗死的早期诊断及科研工作需要．     

快速乙肝表面抗原胶体金免疫层析测定法的建立及应用

建立乙肝表现抗原胶体金免疫层析测定法，用于乙肝病毒感染检测。采用亲和力强、特异笥高的自制抗－ＨＢｓ单克隆抗体及胶体金标记和硝酸纤维膜包被技术，制备乙肝表面抗原胶体金免疫层析快速测定试条，并进行了初步临床应用。该法的灵敏度为５ｎｇ／ｍＬ，与目前广泛使用的ＥＬＩＳＡ法对照检测５１３份血清标本，符合率为９９．２％。该法快速、准确、特异、灵敏、简便，基本符合临床应用要求，可用于乙肝表面抗原的检测。     

RIA与GICA测定尿HCG的结果比较

目的：对胶体金免疫层析试验与放射免疫分析随机尿HCG的结果进行比较分析。方法：采用胶体金免疫层析测定试条和放射免疫分析法对148例育龄妇妇随机尿HCG进行测定。结果：胶体金免疫层析试条对随机尿HCG的灵敏度为120．0mIU/ml，检测范围在120－427570mIU/ml，当尿HCG浓度大于427570mIU/ml时，该试条出现带现象，放射免疫分析法的灵敏度为25mIU/ml，没有带现象。结论：胶体金免疫层析试条具有操作简单、快速等优点，与放射免疫分析法相比，存在灵敏度低、带现象和不能定量等问题，在日常应用中应加以注意。     

抗恶性疟原虫全虫单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

为建立分泌抗恶性疟原虫全虫单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株，研制简易、敏感、特异的快速诊断恶性疟试剂盒。本用恶性疟原虫全虫抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠，取其脾细胞与SP2／0细胞融合，用ELISA法筛选分泌抗体的阳性杂交瘤细胞克隆，测定单抗的效价和Ig亚类，并用SDS-PAGE、Western印迹、IFAT和IPA等方法对单抗进行鉴定。结果，获得4株(2H6，2A3，3B1和2C12)分泌抗恶性疟原虫单抗的杂交瘤细胞克隆，均属IgG类。其中2H6克隆产生的抗体滴度最高《腹水效价达1：32000)．属IgG1亚类。与伯氏疟愿虫、弓形虫无交卫反应；Western印迹分析显示2H6能被约：130、63、41、33和20kDa等抗原蛋白所识别,IFAT和IPA分析显示，2H6单抗的抗原主要定位于裂殖子、滋养体和裂殖体的表膜部分。从而提示所制备的抗恶性疟原虫全虫杂交癌细胞株能分越高滴度的抗体，其中2H6是针对恶性疟原虫裂殖于表面蛋白的特异性单抗，可用于怒性疟快速诊断试剂盘的研制。     

应用胶体金层析法快速检测鼠疫耶尔森氏菌F1抗原

目的研究胶体金免疫层析法用于鼠疫耶尔森菌的快速诊断。方法采用胶体金免疫层析测试条,加入待测鼠疫耶尔森菌液及对照菌液。结果金标免疫层析试纸条在检测中并未出现交叉反应,特异性达到100％,显示其在鼠疫耶尔森菌的检测中特异性较好,结果可靠。同时该试纸条敏感性亦较高,少量细菌或抗原就可得到阳性结果,检测效果好。结论该方法简便、快速、敏感、特异性好,适合于公共突发卫生事件中的鼠疫快速诊断和现场鼠疫监测。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.