3.0T MRI诊断子宫少见原发恶性肿瘤

目的探讨子宫少见原发恶性肿瘤的MRI表现及特征,并与术后病理对照。方法回顾性分析11例子宫少见恶性肿瘤的MRI表现特点。结果 2例子宫内膜癌肉瘤、1例内膜间质肉瘤表现为宫腔内软组织肿块,伴不同程度出血、坏死及囊变;1例小细胞癌表现为宫颈肌层的巨大肿块,信号较均匀;1例横纹肌肉瘤、3例平滑肌肉瘤、3例淋巴瘤起源于子宫肌层,表现为肌层弥漫或局限性肿块,DWI中1例平滑肌肉瘤弥散受限不明显,淋巴瘤弥散受限显著。结论MRI有助于诊断子宫少见原发恶性肿瘤,可准确判断肿瘤部位及其与周围组织的关系,最终确诊需依靠病理检查。     

Thoracic Pulmonary Endometriosis: Two Reports of a Rare Disease

Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of endometrium outside the uterine cavity or myometrium. There is no specific radiologic finding that defines endometriosis. Parenchymal lesions, nodules or blebs are reported in the literature, although this clinical entity is rare. Definitive diagnosis and treatment are often possible with surgery. We report here two cases: a forty-two-year-old female patient with a 2-year history of intermittent hemoptysis associated with her menstrual cycle was diagnosed as having endometriosis and treated via thoracotomy; another 30-year-old female referred to our department due to recurrent pneumothorax caused by underlying endometriosis underwent surgical treatment which revealed endometrial foci on the diaphragm.     

宫腔粘连的危害及影响因素

宫腔粘连指因宫腔操作以及感染等因素影响,造成子宫内膜基底层受损,内膜修复过程中形成的宫腔内和(或)宫颈处粘连、闭塞等.患者可出现月经量少、痛经、不孕及反复妊娠丢失等临床症状,孕期有流产、早产、胎盘植入等风险.本文就发生宫腔粘连的影响因素,该疾病对于患者生理、心理和妊娠的影响,以及相关治疗效果的影响因素三方面加以综述.旨...     

子宫内膜间质肉瘤CT、MRI表现

目的分析子宫内膜间质肉瘤(ESS)的CT、MRI表现。方法回顾性分析经术后病理证实为ESS的11例患者的CT、MRI资料。11例中,5例接受CT检查,6例接受MR检查,均包括平扫及增强扫描。结果病理结果为低级别ESS 9例,未分化肉瘤2例。11例病灶均为单发,病灶位于宫腔内7例、肌壁间4例,其中类圆形肿块8例、不规则形肿块3例,病灶最大径(9.18±1.36)cm,肿块边界清晰4例、边界不清7例;病灶CT、MRI表现以实性为主4例、呈囊实性6例、以囊性为主1例。CT平扫示5例病灶实性部分密度均近似于或低于子宫肌层,其中4例病灶密度不均,1例密度均匀。MRI平扫示6例病灶ADC图信号均减低,其中5例呈T1WI等或低信号、T2WI高或稍高信号且DWI呈明显高信号,另1例(以囊性为主)呈T1WI稍高信号、T2WI高信号且DWI呈中心高信号。10例增强扫描表现为渐进性、持续性强化,1例以囊性为主的病灶未见强化。8例肿块内可见囊变、坏死,6例肿瘤浸润、破坏子宫深肌层。11例中,伴子宫腺肌症2例、子宫肌瘤5例,合并少量盆腔积液5例、宫腔内积血1例、输卵管积液2例。结论 ESS的CT、MRI表现具有一定特征,可为诊断提供依据。     

Giant hemorrhagic adrenal pseudocyst in a primiparous pregnancy: report of a case

Adrenal cysts are rare and are usually discovered incidentally during diagnostic imaging, surgery, or autopsy. Most cystic lesions of the adrenal gland are nonfunctioning and become symptomatic when complicated by rupture, hemorrhage, or infection. A 40-year-old woman presented with a history of gradual-onset pain in her left flank region at 20 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound showed a 20-cm cystic mass in her left abdominal cavity. Pertinent laboratory tests were within normal limits. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy, which revealed a 20 × 15-cm left adrenal cyst; thus, we performed left adrenalectomy with complete excision of the cyst. Histological examination confirmed a hemorrhagic adrenal pseudocyst. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course, and subsequent routine obstetric ultrasound examinations showed normal fetal activity and development until the pregnancy terminated with a stillbirth caused by pre-eclampsia at 34 weeks' gestation. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the 12th reported case of adrenal pseudocyst discovered during pregnancy. We analyze the clinicopathologic findings and discuss the possible association of pregnancy, with special reference to etiopathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.     

宫腔镜子宫内膜电切术后晚期并发症的分析

目的：总结宫腔镜子宫内膜电切术后晚期并发症的临床特点和治疗经验。方法2006年1月～2014年6月13例因功能失调性子宫出血行宫腔镜子宫内膜电切术后（＞9年）出现晚期并发症,再次宫腔镜探查并处理。结果13例宫腔镜二次探查结果：6例宫腔积血,其中4例位于宫角,2例位于宫腔;7例局灶或四壁内膜增生,其中1例出现子宫内膜去除-输卵管绝育术后综合征,1例子宫内膜病理为非典型增生Ⅰ级。7例术后症状好转（53．8％）;3例合并子宫腺肌病继发进行性痛经（23．1％）,2例子宫内膜增殖有乳腺癌手术史（15．4％）,1例子宫内膜非典型增生Ⅰ级（7．7％）均行腹腔镜下全子宫切除术。结论宫腔镜子宫内膜电切术后残存有功能的子宫内膜或日后再生的内膜可引起晚期并发症,需要临床进一步诊治。     

Acute urinary retention due to cystic echinococcosis: A case report

Urinary hydatidosis is very rare and represents 2% to 4% of all cases of cystic echinococcosis. We present a case of a 21-year-old man with symptoms of frequency, urinary retention and reduced force in urinary stream due to cystic echinococcosis. Anti-Echinococcus granulosus antibodies were determined by echinococcosis western blotting, and pelvic computed tomography revealed a 11 × 14 × 10-cm retrovesical homogeneous cystic mass. The patient underwent surgical intervention; the cystic mass and retrovesical cavity were removed. After a 3-year follow-up period, there was no episode of lower urinary tract symptoms. This case illustrates that cystic echinococcosis should be considered in every case of cystic mass, especially in endemic countries, such as Turkey.     

CD10 imunostaining does not distinguish endometrial carcinoma invading myometrium from carcinoma involving adenomyosis

The distinction of involvement of adenomyosis by endometrial carcinoma from endometrial carcinoma invading the myometrium can at times be difficult. This distinction, however, is important from the standpoint of staging, treatment, and prognosis because the outcome of carcinoma invading the myometrium as compared with involving adenomyosis is significantly worse. CD10 has been recently reported to be expressed by normal and neoplastic endometrial stromal cells. We therefore hypothesized that CD10 may be helpful in distinguishing carcinoma within adenomyosis from endometrial carcinoma directly invading the myometrium. Twenty-two cases of invasive endometrioid adenocarcinoma were identified from the surgical pathology files of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and consultation files of one of the authors (R.J.K.) and immunostained for CD10, desmin, and caldesmon. The pattern of staining was compared with five cases in which carcinoma was confined to adenomyosis. As a control, 14 cases of adenomyosis unassociated with carcinoma were included in the analysis. All 22 endometrial carcinomas that invaded the myometrium expressed CD10 to some extent in cells immediately surrounding the neoplastic glands. In 18, all of the invasive nests displayed CD10 in surrounding cells, but in four cases the staining was patchier, involving the surrounding cells of approximately 50-75% of the invasive nests. In four cases of myoinvasive carcinoma, the CD10-positive cells surrounding the nests of invasive carcinoma were also positive for desmin and caldesmon. In the remaining 18 cases with myoinvasive carcinoma, the cells surrounding the carcinomas failed to react with desmin and caldesmon. All five endometrial carcinomas involving adenomyosis displayed CD10 positivity in what appeared to be endometrial stromal cells surrounding the neoplastic glands. The stromal cells were negative for desmin and caldesmon. The control cases of adenomyosis were all positive for CD10, although in four cases the staining was patchy compared with 10 cases in which it was diffuse. Desmin and caldesmon were negative in all of these cases. Although CD10 identifies endometrial stromal cells in the endometrium and in adenomyosis and endometriosis, this study demonstrates that CD10 does not aid in distinguishing myometrial invasion of endometrial carcinoma from involvement of adenomyosis by endometrial carcinoma because the cells surrounding the tumor in the myoinvasive group express CD10.     

A case of bilateral intrathyroidal branchial cleft cyst in a newborn

We describe an extremely rare case of bilateral intrathyroidal branchial cleft cysts. A 2-day-old male neonate presented with intermittent tachypnea, dyspnea, and a palpable neck mass. Cervical ultrasonography and computerized tomography scan demonstrated a right-sided 3 × 3-cm cystic mass and a left sided 4.5 × 4-cm cystic mass, thought to be originating in the thyroid gland. The right-sided cyst decreased in size after OK-432 sclerotherapy. The left-sided cyst showed little response to 2 attempts of OK-432 sclerotherapy. Surgical removal of the left-sided cyst was done because of intermittent airway problems. The cystic mass was thought to be an intrathyroidal lesion. Microscopically, the cyst was lined by nonkeratinized squamous epithelium and respiratory epithelium. Lymphocyte infiltration was found in the subepithelial layer. The patient is currently doing well 12 months later with no evidence of recurrence.     

Symptomatic fibroid uterus in a 15-year-old girl

A 15 year-old gravida 1, abortus 1 black girl presented with chief complaints of menorrhagia, severe dysmenorrhea, and progressively worsening abdominal pain, which was caused by a very large uterine leiomyoma. The symptoms began 6 months earlier, shortly after a 10-week spontaneous abortion at age 14. A solitary 25-cm uterine leiomyoma was removed uneventfully with an abdominal laparotomy. In the English literature of the past 50 years, this case represents the sixth, and we believe, the largest, documented uterine fibroid among teenagers, which required corrective surgery.     

Laparoscopic partial cystectomy in the management of bladder endometriosis: report of two cases

Endometriosis is the proliferation of endometrial tissue outside the normal confines of the myometrium or uterine cavity. Endometriosis involving the urinary tract occurs in approximately 1% to 2% of cases. The bladder is affected in 80% of these patients. The diagnosis of vesical endometriosis is difficult, and it should be confirmed by cystoscopy with biopsy. Laparoscopic examination represents the gold standard for the diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis. Urinary bladder endometriosis may be treated surgically or medically with hormone-suppressive therapy. However, medical treatments usually are only palliative, and symptoms generally recur on discontinuation. We report our experience in two patients with vesical endometriosis who were managed successfully with cystoscopy-assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy.     

Gastric Bronchogenic Cyst Histologically Diagnosed After Laparoscopic Excision: Report of a Case

Abdominal computed tomography of a 71-year-old man revealed a 3-cm mass in gastric cardia. Although the mass was widely attached to the gastric wall, no clear contrast enhancement was observed. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging revealed the mass to have homogenous high intensity on T2W1 images and isointensity on T1W1 images. On diffusion-weighted imaging, no high intensity was observed. However, the mass had a smooth surface and was widely attached to the gastric wall, consistent with computed tomography findings. A gastric submucosal tumor was suspected. Laparoscopic tumor resection was performed. Histopathologic diagnosis of the mass was a bronchogenic cyst derived from the respiratory primordium originating in the foregut of the primitive intestine. Such cysts are mostly found in the mediastinum or thoracic cavity; their occurrence on the gastric wall is extremely rare. Despite this, we think that bronchogenic cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal unilocular cystic diseases.     

Primary biliary B-cell lymphoma of the cystic duct causing obstructive jaundice

A distinctive case of primary biliary lymphoma occurring in the cystic duct causing extrinsic compression of the porta hepatis in a 48-year-old woman is presented. Imaging studies revealed stricture of the common hepatic duct with a 2.5-cm nonhomogeneous mass at the porta hepatis, mimicking a Klatskin tumor. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a mass in the gallbladder neck with extension into the cystic duct akin to Mirizzi's syndrome. A soft, tan-yellow 1.0-cm mass was removed from the cystic duct, and infiltrating atypical lymphocytic nodules were identified with a final diagnosis of an anaplastic variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.     

Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the ovary: a case report]

A 47-year-old woman underwent left radical nephrectomy in 1995, and pathological diagnosis showed a primary renal cell carcinoma with clear cell subtype. Four years later on her routine checkup, abdominal computerized tomography revealed a 9-cm of predominantly solid and partially cystic tumor in the pelvic cavity. The patient was referred to Gynecologic Department and a total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was subsequently performed under the diagnosis of a left ovarian tumor. A cut surface of the solid component of the tumor was macroscopically yellowish. Pathological examination revealed alveolar growth of tumor cells with abundant clear cytoplasm including fat components. In some areas of the tumor, there were patterns of tubular structures which were cystically dilated. The typical findings usually found in the primary ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma were absent in the tumor, and the final pathological diagnosis was left ovarian metastasis of renal cell carcinoma. The ovarian metastasis of renal cell carcinoma is quite rare and to our knowledge only eleven cases were reported in the past 20 years. We report on a case and review the literature.     

Laparoscopic Excision of a Large Hepatic Cyst

Benign congenital liver cysts are rare in the pediatric population and often present a challenge in the diagnosis. Therefore, with recent advances in the field of minimally invasive surgery, this technique may be ideal in achieving both diagnosis and curative resection. We describe the case of a 2-month-old female initially referred for an antenatal ultrasound in the third trimester revealing a 7-cm intraabdominal cystic lesion of unknown origin. She was found to have a 10-cm hepatic cyst successfully treated by laparoscopic surgery. Our approach consisted of complete cyst excision along with its attached hepatic parenchyma. We recommend this technique as safe and feasible.     

剖宫产瘢痕妊娠：MRI与经阴道超声对照

目的评价MRI及经阴道超声诊断剖宫产瘢痕妊娠（CSP）的价值。方法回顾性分析经手术证实的28例CSP患者的MRI、经阴道超声表现,对比两种方法显示孕囊位置、大小、性质、对子宫肌层的浸润、是否合并囊内及宫腔出血、对卵黄囊显示及存活状况等情况。结果MRI及经阴道超声均可显示23例囊性孕囊和5例包块型孕囊。23例囊性孕囊中,MRI诊断孕囊内合并出血6例,经阴道超声发现囊内出血2例;MRI无法显示卵黄囊及判断胚胎是否存活;经阴道超声发现卵黄囊12例,其中胚胎存活10例。MRI显示孕囊位于瘢痕周围肌层内9例,位于瘢痕处向官腔方向延伸14例,经阴道超声诊断位于肌层8例,瘢痕及官腔内15例。5例包块型孕囊中,MRI均见包块内出血,经阴道超声诊断包块内出血3例;MRI诊断包块对子宫肌层浸润5例,经阴道超声无法判断孕囊对子宫肌层的浸润。MRI诊断官腔内积血18例,经阴道超声诊断8例。结论联合应用阴道超声与MRI有利于诊断CSP。     

A case of mistaken identity: giant cystic pheochromocytoma

A 39-year-old Marshall Islands woman was referred for evaluation of an abdominal mass. Medical history was significant only for pulmonary tuberculosis and scrofula. The patient denied a personal or family history of pancreatic or endocrine disease. Physical examination revealed normal vital signs and a 12-cm mildly tender left upper quadrant mass. A computed tomography scan revealed an 11-cm cystic mass contiguous with the distal pancreas and closely associated with the hilum of the spleen and the left kidney. Based on these findings and the patient's history, a cystic neoplasm of the pancreas was suspected, and she was subsequently taken to the operating room for exploration. Intraoperatively, the patient became markedly hypertensive with manipulation of the mass, requiring intravenous nitroprusside. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of cystic pheochromocytoma (PCC). The patient's postoperative course was uncomplicated. Cystic PCCs may not present with the classic prodromal symptoms associated with solid PCCs. This case represents the complex and unsuspected presentation of an extremely rare functional cystic neoplasm. A high index of suspicion for cystic PCC is necessary when confronted with cystic lesions in the vicinity of the adrenal glands. Failure to recognize cystic PCC before resection may lead to uncontrollable hypertension in the operating room, with potentially serious consequences.     

Intrahepatic bile duct dilatation with a liver cyst and hemangioma: Report of a case

We report a case of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation with a liver cyst and hemangioma. A 58-year-old woman was referred for investigation of a cystic lesion and peripheral intrahepatic bile duct dilatation in the left lateral segment of the liver. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts in the left lateral segment, near a 4.5-cm cystic lesion. Early enhancement into the delayed phase was seen in the dorsal part of the cystic lesion. Celiac angiogram showed a belt-shaped hypervascular area, but no encasement or irregularity of the artery. To exclude malignancy, we performed a left lobectomy. Microscopically, the cyst was lined with a single layer of flattened epithelial cells and a spongy tumor was diagnosed as cavernous hemangioma, which compressed the bile duct. The histopathological diagnosis was biliary stenosis associated with cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Invasive surgery may be avoided by awareness of this unusual benign pathology.     

Endoscopic harvesting of the sural nerve graft: a cadaveric investigation

This study investigated an endoscopic technique of harvesting the sural nerve graft. Using endoscopic instrumentation, the sural nerve was harvested from six cadaveric legs. A 2-cm longitudinal incision was made immediately posterior to the lateral malleolus, and a 5-mm endoscope was introduced. The path of the nerve was followed to the popliteal space, and nerve dissection was performed from proximal to distal. Air inflation of a balloon was used to enlarge the endoscopic cavity. The cavity created around the nerve was insufflated with carbon dioxide gas, allowing complete nerve isolation. Using a 0.5-cm transverse incision, the nerve was cut and removed. This endoscopic sural nerve grafting approach offers potential advantages such as less injury to soft tissues, decreased pain, nerve integrity preservation, and good aesthetic results.     

Hepatic cystic endometriosis with malignant transformation

Endometriosis, defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, is most frequently located in the pelvic organs. Hepatic endometriosis is extremely rare, and only 12 cases have previously been reported. A wide variety of symptoms have been described, from asymptomatic masses (incidental findings) to acute abdomen. The diagnostic method of choice is abdominal CT, which should always be used in the differential diagnosis of cystic liver masses. Because of the high percentage of malignant transformation, the first-line treatment is surgical resection with adequate safety margins. We report a case of in situ adenocarcinoma arising in a hepatic endometrioma, which was treated with right hepatectomy.