乳腺微小钙化灶的高频超声声像图评价

目的：评价乳腺微小钙化灶在乳腺癌高频超声诊断中的价值，材料和方法：通过分析高频声像图上87例乳腺微小钙化灶(经钼靶X线片证实)的显示情况．以及局部乳腺回声特点与病理的对照研究，对乳腺微小钙化灶的高频超声检出率及良、恶性病变的超声诊断正确率进行评价。结果：乳腺微小钙化灶的高频超声检出率为81．6％，其中在恶性病例中微小钙化灶的超声检出率达927％，而良性病例中的检出率为62．5％。超声列乳腺微小钙化灶病例良、恶性诊断的敏感性、特异性分别为80％和84.4％，尤其是对伴有肿块的乳腺微小钙化灶的诊断正确率明显高于无肿块组。结论：高频超声可以有效地检出并识别乳腺内的微小钙化灶，超声微小钙化灶征象(尤其是存在于肿块内的)对乳腺癌的诊断具有很大的价值，     

高频超声对乳腺小肿块鉴别诊断的价值

目的:评价高频超声二维征象及彩色多普勒血流指标在乳腺小肿块鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:使用高频超声诊断仪观察196个长径小于2 cm的乳腺肿块的二维超声特征(包括病灶形态,病灶内部,病灶后方有无衰减及有无微小钙化灶),然后使用彩色多普勒对病变进行多普勒血流参数测定(包括血流丰富度、PSV、RI、PI)。比较二维超声征象及彩色多普勒血流参数在乳腺良、恶性肿块中的差异并对其诊断敏感性、特异性加以分析。结果:病灶形态、病灶内部、病灶后方及有无微小钙化灶良、恶性病变间均有显著性差异。恶性肿块PSV、RI、PI值均明显高于良性肿块。结论:彩色多普勒超声血流参数测定对乳腺良、恶肿块的鉴别诊断具有重要的参考价值,与肿块的二维声像图征象相结合可提高乳腺肿块的超声诊断准确率。     

单发微小钙化灶在甲状腺微小乳头状癌诊断中的价值

目的 :探讨单发微小钙化灶在甲状腺微小乳头状癌(PTMC)诊断中的价值。方法 :回顾性分析29例PTMC二维超声声像图特征,包括结节大小、回声水平、钙化类型及钙化灶的分布方式,并与32个≤1 cm的甲状腺良性结节(良性组)比较。结果:PTMC结节中钙化灶1 mm 27个,良性结节中钙化灶≥1 mm 26个;PTMC结节中24个分布在结节中央区域,良性结节中25个分布在结节周边区域;2组差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:单发微小钙化灶在≤1 cm甲状腺良恶性结节中的分布方式有一定差异,对提高甲状腺微小癌的检出率有一定价值。     

二维及彩色多普勒超声诊断乳腺包块的临床价值

目的：探讨二维及彩色多普勒超声诊断乳腺包块的临床价值。方法应用高频探头对85例各种原因引起的乳腺包块进行检查,所有病例均经手术及病理证实,并与超声诊断对照分析。结果85例乳腺包块经病理证实良性者32例,二维＋多普勒超声准确诊断30例,诊断符合率为93．8％;恶性者53例,二维＋多普勒超声准确诊断50例,诊断符合率为94．3％,且无论良性或恶性,二维＋多普勒超声诊断符合率均较单纯二维声像图诊断率高。结论二维声像图结合彩色多普勒检查可大大提高诊断的正确率,对乳腺疾病的早期发现及良恶性鉴别具有重要意义。     

超声检查诊断乳腺良、恶性肿瘤的价值

目的:探讨乳腺良、恶性肿瘤的二维和彩色多普勒超声的特征性改变.材料和方法:超声检查82例乳腺肿块,并与手术病理对照,分析良、恶性肿瘤的声像图特点.结果:乳腺恶性肿瘤形态不规则,边界呈毛刺状,包膜不完整或无包膜,特别是病灶内微小钙化点与穿支血管的检出率分别为44.2%(23/52)和82.7%(43/52),明显高于良性肿瘤(P<0.01).结论:超声检查对乳腺肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断有重要价值,如肿块中探查到微小钙化点/穿支血管,常提示乳腺癌.     

高频彩超及弹性成像对甲状腺结节良恶性的鉴别诊断价值

目的：对甲状腺小结节高频彩超及弹性成像表现进行多因素 Logistic 回归分析,探讨其对良恶性鉴别诊断的价值。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理确诊的126个直径≤2 cm 的甲状腺结节的超声表现,根据每个结节的高频超声及弹性成像声像图特征进行分类,采用二分类多因素 Logistic 回归分析,筛选出评价甲状腺恶性结节的因素,建立概率方程。结果：根据多因素 logistic 回归分析结果,边界不清、纵横比≥1、微钙化、极低回声、弹性成像评分是鉴别甲状腺小结节良恶性的关键因素。回归模型预测超声诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的符合率为89．7％,其中良性结节的诊断符合率为90．0％,恶性结节的诊断符合率为89．3％,ROC 曲线下面积为0．959。结论：多因素 Logistic 回归模型可筛选出对甲状腺小结节良恶性有鉴别诊断意义的特征性变量,综合评价各个变量,有利于甲状腺结节良恶性的鉴别诊断。     

多发钙化对乳腺肿瘤的诊断价值分析

目的：分析由乳腺钼靶片发现多发钙化对乳腺肿瘤的诊断价值。方法：分析76例乳腺X线钼靶片显示多发钙化病例，全部经手术病理证实，其中乳腺恶性病变52例．良性病变24例。采用下列4项指标分析上述76例簇状钙化的特征并进行良恶性对照研究：（1）病灶钙化总数；（2）每平方厘米钙化数目（N／S）；（3）钙化灶的大小形态；（4）钙化灶合并肿块存在。结果：76例多发钙化病例中钙化总数〉30个、N／S≥10个、各钙化灶大小形态不一致、钙化合并肿块这4项指标诊断恶性钙化的特异性和敏感性分别为83．3％和69．2％，79．2％和76．9％，62．5％和92．3％，62．5％和53．8％，结论：N／S≥10个、钙化总数〉30个及各钙化灶太小形态不一致这三个特征对恶性钙化最具诊断价值。     

高频彩色多普勒超声诊断乳腺微小癌的应用价值

 目的 探讨高频彩色多普勒超声在诊断乳腺微小癌中的应用价值。方法 选取经术后病理证实为乳腺癌且超声检查乳腺结节≤1 cm的42例患者(微小癌组),分析其声像图特征;并选择同期40例乳腺结节≤1 cm的良性病变患者(术后病理证实)作为对照组,比较两组微钙化、血流显示、阻力指数(resistance index,RI)。结果 两组微钙化、血流显示、RI 比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。超声诊断乳腺微小癌的敏感度、特异度、Youden指数、诊断符合率分别为78.57%、92.50%、71.07%、85.37%。结论 高频彩色多普勒超声检查对乳腺微小癌的诊断、治疗具有重要临床应用价值。     

乳腺肿块的高频彩超诊断与病理对照分析

 目的 探讨高频彩超在鉴别乳腺良、恶性肿块中的价值.方法 对经病理证实的乳腺良、恶性肿块86例的高频彩超进行回顾性分析.结果 高频彩超检查乳腺肿块86例,良性61例,超声检出57例,恶性肿块25例,超声检出23例.以RI =0.7为标准,诊断乳腺癌的敏感性0.92,特异性0.966,准确性0.930.彩色多普勒的阻力指数(RI)、脉动指数(PI)在良、恶性肿块中均有统计学差异(P＜0.01).彩超根据肿块彩色血流丰富程度分4级,良性肿块0、Ⅰ级为主,恶性肿块Ⅱ、Ⅲ级为主,二者有统计学差异(P＜0.01).结论 高频彩超对乳腺性肿块的检出率高,应用二维声像图特点与彩色多普勒分析,综合判断,可明显提高对乳腺良、恶性肿块的诊断水平.     

乳腺微小钙化与乳腺癌的相关性研究

目的：探讨数字化乳腺钼靶摄影时乳腺微小钙化的表现及分型对乳腺疾病的定性诊断价值。方法：74例患者行数字化乳腺钼靶摄影检查,记录钙化灶单簇个数、分布直径、形态分型（根据Le Gal乳腺微小钙化分型,Ⅰ型：环形钙化;Ⅱ型：形态规整的点状钙化;Ⅲ型：泥沙样钙化;Ⅳ型：形态不规则的点状钙化;Ⅴ型：蠕虫样钙化）、是否沿导管分布、是否伴有肿块等x线特点．并与手术活检病理学资料进行对比分析。结果：74例中36例为乳腺恶性病变（48．65%）、38例为良性病变（51．35％）。单因素分析结果显示,单簇个数（P〈0．001）、微小钙化的形态分型（P〈0．001）、是否沿导管分布（P=0．001）以及是否伴有肿块（P=0．007）对乳腺良恶性病灶的鉴别有一定价值。多因素分析发现,钙化的形态分型（P=0．0008）和是否伴有肿块（p=0．003）是诊断乳腺癌的独立预测因子。微小钙化的形态分型中Ⅳ和Ⅴ型钙化、Ⅲ型钙化伴有肿块或单簇个数〉10个以及Ⅱ型钙化伴有肿块或分布直径〉20mm者恶性率较高。结论：Ⅳ和Ⅴ型钙化、Ⅲ型钙化伴有肿块或单簇个数〉10个以及Ⅱ型钙化伴有肿块或分布直径〉20mm诊断乳腺癌的阳性预测值较高,应积极定位手术活检明确诊断、及时治疗。     

US of mammographically detected clustered microcalcifications

PURPOSE: To determine whether ultrasonography (US) can depict breast masses associated with mammographically detected clustered microcalcifications and whether the visibility at US is different between benign and malignant lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-four patients with 100 mammographically detected microcalcification clusters prospectively underwent US with a 10- or 12-MHz transducer before mammographically guided presurgical hook-wire localization. The visibility of breast masses at US was correlated with histologic and mammographic findings. RESULTS: Surgical biopsy revealed 62 benign lesions, 30 intraductal cancers, and eight invasive cancers. At US, breast masses associated with microcalcifications were seen in 45 (45%) of 100 cases. US depicted more breast masses associated with malignant (31 [82%] of 38) than with benign (14 [23%] of 62) microcalcifications (P: <.001). In malignant microcalcification clusters larger than 10 mm, US depicted associated breast masses in all 25 cases. There was no statistically significant difference in shape and distribution of calcific particles, as well as in breast composition, at mammography between US visible and invisible groups. CONCLUSION: Given a known mammographic location, US with a high-frequency transducer can depict breast masses associated with malignant microcalcifications, particularly clusters larger than 10 mm. US can be used to visualize large clusters of microcalcifications that have a very high suspicion of malignancy.     

微小钙化在早期乳腺癌X线诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨乳腺钙化在全数字化乳腺X线摄影中的表现特征及其对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析160例乳腺X线钼靶片中表现为微小钙化的病例,观察钙化的数目、形态、大小、分布、密度等,并与手术病理结果做对照。结果乳腺良、恶性疾病均可出现钙化。本组病例乳腺恶性病变112例,其中导管原位癌24例,浸润性导管癌88例,良性病变48例。钙化呈簇状分布、沿导管方向走行或呈蠕虫型、混合型形态的钙化多见于乳腺癌,弥漫性分布及粗颗粒型或融合型形态的钙化多见于乳腺良性病变。结论分析乳腺X线片中微小钙化形态学表现、密度、数目、走向分布及钙化与肿块的关系,能显著提高乳腺良恶性病变的诊断正确率,对早期乳腺癌的诊断具有极其重要价值。     

乳腺良、恶性疾病钙化的X线表现分析

目的评价乳腺钙化的X线表现在乳腺良、恶性疾病鉴别诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析270例伴有乳腺钙化的乳腺疾病患者,其病变性质经手术病理、穿刺活检或随访证实,分析其乳腺钙化的X线表现特点及乳腺良、恶性疾病中钙化的差异。结果乳腺X线检查中,良性病变的钙化多为圆点状、小片状、蛋壳样,散在分布,密度较高;恶性病变的钙化多为泥沙状、短棒状、针尖状,簇状分布,密度较低。乳腺良、恶性病变的钙化在形态、大小、密度、分布等方面均存在显著差异(Ρ<0.05)。结论乳腺钙化的X线表现在乳腺良、恶性疾病鉴别中具有重要价值。     

Critical review of 215 cases of non-palpable mammary lesions]

PURPOSE: The natural history of human breast cancer shows that lesion size correlates directly with nodal metastases and distant spread. Nodal metastases are found in only 6% of cases in the preclinical stage of the tumor and therefore imaging must detect a breast cancer before it becomes palpable. We reviewed 215 nonpalpable breast lesions studied in the last 10 years to assess observers performance and ultimately improve the interpretation of suspicious mammograms, evaluating "cost" in terms of the ratio between benign and malignant lesions (B/M). MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1988 to October 1998, two hundred and fifteen women with nonpalpable breast lesions suspected at mammography were examined. The lesions were removed after stereotaxic or US location and a radiograph of the surgical specimen was always performed. Mammographic patterns were interpreted retrospectively by two blinded radiologist experienced in breast imaging and specialized in locating nonpalpable breast lesions. Mammographic patterns were classified as poorly/highly suspicious calcifications, regular/irregular masses, spiculated masses, masses with calcifications and parenchymal distortions. Radiographic findings were compared with surgical results and the data used to calculate the B/M, positive predictive value (PPV) for malignancy and the trend of operator's performance. RESULTS: Modern techniques permit to detect a very high number of in situ breast carcinomas. Nineteen of 22 lesions (86%) were detected by mammography as highly suspicious calcifications, 2/22 as spiculated masses and 1/22 as a mass with calcifications. No in situ carcinoma was detected as an irregular mass. All regular masses were proven to be benign at histology. B/M analysis showed a decreasing trend (from 1.94 in the first 3 years to .57 in 1994-96, to .83 in 1997-98) and an overall value of .90. The PPV for malignancy was 83.33% for spiculated masses, 65.5% for highly suspicious calcifications, 63.63% for irregular masses, 47.05% for masses with more or less dysmorphic calcifications, 32.65% for poorly suspicious calcifications, 8.33% for parenchymal distortions and 0% for regular masses. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: All spiculated masses and highly suspicious calcifications and microcalcifications should be removed. Biopsy is recommended in parenchymal distortions, despite its low predictive value for malignancy, because these lesions are uncommon and the cost of biopsy is therefore acceptable. Needle aspiration or long-term monitoring can be reconsidered for irregular masses and poorly suspicious microcalcifications. Finally, relative to possible different interpretations of mammographic patterns by center and operator's experience, we suggest that the PPV for every single pattern be continually reassessed based on personal case records rather than on literature data. This holds true especially for microcalcifications.     

超声弹性成像技术及三维成像技术对乳腺肿块诊断的临床价值

目的：探讨超声弹性成像技术结合三维成像技术在乳腺肿块良恶性临床鉴别与诊断中的应用价值。方法本文对125例接受诊治的乳腺肿块者采用超声弹性成像技术结合三维成像技术进行良恶性鉴别和诊断,并与病理结果对照。结果125例患者的139个病灶中恶性病灶19个,占13．67％;良性病灶120个,占86．33％。按照超声弹性成像评分3分以下（包括3分）为良性病灶标准,实时组织弹性成像评分在4分以上（包括4分）为恶性病灶标准,进行超声弹性成像评分鉴别诊断乳腺病灶良恶性的效能分析发现,超声弹性成像评分对良恶性鉴别诊断符合率为89．93％。超声弹性成像技术结合三维成像技术后,从形态结构、内部回声、与周边组织关系及肿块内血流情况,进一步判断乳腺肿块的良恶性,结果显示超声弹性成像技术结合三维成像技术诊断对良恶性鉴别诊断符合率为94．24％。结论超声弹性成像技术结合三维成像技术综合评价乳腺肿块的良、恶性,三维超声能提供更加丰富的三维空间信息,超声弹性成像可以有效发现微小病灶,二者互补,可以明显提高超声影像技术的准确率。     

MRI对乳腺X线摄影中含成簇微钙化病变的诊断

目的：探讨乳腺磁共振成像对乳腺X线摄影中含成簇微钙化病变的鉴别诊断价值。方法：搜集行乳腺钙化灶立体定位下活检术或术前钩丝定位局切活检术的97例病例,所有患者术前均行乳腺X线摄影和MRI检查且病灶钙化表现为成簇微钙化灶,分析含不同形态成簇微钙化病变的MRI表现及其鉴别诊断价值,并与组织病理学结果进行对照。结果：病灶总数为97个,其中病理结果为良性者73个（75.3%）,恶性24个（24.7%）。良恶性病变乳腺X线上表现均以无定形钙化为主者,分别占57.5%（42/73）、37.5%（9/24）。MRI对含成簇微钙化的恶性病灶诊断的阳性预测值72.4%（21/29）高于乳腺X线摄影28.9%（22/76）（P=0.000）。MRI对含成簇无定形钙化的恶性病灶诊断的阳性预测值66.7%（8/12）高于乳腺X线摄影17.6%（9/51）（P=0.002）。MRI上节段性强化诊断恶性病变的阳性预测值为100.0%（9/9）;无强化对诊断含成簇钙化病变的阴性预测值为100.0%（9/9）。含成簇微钙化的恶性病变早期强化率平均值为109.6%±78.5%,高于良性病变62.8%±25.9%（P=0.000）。结论：MRI对含成簇微钙化特别是无定形成簇微钙化的乳腺病变具有较好的鉴别诊断价值。     

选择性局部点压联合触诊在致密型乳腺疾病中的诊断价值

目的探讨钼靶局部点压摄影联合触诊对致密型乳腺疾病的诊断价值.资料与方法纳入常规乳腺 X 线摄影表现为致密腺体且影像未见明显异常者133例,分别进行双乳细致触诊,并结合常规体位影像表现,对触诊异常部位进行局部点压摄影,对所获得图像进行再次分析诊断.结果133例局部点压后影像中,69例清楚显示病灶,阳性检出率为51.9%(69/133),其中乳腺内肿块43例,腋下肿块9例,成簇微细钙化2例,局限性致密浸润15例;术后病理提示良性病变59例,恶性病变10例.结论钼靶局部点压摄影联合触诊可提高致密型乳腺中病灶的检出率,减少漏诊.     

乳腺X线片中成簇样微小钙化对乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨乳腺癌成簇样微小钙化在乳腺X线片中的特征性表现。材料与方法 经手术病理证实并在乳腺X线片中可见微小钙化乳腺癌108例,良性病变50例。经2位有经验放射科医生采用7项指标分析微小钙化,判断病变良、恶性,运用χ^2检验和Logistic回归方法评价各项指标对乳腺癌的诊断价值。结果 微小钙化判断乳腺癌最有价值的指标为：（1）每平方厘米微小钙化数目（N／S）大于20个,总数目大于30个。（2）钙化点间密度不均、大小不一。（3）钙化形态为细沙型、混合型、蠕虫样或粗颗粒型。结论 乳腺X线片中微小钙化形态学表现、密度、大小及数目对乳腺癌的诊断具有重要价值。     

超声引导Mammotome系统在乳腺肿块中的临床应用

目的：探讨超声引导下Mammotome微创旋切系统在乳腺肿块诊断及治疗中的应用价值。方法：对105例118个乳腺肿块患者行常规超声检查后在实时超声引导下运用Mammotome旋切系统对肿块进行微创旋切术。结果：超声引导成功率100%,术中冷冻切片提示恶性病灶9个,良性病灶109个,与术后病理诊断相符。术后1周超声复查4例有血肿形成（原病变均为乳腺纤维腺瘤）,3个月复查血肿完全吸收。恶性病灶无原发灶残留和复发,良性病灶也未发现残留灶。结论：超声引导Mammotome旋切系统可以对乳腺肿块进行精确的活组织取材,对适宜的良性病灶可以进行完整切除,该技术安全、微创、确诊率高、并发症少,是乳腺肿块诊治的有效方法。     

Ultrasound demonstration of mammographically detected microcalcifications

Purpose: To evaluate the capabilities of breast ultrasound (US) for identifying microcalcifications in benign breast changes, in situ carcinomas, and small non-palpable invasive carcinomas.Material and Methods: Forty-six consecutive patients with 49 clustered microcalcifications detected by mammography were included in this prospective study. Patients with palpable breast lesions were excluded. Breast US was performed with knowledge of mammographic findings for presence and visibility of microcalcifications, and for parenchymal structure abnormalities. Mammographic and US findings were compared with histology.Results: Nine ductal in situ carcinomas, 2 lobular in situ carcinomas, 11 invasive carcinomas and 27 benign lesions were confirmed by histology. For all lesions, US achieved a sensitivity of 75% in the detection of microcalcifications. The detection rate for microcalcification in invasive and in situ carcinomas was 100%. In 11 cases, no microcalcifications were visible on US; they all proved to be benign on histology.Conclusion: Microcalcifications in malignant lesions are reliably recognized by US. They are, however, difficult to detect in fibrocystic breast changes.