锰作业职工的血中微量元素变化

探讨长期高浓度锰暴露对职工血中微量元素的影响。进一步了解锰作业对工人健康损害的机制,为保护接触锰烟尘作业工人身体健康提供理论依据。方法某局桥梁厂男性电焊工65人作为锰接触组,该厂不接触锰烟尘及其他有害物质的行政、后勤人员65名作为对照组。血锰含量测定采用石墨炉原子吸收法,血中铜、铁、锌、镁、钙含量测定采用火焰原子吸收法。结果锰接触组血中锰含量（0．09．4±0．03μg／m1）高于对照组（0．06±0．05μg／m1）,而钙含量（4．93±2．70μg／m1）低于对照组（5．93±2．65μg／ml）,锌含量没有明显变化。结论长期高浓度锰暴露职工血中微量元素锰含量明显升高,钙含量明显降低,铁含量在接触锰早期明显降低,其他微量元素无规律性变化。     

长期接触铅烟工人免疫球蛋白和某些微量元素含量的变化

目的　观察长期接触铅烟工人免疫球蛋白和某些微量元素含量的变化。方法　采用单向免疫扩散法和原子吸收分光光度计分别测定铅接触和对照工人血铅、锌、铜、铁含量 ,尿铅含量和血清免疫球蛋白 (IgA、IgG、IgM)含量。结果　铅接触工人血清IgG、IgM均低于对照组 ,铅接触者血清IgG、IgM含量与血铅呈显著性负相关 (P <0 0 1)。当血铅平均值在 2 0 μmol/L以上时 ,血液中锌、铜、铁含量出现不同程度的降低。结论　长期接触铅烟作业工人 ,血清免疫球蛋白及锌和铁含量发生变化     

锰电焊作业工人血清中5种微量元素变化的探讨

目的：通过检测锰电焊作业工人血清中5种微量元素的变化,探讨影响锰中毒的发生因素,为锰中毒的有效防治提供依据。方法：采用等离子发射光谱仪,检测锰电焊作业工人血清中的Mn,Cu,Zn,Fe和Pb5种微量元素。结果：接触组锰和铁的血清含量明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）,铜略高于对照组,但与对照组比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）;而锌和铅的血清含量明显低于对照组（P＜0．01）;接触组工龄及年龄分层显示,各组血清微量元素比较均无统计学意义。结论：锰的过量吸入可影响体内Mn,Cu,Zn,Fe和Pb5种微量元素变化,从而引起体内微量元素的失衡,促使锰中毒的发生,所以在锰中毒的防治过程中,应当综合考虑体内多种微量元素变化对机体的影响。     

无磷洗衣粉粉尘对工人健康的影响

目的：研究无磷洗衣粉粉尘对工人健康的影响。方法：测定无磷洗衣粉粉尘作业的接触组与对照组工人的肺功能和血清IgM、IgA、IgG、补体C3水平。结果：高浓度无磷洗衣粉粉尘接触组工人慢性咳嗽率、气喘率、胸闷率、皮肤搔氧率高于对照组；长期接触组工人血清IgM、IgA、补体C3含量均高于对照组（P＜0．05）；长期接触组工人肺功能指标（实测值／预计值）FVC、FEV1．0、FEF25％－75％、FEV1．0／FVC％均低于对照组。结论:长期接触无磷洗衣粉粉尘对工人呼吸系统有损伤作用，且可引起机体免疫功能异常。     

刺梨利康饮对锰作业工人微量元素和脂质过氧化的影响

目的研究刺梨利康饮对锰作业工人微量元素和脂质过氧化的影响。方法通过锰作业工人饮用刺梨利康饮３０天前后自身对照试验,观察粪锰、尿和血清微量元素含量、血清脂质过氧化和尿香草扁桃酸（ＶＭＡ）指标。结果锰作业工人饮用刺梨利康饮后,粪锰排泄增多,尿锌和维生素Ｃ（ＶｉｔＣ）含量增加,血清锰含量降低,血清铜、锌、还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）和ＶｉｔＣ含量升高,而血清丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量下降。结论刺梨利康饮对锰作业工人具有一定排锰效果,可降低体内锰的负荷、补充微量元素并具拮抗脂质过氧化的作用。     

龙胆溶栓冲剂对脑血栓病人微量元素的作用

用龙胆溶栓冲剂（S-mdicinal granules）治疗96例急性脑血栓形成病人，治疗前后测定病人血清：锌、铜、铝、锰、硒及体液免疫指标IgG，IgA，IgM及循环免疫复合物（CIC），同时设定对照组观察S-冲剂的临床疗效。观察结果表明治疗组疗效优于对照组。测定结果表明S-冲剂可以使脑血栓病人血清Zn增加（P〈0．05），血清Cu减少（P〈0．05），Zine／copper比值增加（P〈0．05）．S-冲剂可使体液免疫IgA增加（P〈0．01）。     

锰作业者血中微量元素和脂质过氧化的改变

为探讨锰对作业者血中微量元素和脂质过氧化的影响,检测了某锰矿３０名锰作业工人和３２名对照工人血清的锰、铜、锌、还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）和脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量。结果显示,锰作业组血清锰和铜含量显著高于对照组,而锌含量显著低于对照组;锰作业组血清锰含量的升高与铜含量升高或锌含量降低分别存在显著的正或负相关关系;锰作业组血清ＧＳＨ含量显著低于对照组,而ＬＰＯ含量显著高于对照组。结果提示长期职业性锰     

不同价态锰对不同月龄大鼠血清常量及微量元素的影响

[目的]观察不同价态锰对大鼠血清常量及微量元素的影响及不同鼠龄动物对锰毒性易感性的差异。[方法]将4月龄和18月龄大鼠分别随机分为对照、二价锰和三价锰组，染锰组分别给予相应价态的锰化合物6mg／（kg·d），腹腔注射染毒一个月后断头处死，取血清，以等离子发射光谱仪（JY-ultima ICP-AES）检测各组血清中锌、铁、锰、镁、钙、铜含量和铜／锌值。[结果]不同价态锰对大鼠血清元素的影响：4月龄组与对照组相比，Mn^2＋组的血清锰、锌、铜含量和铜／锌值差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；Mn^3＋染毒组血清锰、镁、钙、铜含量和铜／锌值差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），两染毒组之间比较仅钙含量差异有统计学意义。对18月龄大鼠，与对照组相比，Mn^2＋组血清锰、锌、钙、铜含量和铜／锌值差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；Mn^3＋组血清锌、镁、钙、和铜／锌值差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），两染毒组之间比较，锰、钙含量之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。不同月龄大鼠之间比较：在Mn^2＋组，18月龄大鼠与4月龄大鼠相比，血清铜差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；在Mn^3＋组，与4月龄大鼠相比：18月龄大鼠血清镁、钙差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。[结论]Mn^2＋、Mn^3＋染毒对大鼠血清中的多种微量金属元素造成影响是不相同的，但有明显差异的仅表现为钙水平的改变，二种价态锰对同一月龄大鼠血清元素的影响有限。不同月龄犬鼠比较，Mn^2＋对血清铜有影响，Mn^3＋对钙、镁有影响。     

铅作业工人机体中某些微量元素含量变化的分析

目的:探讨长期接触铅烟作业工人机体中某些微量元素含量的变化。方法:采用原子吸收分光光度计测定铅接触工人和对照工人血液中铅、锌、铜、铁含量和尿液中铅含量。结果:铅接触工人尿液中铅的含量与血铅呈显著性正相关(P<0.01)。当血铅平均值在2.1μmol/L以上时,血液中锌、铜、铁含量出现不同程度的降低。结论:长期接触铅烟的作业工人,血铅、尿铅呈明显的增高,且引发机体必需微量元素锌和铁含量发生变化。     

有机磷农药对生产工人免疫水平影响的研究

目的：观察长期职业接触有机磷农药敌敌畏对生产、包装车间生产人机体免疫水平的影响。方法：对100名有机磷农药生产工人及50名不接触任何毒物的健康者,进行血清免疫球蛋白（IgG、IgA、IgM）含量测定、转化淋巴细胞^3H-TdR参入测定^3H的活度,计算出百分参入率及刺激指数。结果：接触组IgG、IgA与对照组相比明显降低（P＜0．05）,IgM差别不显著。接触组百分参入率、刺激指数显著低于对照组（P＜0．01)。结论：长期接触有机磷逐药的生产工人体液免疫和细胞免疫水平降低。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.