小切口心脏不停跳心内直视手术100例

目的 介绍小切口心脏不停跳心内直视手术的临床应用体会。方法 总结我科2000年1月～2003年10月，采用胸骨正中小切口、体外循环心脏不停跳心内直视手术共100例，其中房间隔缺损56例、室间隔缺损40例、肺动脉口狭窄4例。结果 100例均治愈，无呼吸、循环等严重并发症发生，术后住院时问6～8天。随访1～45月，心功能恢复良好，无残余畸形，切口美观。结论 小切口心脏不停跳手术创伤小、切口美观，适合于单纯房、室间隔缺损等较简单心脏畸形的矫治手术。     

右腋下小切口在先天性心脏病手术中的应用

目的介绍右腋下小切口在先天性心脏病手术中的应用体会。方法１９９５年３月～１９９７年５月，经右腋下小切口在常温体外循环心脏不停跳下修补心脏间隔缺损２０例。房间隔缺损１３例，室间隔缺损７例。结果体外循环时间２０．０９±６．４分钟，无死亡及并发症，术后住院时间８．０±２．２天。随访２～２０个月，均能参加正常活动。结论右腋下小切口常温心脏不停跳修补小儿心脏间隔缺损创伤小、恢复快、简便、安全、美容效果好。     

胸骨正中小切口在心脏直视手术中的应用

目的 介绍胸骨正中小切口在心脏手术中的应用效果。方法 风湿性心瓣膜病或先天性心脏病患者40例，分别在常规体外循环或常温心脏不停跳下行心内直视术。做胸骨下端正中小切口，长5－9cm，保留胸骨柄的连续性。结果 手术均顺利进行，术后无严重并发症发生，循环稳定，恢复快，瘢痕隐蔽。心脏不停跳手术患者，术后辅助呼吸和使用正性肌力药物的时间明显缩短。结论 胸骨正中小切口可以安全的应用于多种常规和心脏不停跳心内直视手术，适应范围广、创伤小、手术效果好和美容效果佳。     

右腋下垂直小切口心脏不停跳心内直视手术135例

目的 探讨右腋下垂直小切口心脏不停跳手术治疗先天性心脏病的方法.方法 2003年11月～2006年6月,采用右腋下小切口在心脏不停跳下施行心脏手术135例;其中室间隔缺损(VSD)68例,房间隔缺损(ASD)61例(ASD合并左上腔静脉4例),VSD+ASD 5例,冠状动静脉瘘1例.结果 全组无手术死亡.平均住院时间8 d.术后发生右肺不张2例,右侧气胸1例,切口液化2例.术后随访122例,随访时间1个月～2年,除2例VSD患者术后发生残余漏外,其余患者均恢复良好.结论 对单纯ASD、VSD患者选择右腋下垂直小切口,在心脏不停跳下施行心内直视手术,安全可靠、手术时间短、创伤轻、恢复快、切口美观.     

体外循环心脏不停跳心内直视手术在小儿心脏外科中的应用158例

目的评价体外循环下心脏不停跳心内直视手术对小儿心肌的保护作用。方法总结2000年7月至2006年6月,158例体外循环下心脏不停跳心内直视手术的小儿先天性心脏病病例。全组男80例,女78例,平均年龄3.5岁,平均体重13 kg;病种有房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、肺动脉瓣狭窄。结果全组无死亡,无脑气栓发生,无传导阻滞发生,随访3-24个月,效果良好。结论心脏不停跳,常温体外循环下心内直视手术用于小儿先天性心脏病矫治,心肌保护安全有效,临床效果满意。     

右腋下小切口胸骨下段小切口与胸骨正中切口的对比研究

我们自1999年2月至2003年6月对41例先天性心脏病患者行右腋下小切口心脏不停跳心内直视手术；36例瓣膜替换、法乐氏四联症等手术，行胸骨下段小切口体外循环心内直视手术与胸骨正中切口体外循环心内直视手术的治疗对比体会，报道如下：     

常温体外循环心脏不停跳心内直视手术临床应用

常温体外循环心脏不停跳心内直视手术临床应用曾建业，韦涌初，袁春德，阮揩文，黄辉凡我院自１９８３年８月１９９４年１月应用常温体外循环心脏不停跳心内直视手术的方法为１０例先天性心脏病患者行矫治手术。现报告如下１临床资料：见附表２方法建立体外循环，心肺转流...     

腋下切口心脏直视手术378例

目的探讨胸部腋下切口心脏直视手术效果.方法1995年3月～2004年10月,我院选择性经腋下切口进行心内直视手术378例,其中81例房间隔缺损、32例室间隔缺损、其他病种16例未阻断升主动脉,在心脏跳动下手术,余249例在低温、心脏停跳下完成手术.结果全组手术顺利,手术时间(167±2.0)min,体外循环时间(28.1±16.6)min,右室双腔心术后急性喉水肿气管切开1例,法洛四联症术后低心排综合征死亡1例,脑栓塞1例,切口脂肪液化2例,余术后恢复良好.366例随访2个月～10年,平均5.1年,均能参加正常活动.室间隔缺损残余分流1例,脑栓塞1例完全恢复.结论胸部腋下切口心脏直视手术具有创伤小、恢复快、简便、安全、美容效果好等优点,值得临床推广应用.     

心脏不停跳心内直视手术中心肌损伤程度的评估

目的　通过与常规心脏停搏下心内直视手术中心肌损伤程度的对比研究,客观评价心脏不停跳心内直视手术中心肌损伤的情况。　方法　２２ 例单纯房间隔缺损或室间隔缺损患者随机分为两组。对照组：在常规方法下行心内直视手术,术中控制心肌缺血时间在３５ 分钟以内;实验组：在浅低温体外循环,阻断上、下腔静脉,心脏不停跳下完成心内直视手术。测定心肌同工酶释放活性,三磷酸腺苷含量以及观察心肌超微结构等。　结果　实验组心肌同工酶释放量低于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５ 或 Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,且术后恢复较快。心肌三磷酸腺苷含量和心肌超微结构基本正常,并优于对照组。　结论　心脏不停跳心内直视手术中心肌损伤极轻,符合微创外科的要求。     

微创右腋下小切口心脏不停跳治疗先天性心脏病

目的 总结先天性心脏病的微创治疗经验。方法 自1999年10月～2002年12月，采用微创右腋下小切口，在常温体外循环心脏不停跳下行心内直视手术治疗先天性心脏病35例，其中房间隔缺损21例，室间隔缺损12例，法洛三联征2例。结果 全组无一例死亡，均治愈。结论 微创治疗先天性心脏病安全，暴露好，手术失血少，时间短、损伤轻、术后病人痛苦小，恢复快，切口隐蔽，美观。     

体外循环手术应用腋下及腋前外切口

自１９９５年３月至１９９６年８月作者应用腋下及腋前外切口进行体外循环手术５０例。房间隔缺损１７例，室间隔缺损２６例，二尖瓣狭窄及关闭不全３例，三房心、部分型心内膜垫缺损、双腔右心室、二尖瓣关闭不全各１例。全组手术顺利，主动脉阻断时间２２．５９±１１．０６分钟，体外循环时间４０．１９±１７．１７分钟。无手术死亡及并发症。创伤轻、出血少、恢复快、腋下切口看不见手术瘢痕、美容效果好。     

右腋下直切口手术治疗先天性心脏病

目的 通过右腋下直切口治疗先天性心脏病可以达到创伤小、疼痛轻、美观的目的。方法 本组４０例患者中,进行单纯型继发孔房间隔缺损修复１８例,房间隔缺损并二尖瓣关闭不全修复３例,室间隔缺损修复１５例,法洛四联症心内台术２例,心内型完全性肺静脉异位引流和部分房室管畸形修复各１例,结果 全组无手术死亡。体外循环时间１８～６６分３０秒,主动脉阻断时间３～５２分,术后６～１２天出院。结论 微创伤切口先天性心脏病     

右腋下小切口心内直视手术224例

目的总结右腋下小切口径路手术治疗先天性心脏病的经验,并探讨其相关的问题。方法224例先天性心脏病患者采用右腋下小切口径路经第3或第4肋间进胸,在体外循环下行心内直视术,其中室间隔缺损(VSD)修补术168例,房间隔缺损(ASD)修补术48例,法洛四联症(TOF)根治术6例,右心室双出口(DORV)和埃布斯坦综合征(Ebsteinsyndrome)矫治术各1例。结果全组术后死亡1例(0.45%),死于急性肺水肿。发生并发症13例(5.8%)。右腋下小切口径路手术患者的体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、呼吸机辅助呼吸时间和术后住院天数与同期胸骨正中切口径路手术患者比较差别无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术中出血量和术后胸腔引流量较胸骨正中切口径路少(P<0.01)。术后随访214例,随访时间2个月~7年,除3例患者术后早期心功能稍差(射血分数<0.50)和2例VSD患者术后发生轻度残余漏外,其余患者均恢复良好。结论对具有该术式适应证的患者经右腋下小切口径路行心内直视手术,有安全可靠、术中出血少和美观等优点,但对TOF以及复杂先心病患者慎用本术式。     

Surgical management of the conal (supracristal) ventricular septal defect

Surgical management of the conal (supracristal) ventricular septal defect differs significantly from the management of the perimembranous (infracristal) ventricular septal defect. The absence of a portion of the conal septum can lead to prolapse of the right cusp of the aortic valve, which predisposes these patients to aortic insufficiency. Between January 1980 and December 1989, 36 children with conal ventricular septal defect underwent intracardiac repair. Diagnosis was by echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and intraoperative exploration. Preoperative evaluation showed that 26 patients (72%) had aortic valve prolapse and 16 (44%) had aortic insufficiency. Pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratios ranged from 1:1 to 3.5:1 (mean 2.0:1.0). Ten patients (27%) were believed to have clinical congestive heart failure. Age at the time of operation ranged from 2 weeks to 18 years (mean 5.5 years). Operative exposure was through the pulmonary artery (26), aorta (4), right ventricle (3), or right atrium (3). Simultaneous aortic valve suspension for aortic insufficiency was performed in four patients. Operative survival was 100%. Follow-up is complete in all patients and ranges from 0.5 to 9 years (mean 4.3 years). All patients are in normal sinus rhythm. No residual ventricular septal defects have been identified. Twenty-three of 36 patients (64%) have no evidence of aortic insufficiency; 12 of 36 (33%) have trivial or mild aortic insufficiency. One patient with initial severe aortic insufficiency underwent repeat aortic valvuloplasty 3 years after ventricular septal defect closure and aortic valve suspension. No patients have required aortic valve replacement. Surgical management of the conal ventricular septal defect differs from that of the perimembranous ventricular septal defect in two critical aspects. The operative approach should be through the pulmonary artery. This allows the best exposure of the remaining conal septum and the pulmonary and aortic valve leaflets, facilitating closure of the defect without injury to the valves or conduction system. Conal ventricular septal defects should undergo early closure, regardless of shunt volume, to prevent progressive aortic insufficiency.     

Residual postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect repair through right atrium with right thoracotomy on beating heart technique

Abstract   Background and Aim: The incidence of residual opening after repair of postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect (VSD) was reported to be 10% to 25%. Redo surgery with remedian sternotomy is more complex than primary surgery and is consequently associated with higher mortality and morbidity due to the myocardial and patent coronary grafts injury during pericardial dissection. Methods: A 59-year-old female patient had coronary artery bypass grafting and closure of post myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect with patch 10 months earlier in a different cardiac center. She was admitted to the hospital for severe congestive heart failure. Results: She was operated because of the residual opening after repair of post myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect. Post myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect closure was performed through the right atrium by on-pump beating heart technique via the right thoracotomy. Conclusions: Closure of post myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect with this technique offers an alternative and safe approach to repair of the residual VSD when the coronary bypass grafts are patent.     

Surgical management of double-outlet right ventricle

From 1977 to 1983, 32 consecutive patients, ranging in age from 15 days to 24 years, underwent operations for double-outlet right ventricle. Twenty patients had a palliative operation either to increase (12 cases) or to reduce (eight cases) pulmonary blood flow: Ten of them have subsequently undergone total repair, and in another six correction was delayed because of possible incremental operative risk factors, such as multiple ventricular septal defects or the need for an extracardiac conduit. Four patients with multiple, complex associated intracardiac anomalies are currently considered to have uncorrectable defects. A total of 22 patients underwent correction either primarily (12) or after palliation (10). Intraventricular tunneling was performed in 16 patients with a subaortic ventricular septal defect and in one with a doubly committed ventricular septal defect. Seven of these had pulmonary stenosis and five had reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow by means of a patch (three) or a conduit (two); among this group, five also had enlargement of the ventricular septal defect. In three patients with a subpulmonary defect and in one with a remote ventricular septal defect, all of them without pulmonary stenosis, total repair was achieved by a Senning, a Mustard, or an arterial switch operation. Finally, the only patient with atrioventricular discordance and pulmonary stenosis had insertion of a left ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit. No operative deaths were observed after palliation, but one patient died of intrapulmonary hemorrhage after total repair (4.5%). Major postoperative complications included detachment of the ventricular septal defect patch in one patient and late progression of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in another. No late deaths have been recorded. Surgical repair of double-outlet right ventricle can be accomplished with gratifying early and late results, the risk of operative death being below 5%. The outcome in patients with subaortic ventricular septal defect appears particularly favorable, despite the extensive intracardiac procedures required for total correction. An early intervention is recommended to prevent development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease and to avoid massive cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, which may cause late rhythm disturbances and impede the intracardiac repair.     

右腋下小切口心内直视手术治疗婴幼儿先天性心脏病

目的探讨右腋下小切口手术应用于婴幼儿先天性心脏病（先心病）的可行性。方法2010年7月～2012年3月,采用右腋下小切口心内直视手术治疗68例年龄6—15个月婴幼儿先心病。体重6．5～12kg。房间隔缺损27例（其中合并部分型肺静脉异位引流3例,合并肺动脉瓣狭窄1例,合并永存左上腔1例）,室间隔缺损37例,（其中合并永存左上腔3例,右室流出道狭窄1例）,部分性房室管畸形4例。均在全麻体外循环下经右腋下4—6cm小切口手术修补。结果全组无围术期死亡。体外循环时间（21．6±10．7）min,主动脉阻断时间（16．8±7．5）min;术后渗出胸液量（21．9±9．3）m1,术后呼吸机辅助时间（8．5±2．5）h,术后住院时间（5．4±0．7）d。术后1个月复查无残余分流。结论小切口手术对婴幼儿简单先心病效果确切,术后出血少,美观,隐蔽,不影响胸骨发育,值得推广。     

微创右胸小切口修补房间隔缺损(附31例报告)

报告自1997年5月至1998年11月期间采用微创右胸小切口修补房间隔缺损31例的结果。原发孔房间隔缺损合并二尖瓣大瓣裂缺1例,继发孔房间隔缺损30例,其中,中央型缺损25例,上腔型缺损1例,下腔型缺损2例,合并室间隔缺损2例,合并右肺静脉异位引流2例。手术通过右胸第四肋间小切口(7～10cm)在体外循环下完成,全组无手术死亡和并发症,病人恢复快。结论:右胸小切口修补房间隔缺损是可行的,并且比传统切口具有更多的优点     

Surgical treatment for double-outlet right ventricle at the Brompton Hospital, 1973 to 1986

Between January 1973 and February 1986, operations were performed on 120 consecutive patients having usual atrial arrangement (atrial situs solitus), concordant atrioventricular connection, and double-outlet right ventricle. The ages at operation ranged from 1 day to 44 years and the weights from 2.6 to 84 kg. Sixty-three patients had one or more palliative procedures. For those, the hospital mortality rate was 9.5%. Palliation was considered a definitive procedure in 13 patients. Ninety-three patients had a reparative operation, with a 26.9% early mortality rate. In the group who had complete correction, taken as a whole, the surgical outcome was significantly affected by the position of the ventricular septal defect and by the year of operation. The year of operation was the main factor that, by multivariate analysis, correlated significantly with the hospital mortality in those patients having a subaortic defect and spiraling great arteries (p less than 0.05). No difference was found among this group for those patients having the morphologic characteristics of tetralogy of Fallot. The change-over point from the Mustard to the arterial switch procedures was the event with the greatest effect on hospital mortality in patients with a subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (p less than 0.025). Two late deaths have occurred among the 21 patients who had palliative intervention only. Sixty of the 68 survivors with intracardiac repair have been followed up for a period of 2 to 184 months (median 44 months). There were five late deaths (8.3%). Eight patients underwent successful reoperation. All except three of the long-term survivors were in functional class I. Good early and long-term results can be anticipated for the intracardiac repair of double-outlet right ventricle when the ventricular septal defect is subaortic or doubly committed. The arterial switch operation has been demonstrated to be the optimal approach for double-outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect. Results in patients with noncommitted ventricular septal defect have remained poor.     

Right axillary incision: a cosmetically superior approach to repair a wide range of congenital cardiac defects

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the safety of a right axillary incision, a cosmetically superior approach than anterolateral thoracotomy, to repair various congenital heart defects. METHODS: All the patients who were approached with this incision between March 2001 and October 2004 were included in the study. There were 80 patients (median age, 4 years) with atrial septal defect closure (38 patients), repair of partial abnormal pulmonary venous return (14 patients), partial atrioventricular canal (16 patients), and perimembranous ventricular septal defect (12 patients). The surgical technique involved peripheral and central cannulation for institution of cardiopulmonary bypass. Electrically induced ventricular fibrillation was used for defects located in front of the atrioventricular valves, and cardioplegic arrest was used for those located at the level or behind these valves. RESULTS: The repair was possible without need for conversion to another approach. One patient sustained a transient neurologic deficit. The patients were all in excellent condition after a mean follow-up of 14 months. The cardiac defect was repaired with no residual defect in 75 patients and with trivial residual defect in 5 patients (3 with mitral valve regurgitation, 1 with atrial septal defect, and 1 with ventricular septal defect). The incision healed properly in all, and the thorax showed no deformity. CONCLUSION: The right axillary incision provides a quality of repair for various congenital defects similar to that obtained by using standard surgical approaches. Because it lies more laterally and is hidden by the resting arm, it provides superior cosmetic results compared with conventional incisions, including the anterolateral thoracotomy. Finally, the incision is unlikely to interfere with subsequent development of the breast.