MR-DWI技术对肝癌TACE术后的应用评价

目的:探讨应用磁共振(MR)扩散加权成像(DWI)对经导管肝动脉栓客化疗(TACE)术后肝癌病灶栓塞效果进行评价的技术可行性.方法:31例肝癌患者TACE术后次日行DWI检查,SE-EPI序列,并与DSA结果对照分析.结果:TACE术后DSA显示39个病灶,34个病灶碘油沉积较好,5个病灶碘油沉积不完全.DWI显示42个病灶,32个病灶碘油沉积完全,7个病灶碘油沉积不完全,3个病灶未见碘油沉积.碘油沉积区和肿瘤坏死区DWI呈低信号,肿瘤残留区DWI呈高信号.结论:结合常规MR DWI能评价TACE栓塞效果技术上完全可行.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在肝癌化疗栓塞术后随访中的应用

目的 探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)在肝癌化疗栓塞术后随访中的临床价值.方法 对l6例行TACE术的肝癌患者分别进行DWI,与DSA造影检查相对照,其中3例附加PET/CT检查;分别测量病灶的ADC值并对比肝内转移灶与原发灶的ADC值.结果 DSA显示18个病灶,碘油沉积良好者11处,其余7处沉积欠佳;对比碘油沉积良好组与沉积欠佳组的ADC值,两者之间差距有统计学意义(P<0.01),沉积欠佳组ADC值低于良好组;沉积良好组术前ADC值与术后相比有所升高,与术前相比,差距有统计学意义,而沉积欠佳组变化不明显.正常肝实质的ADC值术前与术后无明显变化(P＞0.05).另外, DWI发现12处肝内转移灶,转移灶与原发灶之间ADC值对比,两者差距有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 DWI可以敏感地发现转移性病灶,也可以用来评价TACE的栓塞效果.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在肝癌化疗栓塞术后随访中的临床应用

目的 评价MR扩散加权成像(DWI)在肝癌化疗栓塞术后随访中的临床应用价值.资料与方法 采用自旋回波-回波平面成像(SE-EPI)、扩散系数b=0和500 s/mm2对肝癌化疗栓塞术后患者肝脏行DWI,计算DWI、T2WI中新发肿瘤病灶.肝脏的对比信噪比(CNR),观察上腹部CT增强扫描和肝脏DSA图像,并与DWI相对照,分析肝癌化疗栓塞术后碘油沉积区、肿瘤坏死区和肿瘤复发/残留区等在DWI上的信号特点,并测量上述区域的表观扩散系数(ADC)值,用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating curve analysis,ROC)分析ADC值鉴别肿瘤活性和坏死组织的价值.结果 新发肿瘤病灶在DWI和T2WI上的CNR分别为46.36±19.49和33.24±17.26,两者差异有统计学意义(t=2.400,P=0.025);在DWI上,肿瘤坏死组织呈低信号,肿瘤活性组织呈高信号,而碘油沉积区呈低、等或稍高信号.用ROC分析ADC值区分肿瘤内的坏死组织和活性组织能力,以1.84×10-3mm2/s为阈值,诊断坏死组织的敏感性为92.3%,特异性为100%.结论 MR DWI能够敏感发现新发肿瘤,ADC值能有效区分肿瘤内部坏死和活性组织成分,可用于肝癌化疗栓塞术后的临床随访.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在肝癌化疗栓塞术后随访中的价值

目的 探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)在肝癌化疗栓塞术后随访中的应用价值.方法 对16例行TACE术的肝癌患者行MR DWI并与DSA或CT造影检查相对照;分别测量病灶的表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值并对比肝内转移灶与原发灶的ADC值.结果 碘油沉积良好者11处,其余7处沉积欠佳;正常肝实质的ADC值术前与术后无明显变化(t=0.54,P>0.05).沉积欠佳组ADC值明显低于沉积良好组(t=4.81,P<0.01),沉积良好组术前ADC值与术后相比有所升高(t=6.81,P<0.01),而沉积欠佳组未见明显变化(4处稍降低).另外,DWI发现12处肝内转移灶,转移灶与原发灶之间ADC值对比,两者差距有统计学意义(t=4.61,P<0.01).结论 DWI可以灵敏地发现转移性病灶,也可以用来评价TACE的柃塞效果.     

肝癌经导管动脉灌注化疗栓塞术疗效的MR扩散加权成像动态研究

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)在原发性肝癌经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)疗效动态评价中的作用。方法在1.5TGE Signa Twin speed MR机上,取扩散敏感梯度因子(b值)为0及800s/mm2,利用固定参数组合的自旋回波-平面回波(SE-EPI)序列对首次行TACE治疗的25例肝癌肿块分别于术前24~48h、术后36~48h、术后7~10d、术后30~38d内各进行1次DWI,对每次的图像进行后处理,计算出每例肝癌每个时点的表观扩散系数(ADC值),对各个时点的ADC值进行对比研究,并结合第1次TACE术后与第2次TACE术前肿瘤的血管造影染色及碘油沉积的改变判断肿瘤的复发情况。结果术前24~48h、术后36~48h、术后7~10d、术后30~38d组的ADC值分别为(1.376±0.012)×10-3mm2/s、(1.598±0.012)×10-3mm2/s、(1.723±0.012)×10-3mm2/s、(1.684±0.012)×10-3mm2/s。术后各组肝癌组织的ADC值较术前明显升高(P<0.05);术后7~10d、术后30~38d组的ADC值较术后36~48h组明显升高(P<0.05);术后30~38d的ADC值较术后7~10d组明显降低(P<0.05)。将第1次TACE术后与第2次TACE术前的造影片及碘油沉积片对比见术后30~38d ADC值下降的肝癌病例都有不同程度的复发,ADC值下降明显的复发也最为明显。结论利用MR DWI技术对肝癌组织的ADC值进行动态观察,可以评价肝癌TACE术后癌组织的坏死、复发情况。     

肝癌介入术后碘化油沉积CT表现及临床意义

目的:经导管动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)疗法治疗肝癌已成为中晚期肝癌的有效治疗方式。术后碘化油在CT检查中的信号表现受人关注。本文探讨肝癌介入术后CT碘化油沉积表现与治疗效果间关系。方法:对我院肝胆外科回顾分析了260例TACE术后的影像资料,以CT表现为金标准,对碘化油分布的形态进行统计。结果:根据碘化油沉积情况分4型①稀疏及无沉积型:累计病灶内碘油沉积面积少于30%者或无碘化油沉积列为稀少及无沉积型型;②密实型:整个病灶均匀浓稠摄取碘油;③缺损型:包括环型和某一区域沉积等情况;④簇集型:碘油呈小簇状分散型分布但肿瘤内碘油潴留累计不少于30%。结论:肝癌TACE后碘油沉积形态的CT表现对下一步治疗具有指导意义。     

弥散加权成像联合普美显磁共振成像在肝癌TACE术后疗效评估中的应用

目的 探讨弥散加权成像(DWI)联合普美显(Gd-EOB-DTPA)MR成像在肝癌TACE后疗效评估中的应用价值.方法 20例确诊肝癌患者于TACE术前、术后行上腹部DWI及Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强扫描,定性分析TACE术前、术后肝癌活性成分,坏死和复发转移情况.测量TACE术前、术后病灶的表观弥散系数(ADC)值和信号值(signal intensity,SI),并计算术前、术后病灶的动脉期对比增强比(CER)和动脉期的信号比(SIR),对定量参数ADC、CER和SIR值进行配对样本t检验.结果 本组20例患者共检出肝癌病灶45个.TACE术后瘤灶内残存及复发部分在DWI图像上呈高信号,ADC图上信号低于正常肝组织,动脉期可见明显强化,门脉期及平衡期强化减退,肝胆特异期呈明显低信号;瘤灶内坏死部分DWI序列呈低信号,ADC图上为高信号,增强扫描后无强化,肝胆特异期亦呈明显低信号.肝癌病灶术前、术后ADC值分别为(1.52±0.16)×10-3 mm2/s和(1.70±0.28)×10-3 mm2/s,术后肝癌病灶的ADC值普遍升高,两者的差异有统计学意义.肝癌TACE术后的CER动脉期和SIR动脉期值减小,与术前相比,两者的差异有统计学意义.有效组肝癌病灶的术后ADC值大于无效组,而其CER动脉期和SIR动脉期值均小于无效组,两者术后的ADC、CER动脉期和SIR动脉期值的差异均有统计学意义.结论 联合应用DWI和Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MR成像能有效评估肝癌TACE术后病灶存活及坏死情况,检出早期复发、新发灶及转移灶,对制定下一步治疗方案具有重要意义.     

肝癌碘油栓塞后沉积良好患者的MRI随访临床研究

目的分析MRI评价碘油栓塞后沉积良好肝癌（HCC）患者肿瘤残存的价值。 方法经TACE治疗后3~6月,CT扫描碘油沉积良好的25例HCC患者,1个月内同时行MRI常规扫描及DSA检查,以DSA和临床随访6个月以上结果为标准,分析MRI对肿瘤残存灶的评价效果。 结果本组25例CT扫描无肿瘤残存的患者,MRI增强扫描发现14例存在肿瘤残存,其中1例可疑,DWI发现高信号而经DSA证实有肿瘤残存,而经DSA及6个月以上临床随访证实,16例患者有肿瘤残存。MRI随访诊断灵敏性为87.5%（14/16）,漏诊率为（2/16）,特异性为100%（9/9）,符合率为92%（（14+9）/25）。 结论TACE后碘油沉积良好的病灶中仍可能有肿瘤残存,MRI增强扫描结合DWI能更全面的评价TACE疗效。     

TACE联合重组人血管内皮抑制素治疗原发性肝癌后的DWI评估价值

目的 探讨经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)联合重组人血管内皮抑制素(恩度)治疗原发性肝癌后扩散加权成像(DWI)检测的准确性.方法 搜集2012年5月至2013年2月本科收治的15例原发性肝癌患者的临床及影像学资料.15例均在首次行TACE联合恩度治疗后35天左右第二次介入术前使用常规MRI(A组)、DWI(B组)及两者结合(C组)三种方法检测TACE联合恩度的疗效,并以第二次术中肝动脉造影所见肝内＜2 cm病灶为参照标准,评价三种检测方法对TACE联合恩度治疗后肝内＜2 cm病灶诊断准确性的差异.结果 第二次介入术中DSA肝动脉造影明确＜2 cm病灶63个,其中肿瘤染色病灶42个,碘油沉积完整、未见肿瘤染色病灶21个.A组检出的病灶和碘油沉积灶分别为35和28个,B组分别为36和27个,C组分别为41和22个.A组诊断敏感度69％、特异度为71.4％,阳性预测值82.5％,阴性预测值53.5％;B组为80.9％、90.4％、94％、70.3％,C组为95.2％、95.2％、97.5％、90.9％;AC、BC两组对TACE联合恩度治疗后病灶的检出差异有统计学意义(分别为x2=9.820,P=0.02和x2=4.086,P=0.043);AB组间病灶检出无统计学差异(x2=1.587,P=0.208).C组术后肝癌病灶最佳诊断阈值ADC值为1.356×l0-3mm2/s,敏感度为95.2％,特异度为82.9％.结论 DWI单项检测对TACE联合恩度治疗术后评价没有优势,但结合常规MRI扫描可提高对病灶检出的准确度和敏感度,对手术前诊断和术后疗效评估具有一定价值.     

原发性肝癌肝动脉化疗碘油栓塞后的MRI诊断价值

目的 研究MRI检查技术，尤其是FSET2WI和多时相快速动态增强扫描评价原发性肝癌动脉化疗碘油栓塞后（TACE）的影像学表现，探讨其临床应用价值。方法收集2000年9月至2004年7月肝癌病例30例（共37个病灶），于TACE后2～6个月行GE1．5TMRI检查，并于MRI检查后2～6d行DSA检查。研究肝癌TACE后肿瘤的坏死或存活的MRI信号特点，以及MRI和DSA在显示肿瘤存活结果的符合情况。结果37个肝癌TACE术后病灶中，MRI明确判断21个病灶有肿瘤残存，16个病灶凝固坏死明显。MRI判断病灶残存的敏感性为91．3％，特异性100％，准确性94．6％。与DSA相比无明显统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论FSET2WI和多时相快速动态增强扫描序列相结合，同时观察病灶周围的完整与否，可以准确地判断肝癌TACE后肿瘤的坏死或残存。作为一种无创伤性检查。可以作为评价肝癌TACE术后疗效的首选检查。     

Iodized oil accumulation in hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: comparison of imaging findings with CT during hepatic arteriography

PURPOSE: To compare the degree of tumor enhancement seen on computed tomography (CT) during hepatic arteriography (CT/HA) performed before transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) versus that determined based on the accumulation of iodized oil seen on CT images obtained after TACE in patients with hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and evaluate the discrepancy in findings between the two imaging modalities (more or less oil accumulation after TACE compared with enhancement on CT/HA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT/HA, TACE, and iodized oil CT after TACE were performed in 69 patients with 83 hypervascular HCCs with use of an interventional CT system. The degree of contrast enhancement of the lesion on CT/HA and the iodized oil accumulation on unenhanced CT after TACE were compared. RESULTS: Among 83 HCCs, the degree of enhancement on CT/HA before TACE corresponded to the iodized oil accumulation on CT in 56 (67.5%). Fifteen of 83 HCCs (18%) showed incomplete or poor accumulation of iodized oil despite good enhancement on CT/HA images. Twelve of 83 HCCs (14.5%) showed moderate or complete accumulation of iodized oil despite poor or no enhancement on CT/HA images. In particular, in two patients with occluded portal veins, iodized oil did not accumulate in the tumor despite good visualization on CT/HA. CONCLUSIONS: Although iodized oil accumulation in hypervascular HCCs correlates with the degree of lesion enhancement on CT/HA in most cases, a discrepancy may occur in a substantial number of cases, which likely affects the prediction of therapeutic effects in hypervascular HCCs.     

原发性肝癌TACE术后碘化油沉积与其血供相关性研究

目的：分析原发性肝癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)术后碘化油沉积与其血供的相关关系。方法：对比37例原发性肝癌TACE术前、术后螺旋CT双期增强扫描资料，分析其血供与碘化油沉积的数量、部位的相关关系。结果：原发性肝癌TACE治疗后碘化油主要沉积于动脉期明显强化的区域。肝动脉供血型肝癌碘化油沉积较好。易发生肿瘤组织变性坏死、肿瘤结节缩小。而肝动脉供血型肝癌伴发动静脉瘘形成、门静脉供血型、双重供血型及少血供肝癌碘化油沉积较差。结论：原发性肝癌血供与TACE术后碘化油沉积密切相关。     

Transarterial chemoembolization with miriplatin-lipiodol emulsion for neuroendocrine metastases of the liver

Miriplatin, a cisplatin derivative with a high affinity for iodized oil, is a novel chemotherapeutic agent designed for use in the transarterial treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. This case report describes our experience with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) using miriplatin in 2 patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases. A 38-year-old man with multiple neuroendocrine liver metastases was treated by whole liver chemoembolization, and a 35-year-old woman with a single hepatic lesion was treated by superselective chemoembolization. No serious adverse events were noted during the interventional procedures, or during the observation period of 3 mo in either patient. Sufficient iodized oil uptake was observed in the hypervascular lesions on the unenhanced computed tomography (CT) at 7 d after the procedure. Contrast-enhanced CT obtained at 3 mo after chemoembolization revealed that all hepatic lesions were substantially reduced in size irrespective of tumor vascularity or degree of cystic degeneration, although iodized oil accumulation was only marginal for lesions with cystic degeneration. Thus, TACE with miriplatin can be a safe and effective therapeutic option for the treatment of neuroendocrine metastases of the liver.     

Arterial blood supply to the posterior aspect of segment IV of the liver from the caudate branch: demonstration at CT after iodized oil injection

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the arterial blood supply to the posterior aspect of segment IV of the liver with computed tomography (CT) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with iodized oil through the caudate arterial branch of the liver for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and patient informed consent were not required for this retrospective study. Twenty-four patients (11 men and 13 women; mean age, 68 years) with HCC originating in the caudate lobe (n = 23) or posterior aspect of segment IV (n = 1) were selected. TACE of the caudate arterial branch was performed in all patients, including one patient with HCC in the posterior aspect of segment IV who underwent TACE of the caudate arterial branch after CT helped confirm that iodized oil was not distributed in the tumor after TACE of the medial segmental artery. The distribution of iodized oil in the posterior aspect of segment IV was analyzed with CT 1 week after TACE. The number and origin of all arteries supplying the caudate lobe and the number of arteries embolized were determined. RESULTS: Thirty-three caudate arterial branches were embolized. Twenty-nine branches were derived from the right hepatic artery and four were derived from the left hepatic artery. A single branch was seen in 17 patients, two branches were seen in five, and three branches were seen in two. Eight patients simultaneously underwent additional TACE of branches of the right hepatic artery (n = 6) or right inferior phrenic artery (n = 2). At CT, iodized oil was seen to be distributed entirely (n = 19) or partially (n = 5) in the caudate lobe. Distribution of iodized oil at the posterior aspect of segment IV was observed in 16 patients (67%), including 13 (54%) whose caudate arterial branches were derived entirely from the right hepatic artery. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the caudate arterial branch, which is mainly derived from the right hepatic artery, frequently supplies the posterior aspect of segment IV. This knowledge is important for managing HCC in the posterior aspect of segment IV by means of TACE.     

Palliative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by chemoembolization

Purpose: The efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and the correlation between iodized oil uptake pattern and tumor response were investigated in cases with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Material and Methods: TACE, using sequential intra-arterial doxorubicin, mitomycin, iodized oil and gelatin sponge particles, was used to treat patients with inoperable HCC localized to the liver. One hundred and two patients (aged 16-80) were treated in this manner from 1995 to 2001. The objective response was determined by sequential CT. Iodized oil uptake pattern as well as the relationship between uptake pattern and tumor response was evaluated in each case.Results: The one-year survival rate was 46%. Tumor response was found to be better in cases with dense and peripheral iodized oil uptake in comparison to those displaying scarce and patchy iodized oil uptake.Conclusion: TACE is an efficient and safe palliative treatment for inoperable HCC with prolonged survival and good life quality. Iodized oil uptake pattern can be considered a good prognostic marker.     

Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: volumetric and morphologic CT criteria for assessment of prognosis and therapeutic success-results from a liver transplantation center

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic value of volumetric computed tomography (CT) for therapy control in patients treated with repeated transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-five patients with histologically proved HCC underwent 182 TACE procedures with 50 mg/m(2) doxorubicin hydrochloride, 50 mg/m(2) cisplatin, 10 mL/m(2) iodized oil, and amilomer microspheres. The volumes of liver and tumor were measured with a region-of-interest CT technique. Iodized oil retention was estimated with CT performed 24-48 hours after treatment. RESULTS: Tumor volume expressed as a percentage of liver volume was less than 5% in 26, less than 15% in 33, and 15% or greater in 26 patients. The overall 1-year survival rate was 57.6% (mean, 534 days; median, 428 days). There was a statistically significant prolongation of survival when the tumor volume was less than 200 mL (P <.02) and less than 5% of the liver volume (P <.01). Complete (>/=75%) and good (50%-74%) iodized oil retention raised the median survival significantly (P <.001 and P <.07, respectively). Significantly reduced survival correlated with diffuse tumor growth pattern (P <.05) and presence of more than nine lesions (P <.03). CONCLUSION: TACE resulted in significant prolongation of survival in patients with tumor volumes of less than 200 mL, tumor-to-liver volume ratios of less than 5%, and iodized oil retention greater than or equal to 75%.     

Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with a perflubutane-based contrast agent performed one day after transarterial chemoembolization for the early assessment of residual viable hepatocellular carcinoma

Objective

We evaluated the efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US), compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), for early assessments after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for the treatment of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions.

Subjects and methods

Thirty-two patients with 59 HCC lesions who were scheduled to receive TACE were enrolled in this prospective study. TACE was performed by injecting a mixture of iodized oil and miriplatin hydrate, followed by a gelatin sponge. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and/or contrast-enhanced CT were performed 2–6 months after TACE and were used as the reference standard for residual HCC; the detection rates for residual viable HCC using contrast-enhanced US with a perflubutane-based contrast agent and a high mechanical index (MI) mode performed one day after TACE were also compared with those obtained using contrast-enhanced CT performed one month after TACE. The comparisons were made using the McNemar test.

Results

Forty-seven (79.7%) of the 59 HCC lesions were diagnosed as having residual viability based on DSA and contrast-enhanced CT findings obtained 2–6 months after TACE. Eight (17.0%) of the 47 HCC lesions that were diagnosed as having residual viability using one-day contrast-enhanced US were not detected using one-month contrast-enhanced CT because of artifacts produced by the high attenuation of the iodized oil. The detection rate for residual HCC lesions using one-day contrast-enhanced US (95.7%, 45/47) was significantly higher than that using one-month contrast-enhanced CT (78.7%, 37/47) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Contrast-enhanced US performed one day after TACE is more sensitive than contrast-enhanced CT performed one month after TACE for detecting residual viable HCC.