Observation of persistent fundus fluorescence after internal limiting membrane peeling assisted by indocyanine green solution of different concentrations

 Purpose: To investigate how long indocyanine green (ICG) remains in the fundus after vitreoretinal surgery assisted with ICG, and to identify factors that influence the persistence duration. Methods: Fifty five eyes diagnosed as idiopathic macular hole (Stage 2 and 3) were randomly divided into five groups. ICG solution at concentrations of 5, 2.5, 2.5, 1.25, and 0.5 mg/ml, employed in cases of Group I to V respectively, was applied to stain the internal limiting membrane (ILM) during the procedure of internal limiting membrane peeling. A prospective study was carried out after pars plana vitrectomy and ILM peeling were performed on 55 eyes with Stage 2, 3, or 4 idiopathic macular holes. Infrared fundus pictures were obtained in all patients before and after surgery. Results: High levels of fluorescence from residual ICG (ICG hyperfluorescence) were mainly localized at the posterior pole of the fundus after surgery. In Group Ⅰ, Ⅱ, III, IV and V, the duration of persistence of flurorescence from ICG was 8.33±0.87, 3.59±0.94, 3.75±0.79, 2.30±0.48, and 1.29±0.49 months, respectively. Although no significant difference was detected between Group Ⅱ and Group III, the general inter-group difference was significant among the five groups in which different ICG concentration was applied. In Group III, even though 90% of the macular holes acquired anatomical closure, ICG hyperfluorescence was detected in the macular area. Conclusion: ICG remains in the fundus for a period of months. The persistence duration of fluorescence from ICG is positively correlated with the concentration and the staining time of ICG. Hyaluronan is beneficial in reducing the amount of ICG residue in the macular area.     

Persistence of fundus fluorescence after use of indocyanine green for macular surgery

PURPOSE: To investigate the possible persistence and characteristics of infrared fluorescence of the fundus for several months after surgery with intraocular injection of indocyanine green (ICG). DESIGN: Interventional, noncomparative, prospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen patients operated on in our department with ICG injection into the vitreous cavity, who gave prior informed consent. METHODS: After standard three-port pars plana vitrectomy and posterior vitreous detachment, 0.1 to 0.2 ml of an ICG solution at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml was injected through a 5- micro m sterile filter over the posterior pole and left in place for 3 minutes. The stained internal limiting membrane was then peeled off. Patients had postoperative infrared fundus photographs at each consultation in our department. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 7 months. Visual acuity and any unexpected event were also recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative infrared fluorescence of the fundus. RESULTS: The day after surgery, no green ICG staining of the fundus was visible on biomicroscopy. However, infrared photography showed diffuse fluorescence of the fundus. At 1 and 3 postoperative months, infrared fundus photography showed an intensely fluorescent optic nerve disc. In patients with macular hole, the center of the macula also exhibited faint granular fluorescence. At 6 months postoperative or later, only the optic disc remained fluorescent, but the fluorescence was far less intense than at 3 months. Infrared photographs of the fellow eyes exhibited no fluorescence. Visual acuity improved or was unchanged compared with preoperative vision in 16 eyes and decreased by 1 line in 1 eye. CONCLUSIONS: After intraoperative use of ICG for macular surgery, fluorescence of the optic disc and of the macular center after macular hole surgery persisted for months in all cases. ICG may accumulate in the macular pigment epithelium and optic nerve, raising the problem of the as yet unknown pharmacokinetics of ICG after intravitreous administration and of its long-term safety.     

玻璃体视网膜手术后高眼压的临床分析

目的探讨玻璃体视网膜手术后高眼压的发生原因。方法回顾性分析102例(102只眼)经玻璃体视网膜手术联合不同眼内填充物、行或不行巩膜环扎、有或无无晶状体对术后高眼压发生情况。结果102例(102只眼)经玻璃体视网膜手术后有或无晶状体眼发生高眼压率比较具有统计学意义。结论经玻璃体视网膜手术尽可能保留患者晶状体,对防止术后高眼压的发生有重要的意义。     

正常人吲哚青绿血管造影眼底后部强荧光区的表现及临床意义

目的观察正常人吲哚青绿血管造影（indocyanine green angiography,ICGA）眼底后部强荧光区形态表现,探讨后部脉络膜的循环状态。方法对50例正常人行常规ICGA检查。结果①眼底后部强荧光区出现时间平均为（30.80±5.42秒）;②后部强荧光区的形态为上下两团对称型者占58%,为一团型者占42%;③后部强荧光区的面积平均为（57.27±14.08）mm²;④后部强荧光区持续时间平均为（172.44±59.70）秒。结论正常人ICGA检查在眼底后部可见有明确的强荧光区,其时限及形态特征体现后部脉络膜的正常血液供应及循环状态,此参数可为临床诊断提供参考依据。(中华眼底病杂志,1999,15:1-3)     

Intrachoroidal dye leakage in indocyanine green fundus angiography after experimental commotio retinae.

Dye leakage in sodium fluorescein (FLUO) fundus angiography indicates damage to the blood-retinal barrier. However, dye leakage in indocyanine green (ICG) fundus angiography does not mean the same, because of the larger molecular size of the dye and impermeability of the choroidal vessels to it. The possibility of dye leakage in ICG angiography has not yet been revealed in an experimental study in which the blood-retinal barrier is undamaged. We report here that intrachoroidal dye leakage may occur in ICG angiography in an experimental model of the traumatic retinal opacity of the rabbit eye, even when the blood-retinal barrier is undamaged. This mechanism of dye leakage in ICG angiography is quite different from the leakage of FLUO angiography. Pathological choroidal vessels with increased permeability, such as choroidal neovascularization under the retinal pigment epithelium, can be observed using ICG angiography.     

Effect of indocyanine green angiography using infrared fundus camera on subsequent dark adaptation and electroretinogram

To observe the effect of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) with infrared fundus camera on subsequent dark adaptation and the Ganzfeld electroretinogram (ERG), the ERGs of 38 eyes with different retinal diseases were recorded before and after ICGA during a 40-min dark adaptation period. ICGA was performed with Topcon 50IA retina camera. Ganzfeld ERG was recorded with Neuropack II evoked response recorder. The results showed that ICGA did not affect the latencies and the amplitudes in ERG of rod response, cone response and mixed maximum response (p>0.05). It suggests that ICGA using infrared fundus camera could be performed prior to the recording of the Ganzfeld ERG.     

应用荧光素吲哚青绿同步眼底造影对中心性浆液性视网膜病变眼底微循改变的观察

目的 通过分析中心性浆液性视网膜病变(central serous chorioretinopathy,CSC)患者的视网膜-脉络膜同步造影特点.探究其发病机理.方法 应用海德堡造影系统HRA2对26例(28眼)患者进行视网膜.脉络膜同步造影,并对结果进行分析.结果 眼底照相:黄斑区神经上皮浆液性脱离,2眼伴色素上皮脱离.荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluoreseein angiography,FFA)检查显示:28眼均有视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium,RPE)渗漏,2眼伴色素上皮脱离.吲哚青绿血管造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)检查显示:早期28眼均有区域性脉络膜血管扩张充血、脉络膜高通透性,24眼区域性脉络膜血管充盈迟缓,其余4眼脉络膜充盈大致正常;中、晚期23眼RPE渗漏处有脉络膜血管的高荧光扩散,5眼表现为高荧光点:18眼ICGA揭示的病灶要比FFA多.10眼可见RPE色素脱失.1例女性CSC患者激光光凝FFA渗漏点后1个月,FFA见黄斑下液体吸收、RPE渗漏点封闭,而ICGA仍见脉络膜活动性渗漏点.结论 CSC的发生可能是由于脉络膜循环紊乱及脉络膜血管通透性增高导致RPE损害引起.激光能改善RPE渗漏,但对脉络膜病变本身没有作用.     

全葡萄膜炎的荧光素眼底血管造影及吲哚菁绿血管造影特征

目的 观察全葡萄膜炎的荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)及吲哚菁绿血管造影(ICGA)特征.方法 对22例(22只眼)全葡萄膜炎患者的28只眼按常规方法 做FFA检查.其中4例(8只眼)做ICGA检查.结果 16例活动性病变的FFA均出现视盘及附近视网膜高荧渗漏,其中4例(6只眼)视网膜血管充盈延迟,狭窄或闭塞,管壁染色渗漏为主,6例(9只眼)毛细血管荧光素渗漏,7只眼视网膜色素上皮荧光素渗漏;6只眼黄斑点状荧光素渗漏,4例(6只眼)黄斑囊样水肿,3例(4只眼)伴视网膜出血及棉绒斑.6例(6只眼)陈旧性全葡萄膜炎见视网膜弥漫斑驳样荧光部分合并小的遮蔽荧光.4例吲哚菁绿造影中1例特发性全葡萄膜炎表现为脉络膜毛细血管扩张及高荧光,1例VKH早期脉络膜血管无异常,后期脉络膜不均匀的荧光渗漏.1例白塞病2只眼表现为脉络膜毛细血管充盈不良、低荧光遮蔽,1例白塞病患者双眼脉络膜及血管未见异常.结论 全葡萄膜炎的FFA特征为视盘、视网膜色素上皮、视网膜血管和黄斑出现不同程度的荧光素渗漏.ICGA以脉络膜的低荧光和(或)高荧光表现为主、早期脉络膜血管可以无变化.FFA及ICCG能客观地反映葡萄膜炎对视网膜组织的损害,对确定葡萄膜炎的类型及病程提供诊断和治疗依据.     

玻璃体视网膜术治疗复杂性眼外伤的临床疗效

目的:探讨玻璃体视网膜手术治疗复杂性眼外伤的临床疗效。方法:随机选取我院2009-12/2011-01复杂性眼外伤患者59例107眼,根据治疗方法不同分为两组,采用玻璃体视网膜手术(观察组31例54眼)和采用常规手术(对照组28例53眼),回顾性分析两组患者的视力、并发症等。结果:两组患者手术前视力情况无显著差异,治疗后观察组患者视力水平正常率(视力正常:>0.1)为31.5%,明显高于手术前与对照组手术后;手术成功率包括功能治愈和解剖治愈:观察组患者手术成功率为87.1%,观察组患者发生继发性青光眼3眼(5.6%),角膜变性3眼(5.6%),视神经萎缩2眼(3.7%),并发症发生率为14.9%,与对照组比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:玻璃体视网膜手术明显提高了复杂性眼外伤的治疗效果,有效降低了致盲率,是较为有效的复杂性眼外伤手术方式。     

Indocyanine green angiograms of choroidal nevi. comparison between confocal and nonconfocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and fundus video camera

PURPOSE: A fundus video camera and a nonconfocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) detect direct light and indirect light, whereas a confocal SLO detects mostly direct light. Differences in confocal and nonconfocal SLO images and fundus video camera images are most likely due to their different optical systems. These differences were examined in indocyanine green (ICG) angiograms of a choroidal nevus. METHODS: A confocal SLO, a nonconfocal SLO, and a high resolution digital fundus video camera were used to obtain ICG angiograms of pigmented choroidal nevi in 4 patients for 30 minutes following dye injection. RESULTS: All the angiograms showed a hypofluorescent region in the nevus until 10-14 minutes after dye injection, except in 1 patient in whom no hypofluorescent region was seen in an early confocal-SLO angiogram. From 20 minutes to 30 minutes postinjection, the hypofluorescent regions were still visible in all fundus video camera angiograms and nonconfocal SLO angiograms but not in confocal SLO angiograms. CONCLUSIONS: Early angiograms taken with the three angiography systems showed a similar appearance of the choroidal nevus. However, late ICG angiograms with a confocal SLO showed different images from those taken with a nonconfocal SLO or a fundus video camera. It is suggested that the angiography system and the aperture size of an SLO should be selected according to the aspect of the pigmented choroidal nevus that is of interest in late-phase ICG angiography.     

二次玻璃体手术治疗复杂眼外伤

目的探讨二次玻璃体视网膜手术治疗复杂性外伤性视网膜脱离的疗效并分析首次手术失败的原因。方法分析复杂眼外伤26眼在玻璃体视网膜手术后因出现视网膜前膜或视网膜脱离,在术后7d～6月分别再次行玻璃体视网膜手术等2次以上手术,并对第2次手术原因进行分析。结果术后增生性玻璃体视网膜病变复发、视网膜裂孔封闭不良、首次手术玻璃体切除不彻底是第1次玻璃体手术失败的主要原因。第2次手术后26眼中视网膜完全解剖复位23眼,2眼因局限性视网脱离分别再行玻璃体切除联合巩膜环扎或视网膜切开术,另1眼失败,复位率88.46%。术后视力提高者20眼（76.92%）,术后视力与手术前比较,差异有统计学意义（U=-3.397,P〈0.001）。结论彻底清除PVR增生组织、恢复视网膜活动度、选择合适封孔方式及眼内填充物,方能够复位视网膜,并恢复部分视力。     

玻璃体视网膜手术治疗严重眼外伤

目的 探讨玻璃体视网膜手术在严重眼外伤的手术适应证及手术时机。方法 对15例眼球穿孔伤,其中5例眼内金属异物,3例眼球挫伤。晶状体摘出术3例,晶状体玻璃体切除、巩膜外冷凝、环扎12例,其中4例加视网膜复位、眼内填充术。结果 15例术后随访3～15月,平均9月,功能痊愈8例占53.5%,解剖痊愈6例占40%,未愈1例占6.5%。结论 玻璃体视网膜手术是治疗严重眼外伤的有效手段、掌握适当的手术时机对视力及预后极为重要。     

二期玻璃体视网膜手术治疗眼球贯通伤

目的探讨二期玻璃体视网膜手术治疗眼球贯通伤的疗效。方法对24例(24眼)眼球贯通伤行二期玻璃体视网膜手术，所有术眼均行巩膜扣带术，其中硅油填充16例，膨胀气体填充7例。随访3～32月，平均22月。结果眼球贯通伤24例术后有18例视力增进。3例无政变，3例下降，其中8例(33．33％)视力0．05以上。13例视网膜脱离中有11例复位，复化率84．62％。结论二期玻璃体视网膜手术是治疗眼球贯通伤的有效方法。     

A comparison of outcomes after indocyanine green and trypan blue assisted internal limiting membrane peeling during macular hole surgery

AIMS: To compare the anatomical and visual outcomes of macular hole repair surgery using indocyanine green (ICG) or trypan blue (TB) staining of the internal limiting membrane (ILM). METHOD: Retrospective analysis of 37 eyes from 37 consecutive patients with stage 2, 3, and 4 idiopathic macular holes who underwent macular hole repair by one surgeon using the same technique but utilising different dyes for ILM peeling. In 19 patients ICG was used while 18 patients had TB. The anatomical and visual results in these two groups were compared. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the demographic and macular hole characteristics of the ICG and TB groups. Macular hole closure was achieved in 91.9% of all patients of which the ICG group had an 89.5% hole closure rate and the TB group had a 94.4% hole closure rate. After excluding cases with failed hole closure and other vision affecting complications, there was no significant difference between the preoperative visual acuities in the TB and ICG groups but the postoperative visual acuities were better in the TB than the ICG group (p = 0.036). The TB group also had more Snellen lines of improvement than the ICG group (2.94 v 1.79 lines; p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: TB appears to be less toxic than ICG when used in dye assisted peeling of ILM during macular hole repair as reflected by the better visual results in the TB group of patients.     

吲哚青绿血管造影观察青光眼患者的盘周脉络膜血液供应分水带

目的 观察青光眼患者吲哚青绿血管造影（ICGA）中盘周脉络膜血液供应分水带与视盘的相对位置关系，探讨青光眼视神经病变的发病机制。 方法 对青光眼患者31例31只眼和对照组37例37只眼进行ICGA和荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)同步检查。青光眼患 者中原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）17例17只眼、正常眼压性青光眼（NTG）14例14只眼。对比分析30 s内的ICGA和FFA图像，根据分水带与视盘的相对位置关系 ，将分水带分为3型。I型：分水带不包围视盘或未被观察到；II型：分水带部分包围视盘；III型：分水带完全包围视盘。并根据分水带类型记分（I型=1；II型=2,III型=3）。 结果 87.1%的青光眼患者的分水带全部或部分包围视盘，而在对照组中仅为56.8%的分水带全部或部分包围视盘，二者比较差异有非常显著性的意义（χ2=7.369；P=0.007）。青光眼组的分值显著大于对照组（t=3.001，P=0.004）。 结论 青光眼患者的盘周脉络膜分水带的位置较正常眼更多地包围视盘，提示青光眼视神经病变的发病机制可能与盘周脉络膜血液供应状态有关。 （中华眼底病杂志，2004，20：218-220）     

Persistence of retinal indocyanine green dye following vitreous surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate the duration of postoperative persistence of indocyanine green (ICG) dye used during vitreous surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients (34 eyes) underwent macular surgery with removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) or epiretinal membrane using ICG dye to stain the membrane for better visualization. Infrared fundus photographs were taken postoperatively until infrared fluorescence had completely disappeared. The time for residual ICG dye to fade from the retina was studied for eyes with full-thickness macular hole, epiretinal membrane, and macular edema for comparison. served at sites where macular hole was present, sites of normal ILM that had not been removed, and the optic disc. ICG dye faded at an average of 7.3 months for patients with macular hole and 3.4 months for patients with other macular diseases (P< .01). CONCLUSIONS: ICG dye used during macular surgery can persist in the macular region for up to 7 months following surgery, and seems to remain for a longer period of time in cases with macular hole than in cases with other diseases. Caution is required regarding light exposure by postoperative fundus examinations, daylight, and other natural light.