置管溶栓术治疗下腔静脉滤器内栓子的疗效观察

目的 评价置管溶栓术治疗下腔静脉滤器内栓子的疗效及安全性.方法 2005年1月至2010年12月对31例经造影证实的下腔静脉滤器内存在栓子患者进行置管溶栓术治疗,栓子最大径均超过1 cm,溶栓药物采用尿激酶,用量为每日60万u,疗程为3～7d,术后观察临床疗效及并发症.结果 经置管溶栓治疗,18例栓子消失,7例栓子最大径缩小至3 mm以下,6例无明显变化.并发症有穿刺点渗血5例,血尿3例,腹膜后血肿1例,无严重并发症发生.并发症经对症治疗恢复良好.25枚滤器被成功取出,6枚滤器被留置.滤器取出术中及术后无急性肺栓塞发生.结论 置管溶栓术是治疗下腔静脉滤器内栓子安全、有效的方法,能提高下腔静脉滤器的取出率.     

Intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (tirofiban) followed by intra-arterial urokinase and mechanical thrombolysis in stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate preliminarily the efficacy and safety of intravenous tirofiban combined with intra-arterial pharmacologic and mechanical thrombolysis in patients with stroke. METHODS: Twenty-one consecutive patients with an acute ischemic stroke due to major cerebral arteries occlusion and a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score > or = 18 were treated with an intravenous bolus of tirofiban and heparin followed by intra-arterial administration of urokinase coupled with mechanical thrombolysis. RESULTS: Thirteen patients had an anterior circulation stroke (T-siphon internal carotid artery [ICA] = 7; middle cerebral artery [MCA] = 6), 6 patients a posterior circulation stroke, and 2 patients an anterior plus posterior circulation stroke (left ICA or M1 tract of MCA plus basilar artery occlusions). Mean NIHSS score on admission was 21 (range, 18-27). Immediate recanalization was successful (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] 2-3) in 17 of 21 patients. The following day, 14 of 19 patients improved substantially and complete vessel patency (TIMI 3-4) was confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. Intracranial bleeding occurred in 5 of 21 patients (3 symptomatic cerebral hemorrhages and 2 subarachnoid hemorrhages) and was fatal in the case of 3 patients. At discharge, the mean NIHSS was 5.4 (range, 0-25). Overall, at 3-month follow-up the functional outcome was favorable (modified Rankin Scale score = 0-2) in 13 of 21 (62%) patients. Death (including all causes) at 90 days occurred in 6 of 21 (28%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of intravenous tirofiban with intra-arterial urokinase and mechanical thrombolysis may be successful in reestablishing vessel patency and result in a good functional outcome in patients with major cerebral arteries occlusions.     

Reocclusion of recanalized arteries during intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early reocclusion of recanalized arteries has been observed after thrombolysis for acute coronary occlusion and has been attributed to platelet activation after exposure to thrombolytic agents. We conducted a retrospective study to determine the rate of reocclusion during intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke and the effect of reocclusion on functional outcome. METHODS: Patients treated for acute ischemic stroke at our center between September 2000 and May 2002 received a maximum total dose of 4 U of reteplase intra-arterially in 1-U increments via superselective catheterization. Pharmacologic thrombolysis was supplemented by mechanical thrombolysis with balloon angioplasty or snare manipulation at the occlusion site. Angiography was performed after each unit of reteplase or mechanical maneuver, and the images were interpreted by a blinded reviewer. Reocclusion was defined as partial or complete initial recanalization with occlusion recurring at the same site as documented by angiography during the endovascular treatment. Reocclusions were treated by further pharmacologic and/or mechanical thrombolysis according to the discretion of the treating physician. Clinical evaluations were performed before and 24 hr, 7 to 10 days, and 1 to 3 months after treatment. RESULTS: Forty-six consecutive patients underwent intra-arterial thrombolysis. Reocclusion was observed in eight (17%). Among these patients, initial sites of occlusion were in the following arteries: intracranial internal carotid artery (n = 2), M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (n = 3), M1 and M2 segments of the middle cerebral artery (n = 2), and basilar artery (n = 1). The mean initial National Institutes of Health Scale score for these eight patients was 23.3 +/- 6.2; mean time from symptom onset to treatment was 4.4 +/- 1.2 hr. The reocclusions were treated by using additional doses of reteplase alone (n = 1), reteplase with snare maneuver and/or angioplasty (n = 5), reteplase with angioplasty or snare and then stent placement (n = 1), and angioplasty with stent placement (n = 1). The reocclusions resolved in six of eight patients after further treatment. Six patients died and two survived but were severely disabled at 1 month (modified Rankin Scale scores of 4 and 5, respectively). Independent functional outcome scores (modified Rankin Scale scores of 0-2) were significantly lower among patients with angiographically shown reocclusion than in those without (0 of 8 versus 17 of 38, P =.02). CONCLUSION: Reocclusion occurs relatively frequently during intra-arterial thrombolysis for ischemic stroke and seems to be associated with poor clinical outcomes.     

Local intraarterial fibrinolysis in the carotid territory

A series comprising 12 patients who had intraarterial local fibrinolysis in the carotid territory is reported. A classification is proposed that divides the different types of occlusions into three groups on the basis of angiographic location. Group 1 (two cases) comprises occlusion of the extra- and/or intracranial carotid artery with patency of the circle of Willis and the lenticulostriate arteries. In this group, there is no brain infarction, the CT findings are normal, and the clinical signs are mainly hemodynamic and intermittent. Fibrinolysis may be performed late and rather safely and completed by surgery or angioplasty of the neck vessel stenosis responsible for the occlusion. Group 2 (five cases) comprises occlusions of the cortical arteries without involvement of the lenticulostriate arteries. The mechanism of the occlusion can be hemodynamic or embolic. Group 3 (five cases) comprises occlusions of intracerebral arteries involving the lenticulostriate arteries. In groups 2 and 3 with brain infarction, fibrinolysis will only be able to restore viability of the area of cerebral tissue surrounding the infarction (penumbra). The time factor is particularly critical in group 3 because lenticulostriate arteries are terminal vessels whose revascularization may induce hemorrhages with increasing frequency as the occlusion time is prolonged. The time factor is less critical in group 2 because collaterals make the ischemia less severe in the infarcted area and the vital and functional consequences of hemorrhage are not as serious as in group 3 because of the location. In this series, all the symptomatic complications of hemorrhage (two cases) occurred in group 3, in patients treated later than 6 hr after clinical onset. Given the time delay inherent in performing CT and angiography and in making the medical decision, it is considered dangerous to undertake fibrinolytic therapy in group 3, unless it can be started before 4 or 5 hr after clinical onset.     

Lys-plasminogen as an adjunct to local intra-arterial fibrinolysis for carotid territory stroke: laboratory and clinical findings

To improve the efficacy of local intraarterial fibrinolysis (LIF), we compared different fibrinolytic drugs in a cerebral circulation model in the laboratory. The technical efficacy of fibrinolysis, defined as the clot volume lysed per unit time, was found to be optimal with r-tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) activated lys-plasminogen (=plasmin). Subsequently, 20 patients with stroke due to carotid artery territory occlusion were treated by local intrarterial fibrinolysis using the plasmin regimen. The angiographic data and clinical outcome of these patients were compared with those of 40 patients who received plasminogen activators (urokinase or r-TPA) only. Laboratory and clinical data confirmed that plasmin lysis is superior to treatment using only plasminogen activators.     

急诊动静脉双途径溶栓和颈动脉支架成形术治疗超早期脑梗死的初步探讨

目的:探讨急诊动静脉溶栓和颈动脉支架成形治疗超早期脑梗死的安全性和有效性.方法:25例发病6h内的脑梗死患者,动静脉双途径溶栓同时行狭窄颈动脉支架成形术.欧洲卒中量表评定缺失神经功能恢复并严密观察并发症的情况.结果:溶栓和支架成形术过程顺利,25例患者神经缺失症状得到满意的恢复,无出血和脑过度灌注综合征等并发症发生.结论:急诊动静脉溶栓和颈动脉支架成形术治疗6h内的第一次发病脑梗死是安全和有效的.     

急性脑梗死两种溶栓治疗方法的安全性与疗效比较

 目的对比观察急性脑梗死(combinedintra-arterial,ACI)超早期行动静脉联合溶栓与静脉溶栓的临床疗效及安全性。方法系统性回顾分析68例行动静脉联合溶栓或静脉溶栓治疗的ACI患者的临床资料,比较两组术后闭塞血管再通率、术后NIHSS评分、并发症等。结果联合组、静脉组患者术后7d与术前相比,NIHSS评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P＜0.01)。两组患者术后24h、术后7dNIHSS评分相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者术后闭塞血管再通率相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者术后出血发生率及病死率相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.5)。结论对于ACI的治疗,动静脉联合溶栓的疗效优于静脉溶栓。     

急性颈内动脉系统脑梗死的局部动脉溶栓治疗

目的　检验局部注射尿激酶动脉溶栓治疗急性颈内动脉系统脑梗死的安全性和疗效。方法　分析 5 4例接受局部动脉溶栓治疗的颈内动脉系统急性脑梗死患者 ,其中颈内动脉主干闭塞 3例(5 .6 %) ,大脑中动脉主干及分支闭塞 46例 (85 .2 %) ,大脑前动脉闭塞 5例 (9.2 %)。结果　预后好的患者共有 41例 (75 .9%) ,血管再通程度 >5 0 %39例 (72 .2 %) ,再通程度 <5 0 %的 15例 (2 7.8%)。颅内出血率为 2 0 .4%,病死率为 7.4%。结论　局部动脉溶栓是一种有效的治疗方法 ,可以提高血管再通率 ,改善脑梗死患者的预后。     

Outcome of mechanical thrombectomy with Solitaire stent as first-line intra-arterial treatment in intracranial internal carotid artery occlusion

Introduction

Acute stroke from occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) is associated with a poor clinical outcome despite a thrombolytic treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of mechanical thrombectomy using the Solitaire stent for the treatment of acute stroke patients with intracranial ICA occlusion.

Methods

A total of 104 consecutive patients with acute stroke were treated with mechanical thrombectomy using the Solitaire stent as a first-line intra-arterial treatment. We retrospectively reviewed data from 26 of these patients who presented with acute stroke attributable to intracranial ICA occlusion. Rescue treatments in cases of failed Solitaire thrombectomy included intra-arterial urokinase, angioplasty, and forced suction thrombectomy. Successful recanalization was defined as thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia grades 2b to 3. Outcome measure was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0–2 at 3 months.

Results

Successful recanalization was achieved in 77 % (20/26) of patients. Recanalization was achieved with the Solitaire stent alone in 69 % (18/26) of patients. Ten patients (39 %) had a good clinical outcome (mRS score of 0–2) at 3 months. There was a good outcome in 50 % of patients (10/20) with recanalization and no good outcome in patients (0/6) without recanalization (P?=?0.027). None of eight patients who received rescue treatments showed a good outcome. No symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred. Mortality was 8 % (2/26) at 3 months.

Conclusion

Mechanical thrombectomy using the Solitaire stent can achieve a high rate of successful recanalization and a very low rate of symptomatic hemorrhage and thus improve a clinical outcome in patients with acute intracranial ICA occlusion.     

动脉溶栓后脑再灌注损伤的临床救治探讨

目的 探讨急性脑梗死动脉溶栓后再灌注损伤的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析解放军第324医院神经内科自2005年10月以来对35例急性脑梗死患者应用尿激酶进行动脉溶栓后出现再灌注损伤的临床资料.结果 33例溶栓后脑血管再通或部分再通,13例(39.4%)继发脑出血,其中2例为脑实质出血,11例为出血性梗死.33例(100%)...     

经导管动脉溶栓治疗严重冻伤的基础研究

目的探究经导管动脉灌注复方丹参注射液治疗新西兰白兔严重冻伤模型的有效性及机制。 方法36只新西兰白兔的严重冻伤模型随机分成3组,A组：常规溶栓组（t-PA +肝素+罂粟碱）;B组：改良溶栓组（t-PA +肝素+罂粟碱+复方丹参注射液）;C组：对照组（生理盐水）,各组均于溶栓后24 h进行患肢动脉造影并评估应答,进行血常规、凝血及纤溶活性指标、血栓素B2、6-酮-前列腺F_1α、丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶检测并进行组间比较。每组剩余2只模型行受累肢端组织病理学检查。采用截趾率和得分法进行统计最终截肢率并进行组间比较。 结果A、B、C组模型的血管造影应答中完全缓解分别为3、0、0例,大部分缓解分别为4、2、0例,轻度缓解分别为2、4、2例,无缓解分别为1、4、8例。各组间模型WBC数量比较具有显著性差异（P值均< 0.05）;RBC、HGB、HCT比较无显著性差异（P值均> 0.05）;A、B组模型的血小板数量明显高于C组（P值均< 0.05）;A、B组模型的PT、APTT显著地长于C组（P值均< 0.05）;A、B组模型的FIB显著地低于C组（P值均< 0.05）;B组模型的血浆6-酮-前列腺F_1α、超氧化物歧化酶含量显著地高于A和C组（P值均< 0.05）;B组模型的血浆血栓素B2、丙二醛含量显著地低于A和C组（P值均< 0.05）,A、B、C组模型截趾率分别为46.9%、22.5%、85.0%,得分法分别为9.5 ± 2.7、4.3 ± 1.1、21.8 ± 4.2;各组间模型截趾率及得分比较均有显著性差异（P值均< 0.05）。 结论复方丹参注射液可显著降低新西兰白兔严重模型的截趾率,可能的机制是复方丹参注射液可纠正严重冻伤后机体的PGI2-TXA2及氧化-抗氧化失衡。     

Successful revascularization of acute carotid stent thrombosis by facilitated thrombolysis

A 64-year-old woman undergoing protected carotid artery stent placement developed acute stent thrombosis despite pretreatment with combined antiplatelet therapy. A reduced dose of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and a half-dose bolus of abciximab were administered intra-arterially via superselective catherization followed by systemic intravenous infusion of abciximab for 12 hours. Control angiography showed complete restoration of blood flow paralleled by neurologic improvement.     

Reperfusion demonstrated by apparent diffusion coefficient mapping after local intra-arterial thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke

Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is becoming important for diagnosis and investigation of acute cerebral ischaemia. It has been reported that apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps could be an indicator of reperfusion. Our aim was to use echo-planar technology to investigate this phenomenon. We report 19 patients treated by local intra-arterial thrombolysis for middle cerebral artery stroke within 6 h of the onset of symptoms, in whom we performed follow-up DWI. ADC were found to be higher in the patients with angiographically proven reperfusion. Received: 3 November 2000 Accepted: 10 January 2001     

急性下肢动脉血栓介入溶栓治疗

目的观察和评价急性下肢动脉血栓行介入溶栓治疗的疗效。方法采用介入导管尿激酶溶栓治疗急性下肢动脉闭塞患者42例,发病时间5 h～10 d,29例术后带管接微量泵继续溶栓3～7 d。结果 26例(61.9%)血管完全再通,动脉搏动恢复。10例(23.8%)虽主要动脉闭塞,但侧支循环建立,临床症状消失。6例(14.3%)主要动脉闭塞,侧支循环建立欠佳,但临床症状改善,下肢病变平面下降。总有效率为100%。结论介入治疗急性下肢动脉血栓,具有溶栓成功率高、并发症少等优点。     

Endovascular stent-assisted thrombolysis in acute occlusive carotid artery dissection

Introduction  

Internal carotid artery dissection with tandem internal carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion may be responsible for large cerebral infarction that carries a general poor prognosis. Recanalization of internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection by stent-assisted thrombolysis has been recently proposed. We report two cases of acute symptomatic ICA dissection with tandem occlusion successfully treated with emergent endovascular stent-assisted thrombolysis using new self-expandable intracranial stents.     

老年患者急性下肢动脉缺血介入溶栓及支架置入治疗

目的 探讨介入溶栓治疗对老年急性下肢动脉缺血治疗的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾性总结2007年9月-2009年3月通过介入溶栓方法治疗的18例老年下肢动脉缺血患者治疗方式的选择、介入治疗过程中及介入治疗后发生合并症、并发症的处理,分析总结介入溶栓治疗对老年急性下肢动脉缺血治疗的疗效和安全性.结果 本组患者从下肢缺血症状出现到明确诊断时间为4 h～12 d;患者多合并有多系统慢性病.采用动脉内导管溶栓治疗1～3 d,溶栓治疗后对残余病变行腔内成形术及支架置入.15例治疗过程中分别出现出血、术后发热、肢体再灌注损伤、肺栓塞等.经治疗,3例患者行1～3趾经跖骨截趾术,14例患者保肢成功;1例患者动脉开通后2 d,因再灌注损伤致多脏器功能衰竭死亡.结论 介入溶栓治疗对老年急性下肢动脉缺血的治疗安全、有效,对此类患者可优先考虑.     

The role of computed tomography in patients with lacunar stroke in the carotid territory

Summary In a prospective study of 78 patients presenting with recent clinical features of a supratentorially located lacunar infarct (LI), serial CT-scanning with contiguous 6, 5 or 3 mm slices was carried out. LI was found in 59 patients (76%; 95% confidence limits 65–85%). Lesions other than lacunar infarcts were found in 5 patients (6%; 95% confidence limits 2–14%); in only 14 patients could no abnormalities be detected (18%; 95% confidence limits 10–28%). There was no relationship between the detection rate on CT on the one hand and the type of lacunar syndrome, the number of previous TIA's, and the duration or severity of the neurological deficit on the other. A new protocol of CT-scanning for screening LI is advocated for situations where no MRI facilities are available or no patients cooperation can be obtained.