慢性病毒性肝炎血清纤维化诊断指标评估

目的 评估血清透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原肽（PCⅢ）、层粘蛋白（LN）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ－C）对病毒性肝炎肝硬化的诊断意义。方法 检测129例慢性病毒性肝炎患者血清HA、PCⅢ、LN、Ⅳ－C水平,同时每例均行肝穿刺活检,以了解血清上述指标与肝脏病理炎症分级和纤维化分期的关系,并通过受试者特征工作曲线（ROC）评价它们对肝纤维化的诊断价值。结果 随肝脏炎症及纤维化程度加重,各项指标逐渐升高。ROC曲线下面积分析HA0．8204、LN0．7586、Ⅳ－C0．7090、PCⅢ0．6891。结论 四项指标对肝硬化均有一定诊断价值,其中HA优于其它指标。     

慢性肝炎患者血清纤维化指标的检测及其意义

目的：探讨慢性肝炎患者血清纤维化指标[血清透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ－C）、层黏蛋白（LN）]的临床实用价值。方法：对2600例慢性肝炎轻、中、重度患者,用放免法检测血清HA、PCⅢ、Ⅳ－C、LN,并对其中的280例进行肝穿刺标本病理组织学检查,作肝脏炎症活动度分级、肝纤维化程度分期及慢性肝炎病理组织学分度,探讨它们与纤维化指标之间关系。结果：2600例轻、中、重度慢性肝炎患者,4项指标之间均有明显差异（P＜0．001）。这4项指标均与肝脏炎症活动度分级、肝纤维化程度分期及慢性肝炎的分度有关。相关系数HA分别为0．554、0．548和0．468;PCⅢ为0．495、0．42和0．335;Ⅳ-C为0．406．0．404和0．412;LN为0．214、0．204和0．184。结论：血清学检测对慢性肝炎的诊断有较大的临床指导作用,但对某一患者评价这些指标的意义时,应结合肝功能检查．B超检查及临床表现,作全面分析。     

血清肝纤维化指标与肝脏病理学对照观察

目的评价血清肝纤维化指标诊断肝纤维化病理分期的临床价值。方法73例肝穿刺确诊的慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者，同时进行血清HA、Ⅳ—C、PⅢP、LN的检测。以肝活检组织纤维化病理分期为金标准对以上血清学指标的诊断价值进行分析。结果HA、Ⅳ—C、PⅢP、LN与纤维化分期的相关系数分别为0.302（P〈0.01）、0．663（P〈0.01）、0.346（P〈0.05）、0.056（P〉0.05）。除LN外，其余指标血清水平均随着肝纤维化程度的加重而逐渐上升，其中HA、Ⅳ—C、PⅢPS3、S4期血清水平与S1期比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0.01）。S4期作为早期肝硬化诊断标准时，通过ROC曲线分析HA、Ⅳ—C、PⅢP、LN的曲线下面积分别为0.745、0．909、0.732、0.425。敏感度Ⅳ—C〉PⅢP〉HA〉LN；特异度HA〉Ⅳ—C〉PⅢP〉LN。结论可以认为血清肝纤维化指标对肝脏纤维化程度的判断有一定的指导意义。     

血清肝纤维化标志物水平与肝组织炎症活动度纤维化程度的相关性分析

研究血清纤维化指标透明质酸(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)及Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)水平与肝组织病理分级、分期的相关性。用放射免疫法(RIA)检测600例乙型肝炎和肝炎肝硬化患者血清HA、LN、CⅣ、PCⅢ水平,同时进行肝组织活检,对肝组织进行炎症分级和纤维化分期检测。血清学指标水平与慢性肝炎发展阶段性一致,与肝组织炎症活动度及纤维化程度呈正相关。其中HA、CⅣ在病理分期中,从S1～S4期均依次大幅度升高,与S0相比(P<0.01),对早期肝纤维化诊断优于LN。而PCⅢ在反映肝纤维化时与S2期呈依次明显升高,可作为肝纤维化中、晚期辅助诊断。血清纤维化指标HA、LN、CⅣ、PCⅢ水平,对肝纤维化不同阶段做出相对准确的诊断,是目前了解肝纤维化程度检测指标之一。     

血清透明质酸Ⅲ型前胶原Ⅳ型胶原及脯氨酸肽酶对肝组织纤维化诊断的意义

探讨肝病患者血清透明质酸（HA）,Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）,型胶原（CⅣ）及脯氨酸肽酶（PLD）水平与肝纤维化程度的关系。用酶联免疫（ELISA）法及生化比色法检测225例各种肝病患者血清中HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ及PLD水平,并与肝活检病理炎症分级和纤维化分期相比较。四项指标与肝组织炎症坏死及纤维化程度均呈显著相关（P〈0．05）。HA、PCⅢ及CⅣ与肝纤维化相关性高于炎症,PLD与炎症的相关性高于纤维化。血清学指标与肝组织病理病变程度一致,联合检测肝病患者血清HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ及PLD水平,既可反映肝纤维化严重程度,又能了解肝坏死情况,为临床诊断治疗提供参考。     

血清肝纤维化指标诊断价值的初探

为评价血清肝纤维化指标的诊断价值，肝病患者103例采血透明质酸（HA）、层粘素（LN）、Ⅳ型胶原C末端（Ⅳ－C）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）和脯氨酸肽酶（PLD），同时肝穿行组织学检查；采用似然比（LR）和受试者工作特征曲线下面积（AUC^ROD）分析法，以病理诊断为金指标对上述血清指标的诊断价值进行分析。结果表明 在诊断肝纤维化时，PCⅢ、HA和PLD的AUC^ROD分别为0．939、0．829和0．815，该三项指标对肝纤维化具有较高的诊断价值，其临界值分别为PCⅢ≥170ng/ml（LR22．049），HA≥80ng/ml（LR3．458），PLD≥1800IU／L（LR5．048）；除HA外其他指标鉴别肝纤维化与肝硬化的价值有限，HA≥250ng/ml（AUC^ROC0．1917，LR14．319），提示肝硬化的形成。     

常用血清学指标与慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化程度相关性研究

目的：研究常用血清学指标与慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化程度的关系。方法：对177例慢性乙型肝炎患者进行血清肝脏生化和肝纤维化指标检测，包括丙氨酸氨基转移酶（AIT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、总胆红素（TBil）、白蛋白（Alb）、球蛋白（Glo）、透明质酸（HA）、层粘连蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原蛋白（PcⅢ）、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白（CⅣ）。所有病例均行肝穿刺活检，并进行肝组织纤维化分期（S）。结果：部分血清学指标与肝组织纤维化程度相关，以Alb、Glo、HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ相关性最好，相关系数分别为-0．299、0．282、0．595、0．387、0．480。伴随肝纤维化程度的增加，血清白蛋白呈下降趋势，而血清球蛋白、HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ呈上升趋势。结论：部分血清学指标能反映肝组织纤维化程度，对于难以开展肝穿刺活检的单位可以帮助肝纤维化诊断。     

慢性肝病患者肝纤维化血清学指标与肝组织纤维化分期的量化关系

目的研究肝纤维化血清学指标与慢性肝病患者肝穿刺活体组织学检查纤维化分期的量化关系。方法用放射免疫法检测118例肝病患者血清层黏连蛋白（LN）、透明质酸（HA），Ⅲ型前胶原蛋白（PCⅢ）、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白（CⅣ）的水平，并与患者的肝组织病理学检查作对比。通过SPSS11．0软件包分析LN、HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ与肝组织纤维化分期及炎症分级的量化关系。结果LN、HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ与肝组织学炎症分级有相关性（r分别为0．394．0．449、0．443、0．35l，P值均〈0．01）；与肝组织纤维化分期也有相关性（r值分别为0．456、0．564、0．476、0．42l，P值均〈0．01）。LN．HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ对S2以上肝纤维化诊断界值分别为110、110、100、70ng／ml，其诊断灵敏度分别为70％、79％、79％、74％，特异度分别为68％，72％、64％、73％。对S4（早期肝硬化）的诊断界值分别为130、140、120．70ng／ml，其诊断灵敏度分别为79％、93％，79％，86％，特异度分别为66％、82％．72％、61％。受试者工作特征曲线分析显示：在这些患者中判断有无肝硬化存在，HA比其它指标更有价值；HA测定值大于l90ng／ml时，其诊断早期肝硬化的准确度为93％。结论慢性肝病患者，血清HA、LN、PCⅢ、CⅣ水平与肝纤维化分期有一定量化关系，其中HA诊断早期肝硬化有重要意义。     

血清肝纤维化指标与肝脏病理学对照观察

目的评价血清肝纤维化指标对于诊断肝脏纤维化的临床价值。方法84例肝穿确诊的慢性乙型肝炎患者,检测透明质酸(HA)、Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)、Ⅲ型前胶原肽(PⅢP)、层黏连蛋白(LN)水平。对肝组织纤维化病理分期与血清纤维化指标进行对比分析。结果Ⅳ-C、HA、PⅢP、LN与肝组织纤维化病理分期的相关系数分别为0.672(P<0.01)、0.316(P<0.01)、0.374(P<0.05)、0.066(P>0.05)。除LN外,其余指标水平均随着肝组织纤维化程度的加重而逐渐上升,且Ⅳ-C、HA、PⅢP的S3、S4期水平与S1、S2期比较有统计学差异(P<0.01)。S4期作为早期肝硬化诊断标准,通过ROC曲线分析Ⅳ-C、HA、PⅢP、LN的曲线下面积分别为0.901、0.764、0.756、0.434。敏感度:Ⅳ-C>PⅢP>HA>LN;特异度:HA>Ⅳ-C>PⅢP>LN。结论血清肝纤维化指标对肝组织病理纤维化程度的判断有指导意义。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者血清肝纤维化指标与病理的关系

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者血清肝纤维化指标透明质酸（HA）、Ⅳ型胶原（IV—C）、层粘连蛋白（LN）及Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）与肝脏病理的关系。方法慢性乙肝患者40例,行肝穿刺,制片,HE染色及浸银染色后作病理学检查;取血,分离血清,应用放射免疫法检测HA、IV—C、LN及PCⅢ水平,对肝组织进行炎症活动度分级（G）及纤维化分期（s）。结果40例慢性乙肝患者血清HA、Ⅳ-C、LN及PCⅢ水平随肝脏炎症活动度升高而升高,随肝组织纤维化程度的加重而升高。结论血清HA、Ⅳ-C、LN及PCⅢ水平与肝组织纤维化程度呈正相关。检测上述指标有助于判断肝炎疾病的严重程度,并能反映肝组织纤维化程度。     

血清纤维化指标对肝纤维化诊断价值的研究

目的评价血清纤维化指标透明质酸（HA）、Ⅳ型胶原（CⅣ）、Ⅲ型前胶原肽（PⅢP）、层黏连蛋白（LN）对肝纤维化诊断的价值.方法对确诊的慢性乙型肝炎患者50例和健康人18例,测定血清纤维化指标水平,并进行肝组织纤维化分期.根据受试者工作特征曲线判别4项指标对于肝纤维化分期的诊断价值.结果血清HA、CⅣ、PⅢP和肝脏组织炎症分级呈较弱正相关（r分别为0.430、0.382和0.300,P＜0.05）.血清HA、CⅣ与肝脏组织纤维化分期呈中度正相关（r分别为0.614、0.708,P＜0.05）.血清HA、CⅣ水平随肝纤维化的进展程度而升高.血清HA诊断早期肝硬化（S4）的受试者工作特征曲线下面积（AUC）大于血清CⅣ、PⅢP和LN（AUC=0.967比0.932、0.659、0.403）.血清CⅣ诊断肝纤维化（S1～S4）的AUC大于血清HA、PⅢP和LN（AUC=0.853比0.680、0.536、0.487）.血清LN对于肝组织分级或分期均无统计学意义.联合HA＋CⅣ检测比单一指标有更高的特异度.结论血清纤维化指标对肝纤维化进程有一定的预测意义,但不能对肝纤维化精确分期,因此不能取代肝组织病理活检.联合多项指标检测可在一定程度上提高检测效率.寻找新的血清标志物和联合其他标志物是肝纤维化无创性研究的趋势所在.     

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is characterised by inflammatory fibrotic processes affecting the retroperitoneal structures. Its prevalence of 1 - 2/200,000 makes it a rare disease. To date, there are no guidelines for the diagnosis of or therapy for the disease. If untreated, the disease may be fatal. In 2006, the Department of Urology of the HELIOS Klinikum Wuppertal undertook to establish a nationwide patient registry, which would facilitate prospective therapy trials and the drafting of recommendations for diagnostic procedures. The pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear. Since some RPF-patients present with associated autoimmune diseases, autoimmune processes are suspected to play a role in causing the disease. The presence of autoantibodies and histological similarities with vasculitis support this hypothesis. Following initial general symptoms, patients display localised symptoms (flank pain, leg oedema, abdominal discomfort), caused by the displacing effect of the fibrotic plaques. Laboratory tests show elevated ESR and C-reactive protein and in some cases a moderate anaemia. Histological examinations should be undertaken to rule out the presence of malignant tumours. Radiological diagnostics (excretory urography, CT, MRI) show a retroperitoneal mass which blocks, compresses and displaces, completely or in part, the large vessels and the ureter. Initial therapy aims at restoring the function of the affected hollow organs through the application of (ureteric) stents, followed by immunosuppressive therapy. If drug therapy is unsuccessful, surgical procedures will follow to protect the ureter from compression. In some cases, ureteral replacement or an autotransplant of the kidney may be necessary. Life-long observation of the patients is necessary, as the disease may be chronic and relapsing. Interdisciplinary and nationwide cooperation is of crucial importance to further investigate this disease.     

Pleural fibrosis

Pleural fibrosis can result from a variety of inflammatory processes. The response of the pleural mesothelial cell to injury and the ability to maintain its integrity are crucial in determining whether normal healing or pleural fibrosis occurs. The pleural mesothelial cell, various cytokines, and disordered fibrin turnover are involved in the pathogenesis of pleural fibrosis. The roles of these mediators in producing pleural fibrosis are examined. This article reviews the most common clinical conditions associated with the development of pleural fibrosis. Fibrothorax and trapped lung are two unique and uncommon consequences of pleural fibrosis. The management of pleural fibrosis, including fibrothorax and trapped lung, is discussed.     

Mediastinal fibrosis

Mediastinal fibrosis is the least common, but the most severe, late complication of histoplasmosis. It should be differentiated from the many other less-severe mediastinal complications of histoplasmosis, and from other causes of mediastinal fibrosis. Posthistoplasmosis mediastinal fibrosis is characterized by invasive, calcified fibrosis centered on lymph nodes, which, by definition, occludes major vessels or airways.     

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in white people, with a frequency of about 1 in 2500 livebirths. Discovery of the mutated gene encoding a defective chloride channel in epithelial cells--named cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)--has improved our understanding of the disorder's pathophysiology and has aided diagnosis, but has shown the disease's complexity. Gene replacement therapy is still far from being used in patients with cystic fibrosis, mostly because of difficulties of targeting the appropriate cells. Life expectancy of patients with the disorder has been greatly increased over past decades because of better notions of symptomatic treatment strategies. Here, we summarise advances in understanding and treatment of cystic fibrosis, focusing on pulmonary disease, which accounts for most morbidity and deaths.     

Cystic fibrosis

While the care of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has been mainly the province of pediatricians, great improvements in the therapy and life span of CF patients often results in their transition to care by adult physicians. In this review of CF, we begin with an overview of the epidemiology and genetics of the disease, with a discussion of the recently found ion abnormalities that lead to the clinical manifestations. This is followed by a discussion of the pathophysiology. Methods of diagnosis, ranging from the gold standard, the sweat test, to recent advances based on a greater understanding of the genetics of the disease are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of therapy primarily geared to the treatment of the respiratory complications, as they are the most common lethal factors of the disease. We point out controversies where they exist. Newer forms of therapy such as lung transplantation are discussed, and we finish with a discussion about future therapeutic modalities, some of which are being approved as the paper is in print.