甲状腺多发结节中偶发癌的检出:声脉冲辐射力弹性成像的应用价值

目的探讨声脉冲辐射力(ARFI)弹性成像声触诊组织成像(VTI)和声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术在检出甲状腺多发结节中偶发癌的临床价值。方法分析经病理证实的83例甲状腺多发结节患者112个结节的VTI及VTQ特征。VTI图像分为6级,VTQ以横向剪切波速度(SWV)值表示。探讨ARFI术前检出偶发癌的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果 112个甲状腺结节,病理证实良性病变93个,恶性病变19个。恶性病变中VTI图像≥Ⅳ级的有15个,<Ⅳ级的有4个;良性病变中VTI图像≥Ⅳ级的有1个,<Ⅳ级的有92个。VTI弹性分级Ⅳ级及Ⅳ级以上检出甲状腺多发结节中偶发癌的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为78.9%、98.9%、95.5%、93.8%及95.8%;良性和恶性结节的SWV值平均值分别为(2.37±1.08)m/s(范围:0.61～4.68m/s)和(4.40±2.53)m/s(范围:1.28～9m/s)(P=0.000)。恶性病变中VTQ的SWV值≥2.87m/s的有11个,<2.87m/s的有8个;良性病变中SWV值≥2.87m/s的有16个,<2.87m/s的有77个。以SWV值>2.87m/s为标准检出甲状腺多发结节中偶发癌的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为57.9%、82.8%、78.6%、40.7%及90.6%。结论 ARFI弹性成像中的VTI对检出甲状腺多发结节中偶发癌有较高的临床价值,而VTQ的价值偏低。     

声脉冲辐射力弹性成像诊断甲状腺微小癌的价值

目的探讨声脉冲辐射力(ARFI)弹性成像技术诊断甲状腺微小癌(TMC)的价值。方法分析经病理证实的40例TMC患者45个直径≤1cm甲状腺结节的ARFI弹性特征,包括声触诊组织定量成像(VTQ)及声触诊组织成像(VTI)。分别绘制VTQ及VTI诊断TMC的ROC曲线,比较曲线下面积。结果 45个结节包括良性病变21个(结节性甲状腺肿20个,纤维胶原组织增生1个)、恶性病变24个(均为乳头状癌)。VTQ检查SWV≥2.87m/s结节21个,包括良性病变6个、恶性15个;SWV<2.87m/s结节24个,包括良性病变15个、恶性9个。VTQ诊断TMC的敏感性、特异性及准确率分别为62.5%(15/24)、71.4%(15/21)及66.7%(30/45)。VTI检查VTI分级≥Ⅳ级结节19个,包括良性病变0个、恶性19个;VTI分级<Ⅳ级结节26个,包括良性病变21个、恶性5个。VTI诊断TMC的敏感性、特异性及准确率分别为79.2%(19/24)、100%(21/21)及88.9%(40/45)。VTQ及VTI的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.670和0.896(z=2.32,P<0.05)。结论 ARFI弹性成像可用于鉴别诊断TMC,VTI较VTQ具有更高的诊断价值。     

声辐射力触诊成像技术在甲状腺结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用(原稿号：Y201308033)

目的 探讨声辐射力触诊成像（ARFI）技术在鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 106例甲状腺结节患者,术前均接受ARFI检查,根据手术后的病理结果,分析甲状腺良、恶性结节ARFI表现及ARFI对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断价值。结果 甲状腺恶性结节VTI分级高于良性结节（Z＝8.65,P＜0.05）。以VTI≥4级作为恶性结节的诊断标准,其对于甲状腺良、恶性结节的诊断敏感度、特异度分别为79.40%、96.80%。甲状腺良、恶性结节的VTQ值差异有统计学意义（t＝4.25,P＜0.05）。以VTQ≥2.50 m/s作为良恶性结节诊断点,其敏感度、特异度分别为75.00%、70.00%。将VTI和VTQ两者联合用于甲状腺良、恶性结节的诊断,ARFI对于甲状腺结节的良、恶性诊断率明显提高。结论 ARFI技术有助于对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断。     

声脉冲辐射力成像技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的应用价值

目的探讨通过声脉冲辐射力成像(ARFI)技术中的声触诊组织成像(VTI)和声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的临床价值。方法分析48例患者经手术或穿刺病理证实的甲状腺结节的VTI分级和VTQ测得的结节及结节周围组织的剪切波速度(SWV),结果进行统计分析,用ROC曲线评估其诊断效能。结果 VTQ检测甲状腺良性结节的SWV值为(2.05±0.25)m/s,范围1.45~2.44 m/s,95%可信区间1.95~2.15 m/s;良性结节周围组织的SWV值为(1.78±0.26)m/s,范围1.32~2.28 m/s,95%可信区间1.68~2.88 m/s。甲状腺恶性结节的SWV值为(3.57±1.29)m/s,范围2.33~7.28 m/s,95%可信区间3.06~4.09 m/s;恶性结节周围组织的SWV值为(1.85±0.29)m/s,范围1.23~2.36 m/s,95%可信区间1.73~1.96 m/s。良恶性结节比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),恶性结节与其周围组织比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),良性结节与其周围组织比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),良恶性结节周围组织比较差异无统计学意义。以结节SWV≥2.416 m/s为诊断恶性结节的标准,其预测甲状腺恶性结节的敏感性88.89%,特异性96.43%,阳性预测值96.00%,阴性预测值90.00%,阳性似然比24.89,阴性似然比0.12。VTI≥Ⅲ级时诊断甲状腺恶性结节的敏感性81.48%,特异性78.57%,阳性似然比3.80,阴性似然比0.24,阳性预测值78.57%,阴性预测值81.48%,正确指数60.05%,准确性80.00%;与病理结果一致性可靠(Kappa=0.60)。结论 VTI可通过灰度分级、VTQ通过SWV值提供结节及组织的硬度信息,对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

声辐射力脉冲弹性成像在甲状腺单发实性结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨声辐射力脉冲弹性成像(ARFI)技术判断甲状腺单发实性结节良恶性的价值.方法选取2011年4月至2012年2月上海市第十人民医院经常规超声检查发现甲状腺单发实性或以实性为主(囊性<25%)结节的42例患者,共42个结节.对42例患者42个结节行常规超声检查,采用声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术检测病灶组织剪切波速度(SWV),采用声触诊组织成像(VTI)技术对病灶组织进行VTI弹性分级.常规超声以符合3项及以上恶性结节超声表现、VTQ以SWV值≥2.87 m/s、VTI以VTI分级≥Ⅳ级、常规超声+VTI/VTQ以常规超声或VTI/VTQ其中之一诊断为恶性作为恶性结节诊断标准.以病理学诊断结果作为金标准,计算常规超声、VTQ、VTI及常规超声+VTI/VTQ诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值.结果42个甲状腺结节经手术后病理证实良性结节30个(结节性甲状腺肿16个,腺瘤性甲状腺肿13个,亚急性甲状腺炎1个),恶性结节12个(均为乳头状癌).常规超声检查有3项及以上恶性结节超声表现的结节14个,包括良性结节4个,恶性结节10个;少于3项恶性结节超声表现的结节28个,包括良性结节26个,恶性结节2个.常规超声诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为83.3%(10/12)、86.7%(26/30)、71.4%(10/14)、92.9%(26/28). SWV值≥2.87 m/s的结节15个,包括良性结节5个,恶性结节10个;SWV值<2.87 m/s的结节27个,包括良性结节25个,恶性结节2个;VTQ诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为83.3%(10/12)、83.3%(25/30)、66.7%(10/15)、92.6%(25/27). VTI分级≥Ⅳ级的结节19个,包括良性结节8个,恶性结节11个;VTI分级<Ⅳ级的结节23个,包括良性结节22个,恶性结节1个;VTI诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为91.7%(11/12)、73.3%(22/30)、57.8%(11/19)、95.7%(22/23).常规超声+VTI诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为91.7%(11/12)、80.0%(24/30)、64.7%(11/17)、96.0%(24/25).而常规超声+VTQ诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为91.7%(11/12)、83.3%(25/30)、68.8%(11/16)、96.2%(25/26).结论单独的ARFI技术诊断甲状腺单发实性结节良恶性的能力并不优于常规超声,但是两者联合应用可提高甲状腺单发实性结节良恶性鉴别诊断水平.     

声辐射力冲击成像对乳腺结节性质的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨应用声辐射力冲击成像(ARFI)技术对乳腺良性与恶性结节病灶的鉴别诊断价值。方法以33例<10 mm恶性乳腺结节患者及同期20例良性乳腺结节患者为研究对象,利用ARFI的声触诊组织成像(VTI)定性结节范围和声触诊组织定量(VTQ)量化结节的剪切波速度,与临床病理结果比较,分析良恶性病灶的ARFI-VTI和ARFI-VTQ参数差异。结果 ARFI-VTI能定性病灶结节范围,病灶结节在VTI图中与二维图中的面积比参数在良恶性组间差异有显著统计学意义,恶性组>1,良性组≤1(P<0.01);ARFI-VTQ测值在良恶性结节间差异有显著统计学意义,良性结节组VTQ剪切波速度为(2.67±1.63)m/s,恶性结节组VTQ剪切波速度为(5.24±2.72)m/s(P<0.01);对小结节型乳腺癌的诊断与病理诊断符合率为97.0%,特异度为80.0%。结论 ARFI检查对结节<10 mm的乳腺良恶性肿瘤具有鉴别诊断价值,值得临床应用推广。     

甲状腺实性结节的声脉冲辐射力弹性成像诊断研究

目的 评估声脉冲辐射力弹性成像技术(ARFI)对甲状腺实性结节良恶性鉴别诊断价值.方法 对100例患者的118个实性结节行ARFI弹性成像声触诊组织成像(VTI)及声触诊组织定量(VTQ)两种技术检查,以VTI弹性分级≥IV级判断为恶性结节;VTQ中计算结节剪切波速度(SWV)平均值、结节周围非病灶组织平均值及两者的比值.结果 根据ROC曲线得出甲状腺良恶性结节SWV平均值及比值的最佳诊断界值分别为2.66m/s、1.21,曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.780、0.762,敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为56%、89%、74%,69%、73%、71%;以VTI弹性分级≥IV级判断甲状腺实性结节良恶性具有显著性意义(P=0.000),其敏感性为78%,特异性为77%,准确率为77%.结论 ARFI技术定性及定量评价组织硬度,对甲状腺实性结节良恶性鉴别均有较高价值,两者结合应用对甲状腺实性结节的超声鉴别诊断有较大帮助.     

声辐射力脉冲技术鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节

目的 探讨声辐射力脉冲（ARFI）技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 对106例甲状腺结节患者于术前行ARFI检查,根据术后病理结果,分析甲状腺良恶性结节ARFI表现及ARFI对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断价值。结果 甲状腺恶性结节声触诊组织成像（VTI）分级高于良性结节（Z=8.65,P<0.05）;以VTI≥4级作为恶性结节的标准,诊断敏感度、特异度分别为79.40%、96.80%。甲状腺良恶性结节的声触诊组织量化（VTQ）值差异有统计学意义（t=4.25,P<0.05）;以VTQ≥2.50m/s作为良恶性结节诊断点,其敏感度、特异度分别为75.00%、70.00%。联合应用VTI和VTQ,ARFI对甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断敏感度、特异度分别为95.24%、87.71%。结论 ARFI有助于鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节。     

声脉冲辐射力弹性成像技术在鉴别诊断甲状腺良、恶性结节中的作用

目的 探究声脉冲辐射力弹性成像技术(ARFI)在鉴别诊断甲状腺良、恶性结节中的作用.方法 选择2018年1月至2020年9月我院经穿刺活检或手术病理证实的甲状腺结节患者67例(82个甲状腺结节),给予常规彩色多普勒超声检查与ARFI技术中的声触诊组织成像技术(VTI)和声触诊组织定量技术(VTQ)检查.比较VTI面积与...     

声脉冲辐射力弹性成像鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的价值

目的探讨声脉冲辐射力(ARFI)弹性成像在甲状腺局灶性病变良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值。方法应用ARFI弹性成像声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术检测甲状腺结节120个,记录结节的横向剪切波速度(SWV),并计算每个结节与其周围甲状腺组织的SWV比值。结果甲状腺良性和恶性结节的SWV平均值分别为(2.28±0.84)m/s(范围:0.61～9.00m/s)和(5.04±2.78)m/s(范围:2.32～9.00m/s)(P=0.000)。甲状腺良恶性病灶的SWV值分布情况有显著性差别。良性和恶性结节的病灶SWV与周围甲状腺组织的SWV比值平均值分别为1.14±0.42(范围:0.31～2.59)和2.39±1.43(范围:0.89～6.16)(P=0.000)。甲状腺良恶性病灶SWV与周围组织的SWV比值分布情况有显著性差别。将病灶SWV值及病灶SWV与周围组织的SWV比值用于鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.849及0.806。结论 ARFI可反映甲状腺结节的弹性特征,对甲状腺结节的良恶性鉴别诊断有一定的帮助。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.