吉林市青春期前和青春期男生营养素摄入状况比较

目的 比较吉林市9 ～12岁青春期前和青春期男生营养摄入状况,为青春期男生的膳食营养干预提供依据.方法 整群随机抽取吉林市一所汉族小学和一所朝鲜族小学四～六年级男生367名进行性成熟度调查,用Tanner分期问卷评价男生性发育成熟情况.使用膳食记录问卷对367名男生进行为时3d的膳食调查.结果 青春期前和青春期男生平均每日能量摄入量分别为1839 kcal和1745kcal(1 kcal=4.18 kJ),达营养素推荐摄入量的83.3％和76.0％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);青春期男生能量、钙、锌、核黄素摄入量以及平均营养充足比均低于青春期前的男生(P值均＜0.05).结论 青春期男生营养摄入量和营养充足比均低于青春期之前男生,应采取综合干预措施,提高青春期男生的营养状况.     

朝鲜族和汉族9～12岁男生膳食营养状况调查

目的 了解吉林省吉林市9-12岁朝鲜族和汉族男生营养摄入状况.方法 采用随机分层整群的方法,使用膳食记录问卷对小学4、5、6年级367名男生进行3d膳食调查.结果 朝鲜族和汉族男生平均每日能量摄入量分别为7.4和7.5MJ,达营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)的77.8%和81.0%;朝鲜族男生平均每日碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪摄入量分别为298.0、61.5、40.6g;汉族男生分别为290.3、67.0、47.4 g;朝鲜族和汉族男生微量营养素钙、锌、维生素A、核黄素平均每日摄入量均低于RNI或适宜摄入量标准(44.8%-67.6%);朝鲜族和汉族男生营养充足比＜0.7的营养素均为钙、锌、维生素A、核黄素和维生素C;汉族男生硫胺素(F=9.05,P=0.003)、烟酸(F=4.97,P=0.026)和维生素C(F=5.59,P=0.019)的营养充足比分别为(0.80±O.20)、(0.91±0.15)、(0.65±0.29).均明显高于朝鲜族男生(0.72±0.20)、(0.86±0.17)、(0.56±0.31).差异均有统计学意义.结论 吉林市9-12岁朝鲜族和汉族男生均存在部分微量营养素摄入不足现象,应采取合理的综合干预措施,有效改善其膳食营养状况.     

武汉某高校大学生膳食调查

目的了解大学生膳食结构及营养素摄入状况,为大学生营养指导提供科学依据。方法采取随机整群抽样的方法,采用自制大学生食物频率问卷(FFQ)于2009年10月对抽取的武汉工业学院本科生742人进行膳食调查及评价。结果本次FFQ共调查男生341人,女生401人,平均年龄为(21.32±2.15)岁;大学生膳食结构与《膳食宝塔》相比,谷类、畜禽肉类摄入量偏高,而水果类、奶类及奶制品摄入量偏低,男女生谷类食品摄入量差异有统计学意义(t=26.202,P=0.000);男女生平均每日能量摄入分别为2 719和2 453 kcal,男生平均每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物分别为110.8,87.2,393.6 g;女生平均每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物分别为97.3,78.1,361.2 g;大学生维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、磷、铁、锌平均每日摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)标准,硫胺素、核黄素、钙、膳食纤维平均每日摄入量低于RNI标准(78.6%～91.7%),胆固醇超过限量标准300 mg;不同性别、不同学科大学生各种营养素摄入量差异无统计学意义。结论武汉某高校大学生膳食营养状况较好。     

北京市顺义区6～9岁小学生膳食营养摄入分析

目的了解小学生膳食摄入营养状况,为改善小学生的膳食营养状况提供科学依据。方法随机选取北京市顺义区一所小学,整群抽取所有6～9岁小学生302人,填写3天膳食摄入问卷进行回顾性膳食调查。结果小学生膳食每日平均能量摄入量为1252.6kcal,蛋白质的每日平均摄入量为44.4g;钙、磷、铁和锌的每日平均摄入量分别为280g、680g、12.3g和6.6g;钙、磷比例为0.4∶1;维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、叶酸、烟酸、硫胺素和核黄素的每日平均摄入量分别为259.2μg、41.5mg、8.6mg、85.7μg、8.2mg、0.4mg和0.6mg;除了铁摄入量达到中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(12g)外,能量和上述其他营养素均低于我国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量。结论顺义区6～9岁小学生能量和蛋白质摄入不足,而三大供能营养素的比例较为合理。     

基于网络模式的北京市城区小学生膳食营养状况调查

了解北京市城区小学生营养状况和能量、营养素摄入情况.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,在北京市东城区、西城区、石景山区分别抽取2所小学,在朝阳区、海淀区、丰台区分别抽取3所小学,抽中的15所小学的所有小学生经知情同意后自愿参加为期2周的网络膳食测评调查.采用《中小学生食物营养与热量摄入测评系统》进行基于网络的24h膳食回顾法调查学生每日膳食摄入情况.结果 参加网络膳食测评调查天数≥3 d的小学生有3 352名,小学生超重和肥胖检出率分别达到了13.2%和13.9%,男生(17.4%,16.8%)均高于女生(8.6%,10.7%),差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为56.57,25.57,P值均<0.05).男、女生的平均每日能量摄入分别为(1 650.40±698.58)和(1 491.64±664.84)kcal(1 kcal=4.18 kJ),蛋白质摄入分别为(63.94±28.66)和(56.70±26.35)g,男生高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为6.725,7.625,P值均<0.05).男、女生维生素E、磷、钾、碘的摄入量过高(>120%参考摄入量),硫胺素、维生素B6、钙、锌等多种营养素摄入量不足(<80%参考摄入量).结论 北京市城区小学生超重肥胖问题突出,膳食营养素摄入不均衡,应加强营养教育,指导学生合理膳食.     

膳食中植物雌激素摄入量与青春期女生性发育的关系

目的 探讨膳食中植物雌激素摄入量与青春期女生性发育的关系。方法 采用整群抽样方法,在信阳市选取3所小学的在校五年级、六年级女生为对象,对其进行植物雌激素膳食调查和性发育评价。植物雌激素膳食调查采用24 h回顾法和FFQ法。结果 共调查1 278名女生,乳房发育提前检出率为15.8%;乳房发育延迟检出率为14.3%。豆类、豆制品类、瓜籽类和油类4类食物摄入量与女生性发育情况差异均无统计学意义(χ2 = 1.29, P = 0.76、χ2 = 7.76, P = 0.09、χ2 = 1.23, P = 0.78、χ2 = 1.16, P = 0.88)。总植物雌激素和异黄酮类植物雌激素摄入量与女生性发育情况差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 11.68, P = 0.03、χ2 = 11.02, P = 0.03)。结论 总植物雌激素和异黄酮类植物雌激素摄入量多有可能引起青春期女生性发育提前。     

膳食中大豆异黄酮与青春期女生性发育关系

目的 探讨膳食中大豆异黄酮摄入量与青春期女生性发育的关系。方法 采用整群抽样方法,在信阳市选取3所小学的在校四年级、五年级、六年级女生为对象,对其进行膳食调查和性发育评价。膳食调查采用定量食物频率问卷法。结果 共调查1 278名女生,性发育提前检出率为15.8%;性发育延迟检出率为14.3%。不同乳房发育组、月经初潮组和性发育组（发育提前、发育正常和发育延迟）的大豆异黄酮和染料木黄酮摄入量差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）。结论 大豆异黄酮和染料木黄酮摄入量多有可能与青春期女生乳房发育、月经初潮和性发育提前有关。     

武汉市3～6年级小学生膳食营养素与高血压、超重肥胖的关系

目的 探究儿童膳食营养素摄入与高血压、超重肥胖的关系。方法 于2016年4月采用整群抽样法抽取武汉市洪山区两所小学3～6年级学生1033名,年龄9～12(10.55±1.10)岁,其中男生545名(52.8%),女生488名(47.2%),对儿童进行体格检查和膳食调查,体格检查包括身高、体重、血压等,膳食调查采用3天24 h回顾法。通过主成分因子分析法探讨儿童膳食营养素模式,并用Logistic回归分析不同膳食营养素模式对高血压、超重肥胖的影响。结果 营养素摄入量以M(P25, P75)表示,高血压组能量摄入高于血压正常组[1761.97(1617.17,1940.43)kcal比1730.95(1556.06,1905.71)kcal,P=0.011]。超重肥胖组和体重正常组相比,碳水化合物[250.65(226.55,281.29)g比244.41(220.04,273.01)g,P=0.011]、维生素B₁[0.29(0.22,0.36)mg比0.27(0.22,0.34)mg,P=0.022]、维生素B₂[0.45(0.33,0.60...     

北京市四季青学区二～五年级小学生膳食营养状况

目的了解北京市四季青学区小学生的膳食营养状况,为指导学生养成科学的膳食行为提供参考。方法选择北京市海淀区四季青学区8所小学7~13岁的二~五年级1 436名学生为研究对象,进行3 d的24 h回顾性膳食问卷调查。结果 11~13岁组男、女生平均每日能量摄入量分别占推荐值的87.6%和88.8%,女生平均每日蛋白质摄入量占推荐值的87.2%;其余各年龄组男、女生平均每日能量和蛋白质摄入量基本达到推荐值水平。膳食能量来源中,碳水化合物供能比例为40.8%,低于参考范围下限;而脂肪供能比例为45.6%,高于参考范围上限。各年龄组营养素平均每日摄入量除了铁、维生素E达到推荐值外,钙、锌、维生素A、维生素C平均每日摄入量均小于推荐值,分别占推荐值的38.8%~61.3%,67.6%~90.0%,51.1%~92.5%,10.2%~18.5%。一日三餐早餐、午餐、晚餐的供能比例分别为26.2%,34.8%,29.8%,基本合理。结论北京市四季青学区小学生膳食结构不合理,营养素摄入不均衡。建议学校加强对学生的相关营养教育,保证学校营养午餐的质量,并加强与家长联系,改善学生在家中膳食营养。     

1991-2009年中国九省区居民膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势(三) 50～79岁居民膳食能量摄入状况及变化趋势

目的分析中国九省区50～79岁中老年居民膳食能量的摄入状况及能量来源的变化趋势,为膳食指南和营养素参考摄入量的修订提供依据。方法以1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006和2009年"中国健康与营养调查"项目中连续三天24小时膳食回顾调查数据为基础。有完整膳食调查资料的50～79岁健康居民作为研究对象。分析能量摄入量及能量来源的变化趋势。结果中国九省区50～79岁居民平均每日能量摄入量在1991-2009年间总体呈缓慢下降趋势,男性由10103 kJ(2416 kcal)下降至9761 kJ(2334 kcal),女性由8825 kJ(2100 kcal)下降至8262 kJ(1975 kcal),年龄越高、体力活动水平越低者能量摄入量越少,同年龄同等体力活动水平的女性能量摄入少于男性。50～79岁居民膳食脂肪供能比逐年增高,2006年之后超过30%,并且轻体力活动者膳食能量密度更高。从能量的食物来源看,谷类食物占总能量的比例逐年下降至55%以下,动物性食物逐年增高至14%。1991-2009年间能量摄入的城乡差异逐渐减弱。结论 1991-2009年间,中国50～79岁居民的膳食能量摄入量呈现下降趋势,但膳食结构趋向于能量密度增高;谷类供能比降低,动物性食物供能比增高;能量摄入情况的城乡差异逐渐减弱。     

Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 7-year-old children in the south-west of England in 1999/2000 - what difference does gender make?

OBJECTIVES: To describe the diet of schoolchildren aged 7 years, and identify gender differences in food and nutrient intakes. SUBJECTS: A cohort of children resident in the south-west of England in 1999/2000. METHODS: Diet was assessed using three 1-day unweighed food diaries. Nutrient intakes were compared with dietary reference values for this age group, and with children aged 7-10 years in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Food and nutrient intakes were contrasted between boys and girls. RESULTS: Median nutrient intakes exceeded the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for most nutrients. Median intakes of iron and zinc were below the RNI. Median sodium intake was greater than the maximum set by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. The mean energy intake for boys and girls, respectively, were 7.3 and 6.8 MJ, this is below the estimated average requirement. The percentage of energy from fat was 35.3% for boys and 36.1% for girls. Boys had higher iron intakes than girls, even after adjustment for energy intake. There were differences in the types of foods eaten between boys and girls; girls ate more fruit and vegetables (P = 0.001) and boys ate more breakfast cereals (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The dietary intakes of these 7-year-old children were adequate for most nutrients. However, a reduction in the sodium content of the diet would be advantageous. Fruit and vegetable consumption should be encouraged particularly among boys.     

Puberty-associated differences in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels according to sex in French children aged 10-13 years

PURPOSE: To assess the relationships between lipid levels and sexual maturity, independently of age-related differences, and to investigate possible differences related to sexual maturity across the percentiles of the lipid distributions. METHODS: Fasting serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were measured in 6577 boys and 6605 girls, aged from 10 to 13 years, with different Tanner stages. The total cholesterol and triglyceride mean and percentile levels were estimated according to age and Tanner stage by ordinary least squares and percentile regression models, separately in both sexes. RESULTS: In boys and girls, total cholesterol levels were significantly associated with pubertal stage after controlling for age. At age 12, the estimated mean levels in boys varied from 4.82 mmol/L for Tanner 1 to 4.41 for Tanner 5. The corresponding values were 5.05 and 4.62 mmol/L in girls, for whom the association with maturity was stronger in the upper than in the lower percentiles (p < 0.0001); between the extreme Tanner stages, the 95th percentiles of total cholesterol differed by 0.80 mmol/L, in comparison to 0.19 mmol/L for the 5th percentiles. Therefore, 1. 8% of girls and 0.7% of boys were classified differently whether Tanner stage was used or not to assess hypercholesterolemia (concentrations in the upper 5% of the distributions). Triglycerides were positively related to sexual maturity independently of age, but the discrepancies between classifications were lower; 1.1% in girls and 0.4% in boys. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings emphasize the importance of sexual maturity, even for a given age, for interpreting lipid levels in children.     

Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 7-year-old children in the south-west of England in 1999/2000 – what difference does gender make?

Objectives To describe the diet of schoolchildren aged 7 years, and identify gender differences in food and nutrient intakes. Subjects A cohort of children resident in the south-west of England in 1999/2000. Methods Diet was assessed using three 1-day unweighed food diaries. Nutrient intakes were compared with dietary reference values for this age group, and with children aged 7–10 years in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Food and nutrient intakes were contrasted between boys and girls. Results Median nutrient intakes exceeded the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for most nutrients. Median intakes of iron and zinc were below the RNI. Median sodium intake was greater than the maximum set by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. The mean energy intake for boys and girls, respectively, were 7.3 and 6.8 MJ, this is below the estimated average requirement. The percentage of energy from fat was 35.3% for boys and 36.1% for girls. Boys had higher iron intakes than girls, even after adjustment for energy intake. There were differences in the types of foods eaten between boys and girls; girls ate more fruit and vegetables (P = 0.001) and boys ate more breakfast cereals (P = 0.016). Conclusions The dietary intakes of these 7-year-old children were adequate for most nutrients. However, a reduction in the sodium content of the diet would be advantageous. Fruit and vegetable consumption should be encouraged particularly among boys.     

National Diet and Nutrition Survey: UK food consumption and nutrient intakes from the first year of the rolling programme and comparisons with previous surveys

The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) is a cross-sectional survey designed to gather data representative of the UK population on food consumption, nutrient intakes and nutritional status. The objectives of the present paper were to identify and describe food consumption and nutrient intakes in the UK from the first year of the NDNS rolling programme (2008-09) and compare these with the 2000-01 NDNS of adults aged 19-64 years and the 1997 NDNS of young people aged 4-18 years. Differences in median daily food consumption and nutrient intakes between the surveys were compared by sex and age group (4-10 years, 11-18 years and 19-64 years). There were no changes in energy, total fat or carbohydrate intakes between the surveys. Children aged 4-10 years had significantly lower consumption of soft drinks (not low calorie), crisps and savoury snacks and chocolate confectionery in 2008-09 than in 1997 (all P?相似文献   

Urinary sex steroid excretion levels during a soy intervention among young girls: a pilot study

Soy intake early in life may protect against breast cancer later in life, possibly by altering sex hormone metabolism. We evaluated the feasibility of assessing urinary sex steroid excretion among 20 young girls aged 8-14 yr in an 8-wk trial. The girls consumed one daily soy serving, collected weekly overnight urine samples, and reported Tanner stages for breast and pubic hair development. Sex steroid excretion was measured in duplicate by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and adjusted for urinary creatinine. The respective coefficients of variation for estrone, estradiol, estriol, testosterone, pregnanediol were 11.4%, 10.4%, 8.4%, 12.8%, and 4.6%. The statistical analysis included t-tests, Spearman's correlations, and analysis of variance. Seventeen girls completed the study and showed good compliance with the intervention strategy. We observed nonsignificant increases in total androgens (0.11 microg/mg creatinine) and total estrogens (0.001 microg/mg creatinine) and a nonsignificant decrease in pregnanediol (-0.03 microg/mg creatinine) during the study period. Higher Tanner stages for pubic hair development were associated with ninefold higher estrogen, fourfold higher androgen, and twofold higher pregnanediol excretions (P=0.01, P<0.001, and P=0.047, respectively). Similar differences were observed after stratification by breast development and menarcheal status. The association of sex steroid levels with pubertal development supports the validity of the sex steroid measurements.     

Breakfast consumption affects adequacy of total daily intake in children

Breakfast consumption patterns were assessed for 467 10-year-old children (59% white, 50% girls), who were interviewed in 1984–1985 or in 1987–1988. Consumption patterns were then related to mean daily nutrient intake patterns. More whites (56%) and more girls (46%) ate breakfast at home, whereas more blacks (58%) and more boys (49%) ate breakfast at school. Results indicated that 16% of all children skipped breakfast; the highest percentage was in black girls (24%). Breakfast consumption made a significant contribution to the child's mean daily nutrient intake. The average total energy intake was significantly lower for children who did not consume breakfast (mean = 1,821 kcal) and for children who consumed breakfast at home (mean = 2,098 kcal) compared with children who consumed breakfast at school (mean = 2,326 kcal). A similar pattern was noted for macronutrient contribution. Percentage of total energy from fat was lower in children who did not eat breakfast (34%) compared with those who did (37% to 39%), yet percentage of energy from carbohydrate was higher (53%) in children who did not eat breakfast. Children who skipped breakfast did not make up the differences in dietary intakes at other meals. A higher percentage of children who did not consume breakfast compared with those who ate breakfast did not meet two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamins and minerals. These data confirm the importance of breakfast to overall dietary quality and adequacy in school-age children.     

Longitudinal assessment of micronutrient intake among African-American and white girls: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study

OBJECTIVE: Low intakes of micronutrients among adolescents may be linked to long-term health risks, especially in African-American girls. This report describes intake of key micronutrients relative to the Dietary Reference Intakes in a sample of African-American and white girls. DESIGN: Longitudinal analyses used data from 3-day food records collected in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Subjects included 1,166 white and 1,213 African-American girls (aged 9 to 18 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimated usual daily intakes of vitamins A, E, C, D, B-6, B-12, magnesium, folate, calcium, and zinc were compared to the Adequate Intake (for vitamin D and calcium) or the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (all other micronutrients). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Usual daily intake of each micronutrient was estimated. For nutrients with an EAR, the EAR cut-point method was used to assess the prevalence of low nutrient intakes. Mixed models were used to identify age and racial differences in usual daily intake of each nutrient. RESULTS: African-American girls consumed less vitamin A and D, calcium, and magnesium compared to white girls. Regardless of race, a substantial percentage of girls had intakes below the EAR: vitamin E (81.2% to 99.0%), magnesium (24.0% to 94.5%), folate (46.0% to 87.3%). Intakes of vitamins A, D, and C; calcium; and magnesium decreased across years. As girls aged, there was an increasing proportion with intakes below the EAR for vitamins A, C, B-6, and B-12. CONCLUSIONS: Food and nutrition professionals should continue to educate adolescent girls, especially those who are African American, about the importance of a nutrient-dense diet for optimum health.     

Nutrient intake and food consumption among pregnant women from an agricultural region of Morocco

This study aimed to assess dietary intake and nutrient adequacy in pregnant women selected from an agricultural region of Morocco. On a sample of 172 pregnant women from rural and urban area, data on socio-demographic characteristics and dietary habits by a quantified food frequency were collected using questionnaires. Mean daily intakes of energy and nutrients were estimated and compared to reference nutrient intakes (RNI). The results show that the mean daily intakes of energy (3110.9 kcal in urban; 2707.5 kcal in rural) and some nutrients were adequate. However, iron, folate, zinc and calcium intakes were inadequate for the majority of women and more markedly in rural area. Education level appeared to affect nutrient intakes while no differences were registered across pregnancy stages or according to household size. The study suggests that an education program should be conducted to improve dietary intakes in order to prevent risks for pregnancy outcome in this population.     

义乌市城区学龄儿童性发育现状分析

目的 了解义乌市城区学龄儿童性发育现状,比较义乌地区与全国水平的差异。方法 于2016年9-10月分层整群抽取义乌市城区2所小学学龄儿童共1 026名(男578名,女448名),按照统一标准测量其身高、体重、腰围和臀围等。青春期发育指标为女童乳房发育和男童睾丸发育Tanner分期。结果 1)女童9岁组乳房发育到达B2期占18%,B3期及以上达11.5%;男童10岁组睾丸开始发育达8.9%,G3期及以上达1.1%;2)男童超重及肥胖分别占16.1%和13.0%,女童超重及肥胖分别占7.2%和12.6%;3)男童睾丸容积与年龄、身高、体重、BMI、腰围均呈正相关,与年龄相关性最强;4)男童和女童各年龄段超重组及肥胖组开始青春发育比例均高于正常组。结论 义乌市城区学龄儿童性发育水平高于全国平均水平,应引起重视。