经导管主动脉瓣置换治疗进展

主动脉瓣狭窄(aortic stenosis,AS)是常见的成人瓣膜疾病之一,美国75岁以上人群发病率为4.6%,在美国是位于冠状动脉(冠脉)粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)和高血压病之后第3位常见心血管疾病。患者可以保持很长时间的无     

经导管主动脉瓣植入方法和支架主动脉瓣的发展

本文介绍了经导管介入治疗主动脉瓣狭窄的进展,主要就支架主动脉瓣的产品和手术入路的选择方面进行了总结和回顾。     

经导管主动脉瓣置换的并发症

自2002年进行了世界上首例经导管主动脉瓣膜置换(transcatheter aortic valve implant,TAVI)治疗主动脉狭窄,世界各地的研究均表明:对于无法进行外科主动脉瓣膜置换(aortic valve replacement,AVR)或外科AVR手术存在高风险的患者,这项新技术是安全有效的。尽管进行TAVI手术的多为高风险患者,但手术成功后30 d生存率高于90%,     

经导管主动脉瓣介入置换

经导管主动脉瓣置换经过几十年的发展,从2002年首次应用于人类后,现在已经取得了明显的进步,目前主要用于外科手术高风险的主动脉瓣狭窄患者,随着操作技巧和瓣膜系统的改进,未来可能会成为传统外科手术的替代方案.     

经导管主动脉瓣置换的介入瓣膜的现状及展望

经导管主动脉瓣置换术（TAVR）经过最近几年快速发展已经取得巨大进步。迄今为止全球接受TAVR的患者数已近3万例,已成为无法耐受传统手术患者的标准备选治疗措施。从目前已临床应用的介入瓣膜到正在实验研究的新型介入瓣膜可以看出,未来介入瓣膜的发展目标是尺寸更小、长期有效、安全性高、并发症少、操作简单及定位精准。随着TAVR的推广,新型介入瓣的研发,操作者经验的积累,以及长期随访的开展,将给TAVR提供更科学的病例选择标准,减少介入手术的相关并发症,提高更安全有效的治疗效果。未来此项技术还会逐渐扩大适用人群的范围,成为代替传统的主动脉瓣置换术举足轻重的治疗措施。     

经皮冠状动脉介入与经导管主动脉瓣置换术一站式手术的应用

目的探讨重度主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)合并冠心病患者采用经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)与经导管主动脉瓣置换(TAVR)一站式手术的可行性及远期效果。方法本研究为回顾性研究,纳入了5例从2020年1月至2021年8月在我中心完成PCI+TAVR一站式手术的患者,收集患者基线信息、术前超声心动图、主动脉CTA及术后超声心动图资料,出院后1年对患者情况进行随访。结果本研究纳入的5例患者中位年龄77岁,1例患者为女性,中位胸外科医师学会(STS)风险评分为8.25%。术前中位主动脉瓣平均跨瓣压差54mmHg,中位主动脉瓣峰值流速4.7m/s,中位左室舒张末期内径52mm,中位射血分数60%。术中所有患者均先行PCI后再经股动脉全麻下行TAVR。其中4例处理了前降支靶病变,1例处理了回旋支靶病变。术后复查超声心动图提示中位主动脉平均跨瓣压差10mmHg,中位主动脉瓣峰值流速2.2m/s,中位左心室舒张末期内径49mm,中位左室射血分数60%,均无严重主动脉反流及瓣周漏。术后随访1年显示1例患者因房室传导阻滞行永久起搏器置入,无死亡、卒中、心梗、再住院等心脏不良事件发生。结论对于重度AS合并冠心病患者,PCI+TAVR一站式手术的远期效果和安全性良好,具备可行性。     

经导管主动脉瓣植入术研究现状及进展

重度主动脉瓣狭窄是老年人中发病率及病死率较高的疾病,尽管该病的首选治疗手段为手术,但高龄、左心功能不全、体质差或合并多系统严重疾病的患者不能接受手术治疗.经导管主动脉瓣植入术已成为具有手术禁忌及高风险患者的替代疗法.历经10余年的发展,众多的临床研究证实了经导管主动脉瓣植入术的安全性及有效性,欧洲心脏病学会和美国心脏病学会也都相继发布了该技术的适应证、并发症及排除标准.介入治疗经验的积累和瓣膜装置的改进都将推进经导管主动脉瓣植入术的应用.     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄的初步临床疗效分析

目的:总结经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)的初步临床经验。方法:纳入2018年10月-2019年10月于我院接受TAVR治疗的重度AS患者21例,分析其临床资料、手术效果及并发症情况。结果:患者平均年龄(73.71±8.91)岁,男9例,女12例。手术成功率为100%,术后即刻主动脉瓣跨瓣压差较术前明显下降[(7.71±5.32) mmHg∶(100.19±30.13) mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa,P<0.01]。术中联合ECMO支持1例,联合经导管二尖瓣球囊扩张1例,联合经皮冠状动脉支架植入术(PCI)1例,瓣中瓣植入2例。术后消化道出血1例,永久性起搏器植入2例,发热2例,急性脑梗死1例,轻度瓣周漏11例,股动脉穿刺点处假性动脉瘤1例,临时起搏器置入处皮下血肿1例,死亡1例。术后30 d患者症状及心脏超声指标均改善。结论:TAVR治疗外科手术禁忌或高危重度主动脉瓣狭窄相对安全、有效。     

探索经导管主动脉瓣置换术的中国特色康复模式

<正>心脏瓣膜病是临床非常常见的一类心血管疾病,常导致心力衰竭、心律失常、晕厥、甚至猝死,其发病、病因、诊治在发达国家和发展中国家有所不同。随着人口老龄化,瓣膜病的发病逐渐增加,构成比发生变化,老年瓣膜病在发病、治疗策略选择和康复上有其独自特点,再加上近年来新技术和器械的研发和创新,因此成为全世界关注的研究热点。1老年瓣膜病的流行病学美国人群调查研究结果显示,中度以上瓣膜病发病率为2.5%(经标化年龄和性别后),随着年龄的     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗二叶式主动脉瓣畸形的研究进展

二叶式主动脉瓣(BAV)畸形是主动脉瓣畸形中较为常见的一种瓣膜发育异常.目前,经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)是治疗中、高风险BAV患者的重要方法,但一些围术期因素仍是影响患者预后的重要因素.我们通过对TAVR治疗BAV畸形的相关研究进行回顾分析,希望为提高患者的预后提供更多方法.     

Urgent transcatheter aortic valve replacement for severe acute aortic regurgitation following open mitral valve surgery

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is not currently approved for pure native valve aortic incompetence, and is typically performed on a compassionate basis in selected patients who are at high risk for conventional surgery. We describe the first use of TAVR to treat iatrogenic severe acute pure aortic incompetence following mitral valve surgery. A 71‐year‐old gentleman developed life‐threatening acute aortic regurgitation (AR) within hours of a very challenging fifth open heart mitral valve replacement. Careful inspection of echocardiographic and computed tomographic imaging identified the cause as a disrupted left coronary cusp at the commissure caused by the surgical mitral annular reconstruction. Medical management with afterload reduction failed with recurrent pulmonary edema, and a sixth open heart surgery was deemed prohibitively high risk. The lack of aortic annular calcium onto which anchors a transcatheter valve was a concern for TAVR. However, we postulated that the struts of the mitral valve bioprosthesis would offer some support to the TAVR valve. We opted for a self‐expanding system because of concerns about potential unfavorable interaction between the balloon onto which balloon‐expandable bioprosthesis is mounted and the struts of the mitral bioprosthesis, and because the Evolut R system has additional anchoring points at the crown which might enhance transcatheter valve stability in the non‐calcified annulus, compared with the Edwards Sapien system. Transfemoral TAVR, performed with a Medtronic Evolut R 34 mm system under general anesthesia and using moderately rapid ventricular pacing, was successful with minimal residual AR. On follow‐up 1 month later the patient was asymptomatic, and the aortic and mitral bioprostheses were functioning normally on echocardiogram.     

The impact of mitral stenosis on outcomes of aortic valve stenosis patient undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement or transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Background

The concomitant presence of mitral stenosis (MS) in the setting of symptomatic aortic stenosis represent a clinical challenge. Little is known regarding the outcome of mitral stenosis (MS) patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Therefore, we sought to study the outcome of MS patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR).

Method

Using weighted data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database between 2011 and 2014, we identified patients who were diagnosed with MS. Patients who had undergone TAVR as a primary procedure were identified and compared to patients who had SAVR. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed for the outcomes of in‐hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), blood transfusion, postprocedural hemorrhage, vascular, cardiac and respiratory complications, permanent pacemaker placement (PPM), postprocedural stroke, acute kidney injury (AKI), and discharge to an outside facility.

Results

A total of 4524 patients were diagnosed with MS, of which 552 (12.2%) had TAVR and 3972 (87.8%) had SAVR. TAVR patients were older (79.9 vs 70.0) with more females (67.4% vs 60.0%) and African American patients (7.7% vs 7.1%) (P < 0.001). In addition, the TAVR group had more comorbidities compared to SAVR in term of coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic lung disease, hypertension (HTN), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (P < 0.001 for all). Using Multivariate logistic regression, and after adjusting for potential risk factors, TAVR patients had lower in‐hospital mortality (7.9% vs 8.1% adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR], 0.615; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.392–0.964, P = 0.034), shorter LOS. Also, TAVR patients had lower rates of cardiac and respiratory complications, PPM, AKI, and discharge to an outside facility compared with the SAVR group.

Conclusion

In patients with severe aortic stenosis and concomitant mitral stenosis, TAVR is a safe and attractive option for patients undergoing AVR with less complications compared with SAVR.

     

Carotid artery access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement

We report three patients who had successful transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) via carotid artery access. None were candidates for thoracotomy (including minimal access incisions) and had no other vascular access sites that would accommodate the transcatheter valve sheath. Antegrade carotid perfusion and retrograde insertion of the delivery sheath maintained cerebral blood flow without sequelae. Carotid access for TAVR is an option for unusual patients without other access. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Pacemaker dependency after transcatheter aortic valve replacement compared to surgical aortic valve replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a standard treatment indicated for severe aortic stenosis in high-risk patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of pacemaker dependency after permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) following TAVR or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and the risk of mortality at a tertiary center in Korea.In this retrospective study conducted at a single tertiary center, clinical outcomes related to pacemaker dependency were evaluated for patients implanted with pacemakers after TAVR from January 2012 to November 2018 and post-SAVR from January 2005 to May 2015. Investigators reviewed patients’ electrocardiograms and baseline rhythms as well as conduction abnormalities. Pacemaker dependency was defined as a ventricular pacing rate > 90% with an intrinsic rate of <40 bpm during interrogation.Of 511 patients who underwent TAVR for severe AS, 37(7.3%) underwent PPI after a median duration of 6 (3–7) days, whereas pacemakers were implanted after a median interval of 13 (8–28) days post-SAVR in 10 of 663 patients (P < .001). Pacemaker dependency was observed in 36 (97.3%) patients during 7 days immediately post-TAVR and in 25 (64.9%) patients between 8 and 180 days post-TAVR. Pacemaker dependency occurred after 180 days in 17 (50%) patients with TAVR and in 4 (44.4%) patients with SAVR. Twelve (41.4%) patients were pacemaker-dependent after 365 days post-TAVR.Pacemaker dependency did not differ at 6 months after TAVR vs SAVR. In patients undergoing post-TAVR PPI, 58.6% were not pacemaker-dependent at 1 year after the TAVR procedure.     

Long-term outlook for transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) revolutionized the treatment of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS). TAVR is increasingly offered for lower-risk patients. The role and place of TAVR in the future treatment of AS is not clear yet. In this review, we discuss the long-term outlook for TAVR, its challenges and its relationship to conventional surgical aortic valve replacement.