导管相关的医源性主动脉夹层及主动脉壁间血肿临床治疗经验

目的:导管相关的医源性主动脉夹层及主动脉壁间血肿发生率较低且相关报道有限,介绍和探讨我中心对此种并发症的临床治疗经验以及其临床效果。方法:在2016年5月至2018年1月期间,安贞医院共有8例因导管检查和治疗导致医源性主动脉夹层及主动脉壁间血肿患者,1例发生在心脏电生理检查和射频消融操作过程中,7例发生在冠状动脉造影检查及冠状动脉介入支架治疗操作过程中。3例为A型主动脉壁间血肿,1例为右冠状动脉窦局限性夹层,4例为A型主动脉夹层。4例(3例A型主动脉壁间血肿、1例局限性夹层)行保守治疗,4例A型主动脉夹层行急诊手术治疗。对8例患者均行定期随访及主动脉CTA复查。结果:1例保守治疗的A型主动脉壁间血肿患者1个月后再发胸痛,主动脉弓新发主动脉溃疡,行手术治疗。8例患者无住院死亡,且均无脑梗死、截瘫、心力衰竭等严重发症,远期随访结果均存活且恢复良好。结论:导管相关的医源性主动脉夹层及主动脉壁间血肿是一种发生率较低的并发症,但是出现此并发症可以导致严重的后果,通过对病情的综合判断采用合理的保守治疗和外科治疗方法都可以得到较理想的临床效果。     

主动脉壁间血肿的治疗与转归

目的：总结主动脉壁间血肿（aortic intramural hematoma,AIMH）的治疗选择与转归,以指导临床.方法：回顾分析北京大学人民医院2009年1月至2013年4月间,共收治AIMH患者16例,A型5例,B型11例.分析患者特征及治疗选择,电话及门诊随访确定治疗效果.结果：16例患者10例药物治疗,4例介入治疗,2例外科手术治疗,1例药物治疗患者死亡,其余患者均痊愈出院,随访1 ～48个月,平均13.3个月,1例失访,其余患者均存活.结论：AIMH是一组需要临床重视并积极治疗的主动脉病变,应根据其病理特征选择合适治疗方案.     

主动脉壁间血肿23例临床分析

主动脉壁间血肿（IMH）是指血肿位于主动脉管壁内,没有内膜撕裂口,导致主动脉管壁的局限性增厚,是一种特殊类型的主动脉夹层,也被认为是典型主动脉夹层的前期病变。主动脉壁间血肿临床症状与主动脉夹层相似,但其影像学表现及发病机制不同于主动脉夹层。国内目前关于主动脉壁间血肿的临床分析较少,     

A型主动脉壁间血肿的单中心治疗经验

目的:总结我院A型主动脉壁间血肿(IMH)的治疗经验,探讨其治疗策略.方法:回顾性纳入2015年1月至2020年12月我院收治的135例急性A型IMH患者,根据病情分为稳定型(n=43)和不稳定型(n=92)A型IMH患者.稳定型A型IMH患者主要采用药物治疗,不稳定型A型IMH患者首选手术治疗.结果:在43例稳定型A...     

主动脉壁间血肿误诊为急性腹痛1例报告

在急性主动脉综合征中,主动脉壁间血肿（IMH）是潜在致命的急症之一。它的主要危险并发症是进展为主动脉夹层,导致主动脉破裂、形成主动脉瘤或者完全吸收,早期诊断和治疗至关重要。但是,并不是所有IMH患者都具有典型的临床表现,早期诊断困难,容易引起误诊。IMH仅以急性腹痛起病实属罕见,笔者报道了1例以急性腹痛起病的68岁老年男性患者,最初误诊为其他腹部疾病,后经影像学检查得以确诊。急诊医师对仅表现为急腹症的IMH肿应引起注意,以做到早期诊断和处理。     

覆膜血管内支架置入治疗B型主动脉夹层的临床应用研究

目的:评价覆膜血管内支架置入治疗B型主动脉夹层的疗效。方法:180例B型主动脉夹层,男158例,女22例,年龄(50．4±10．9)岁。术前行计算机体层摄影术(CT)增强扫描检查。在数字减影血管造影(DSA)监测下选用覆膜血管内支架封堵夹层原发破口。置入后即刻重复DSA检查。随访行胸部X线平片与CT增强扫描检查。结果:技术成功率99．4％(179／180),1例支架位置过高,行外科升主动脉-左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉搭桥术。术后即刻造影160例无内漏,18例少量内漏,2例中量内漏近段加短袖套支架(Cuff)后内漏消失;降主动脉真腔明显扩大,腹主动脉及分支供血均有不同程度的改善。术后随访(18．6±7．2)个月,18例少量内漏12例6个月内消失、6例无加重;21例支架段假腔消失,余者近端假腔内均有血栓形成;1例支架远端形成假性动脉瘤破裂死亡。结论:覆膜血管内支架置入治疗B型主动脉夹层安全有效,近、中期疗效满意,远期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

主动脉覆膜血管内支架治疗DebakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层的临床疗效

目的 总结主动脉覆膜血管内支架治疗DebakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层的临床疗效.方法 选取本院2009年8月至2014年7月经CT增强扫描确诊为DebakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层的患者63例,从股动脉植入主动脉覆膜血管内支架,封堵破口.植入后重复进行血管造影检查.结果 血管内支架植入全部成功.术后造影60例无内漏,3例轻度内漏,1例出现左上肢缺血.随访CT检查1～3年,未出现脊髓损伤、支架移位等并发症,大部分胸背痛等症状消失.结论 主动脉覆膜血管内支架是治疗胸主动脉瘤的有效方法,近期疗效满意.     

胸主动脉腔内修复术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层

目的 总结胸主动脉腔内修复术（thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR）治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析134例Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料,分析并发症发生的原因及随访近、远期效果.结果 术前死亡4例,未手术1例,施行TEVAR 129例,手术操作均成功,部分封堵左锁骨下动脉27例（20.9％）,完全封闭左锁骨下动脉12例（9.3％）;Ⅰ型内漏13例（10.1％）,夹层逆剥为Stanford A型1例,低氧血症23例（17.8％）,肾功能衰竭需血液滤过9例（7.1％）,术后精神症状37例（28.7％）,脑梗死3例.随访2个月～5年,随访110例,随访率85.7％,1例术后1年和1.5年出现支架远端夹层,两次手术植入覆膜支架,部分封闭了腹腔干动脉,1例术后2个月时因肠梗阻在外院行手术治疗,1例术后4年时支架远端发生夹层破裂死亡,1例术后3个月突然死亡.Ⅰ型内漏消失11例,持续存在2例.结论 急诊TEVAR治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层安全、可靠,近期效果良好,加强并发症的防治,可进一步改善临床效果.     

腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层210例分析

目的评价腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的疗效和安全性。方法收集2002年4月至2010年10月于沈阳军区总医院行主动脉腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层210例资料,年龄(53.4±11.1)岁。经股动脉切开置入覆膜支架封堵胸主动脉破裂口,置入后造影检查证实疗效;合并严重冠状动脉狭窄者于腔内隔绝术后3～7 d完成经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)。观察介入治疗的疗效。结果腔内隔绝术成功率100%,共置入208枚主体覆膜支架及13枚cuff支架。20例患者完全封闭左锁骨下动脉开口,无左上肢及脑供血不足症状。26例患者行PCI成功率100%,对32支靶血管共置入36枚冠状动脉支架,无出血、心肌梗死等并发症。患者术后平均随访(60±35)个月,随访率96.6%(201/208)。33例出现腔内隔绝术后综合征,13例术后有残余内漏,其中8例残余内漏于术后3个月自行封闭。术后半年,3例再发升主动脉夹层,1例发生截瘫。术后1年,1例发生迟发性内漏。行PCI患者无主要心脏不良事件发生。本组共死亡6例,其中与腔内隔绝术有关死亡4例,分别发生在术后1 h、术后5 d、出院后2 d、15 d,与腔内隔绝术无关死亡2例,分别问胃癌晚期和肺心病。结论腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层近期及长期疗效好、并发症低。合并冠心病患者择期二次行PCI安全可行。     

经皮主动脉内覆膜支架技术治疗DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层

目的：探讨经皮主动脉内覆膜支架技术治疗DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层的疗效。方法：回顾性分析采用经皮主动脉内覆膜支架技术治疗DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层患者64例的临床资料。结果：64例手术均成功。术后48h内,1例出现TIA1次,1例出现上消化道出血,2例出现脑梗死,1例出现肾功能损害并于10d后恢复。术后追踪随访6～12个月,无截瘫发生,胸背剧痛等症状均消失。结论：经皮主动脉内覆膜支架技术治疗DeBakeylⅢ型主动脉夹层近期效果满意,但需合理选择适应证,术前、后应合理控制血压。     

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文章论述主动脉夹层(AD)、主动脉壁间血肿(出血)、主动脉穿透性溃疡的影像学诊断的进展,并讨论三者的关系,提出影像学检查在诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要的作用。     

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair and optimal medical treatment for acute type B penetrating aortic ulcer associated with intramural hematoma

To compare the safety and efficacy of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and optimal medical treatment (OMT) for type B penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU) associated with intramural hematoma (IMH). From January 2015 to December 2018, 68 consecutive patients with acute type B PAU associated with IMH were enrolled in the study. TEVAR was performed following initially OMT in 30 patients (group A), and OMT was performed in 38 patients (group B). Primary outcome was aortic-related mortality. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, aortic-related adverse events, and complete aortic remodeling. There was no significant difference in the baseline characteristics of patients among the 2 groups except for the depth of PAU and the thickness of IMH. Patients in group B had a significant higher risk of aortic-related mortality (13.3% vs 0%, P = .045), as the same to aortic-related adverse events during follow-up. Compared to OMT, TEVAR contributed to the favorable aortic remodeling more significantly during the mid-term follow-up (85.7% vs 18.2%, P < .001). Comparing with optimal medical repair, TEVAR for patients with PAU associated with IMH could promote the favorable aortic remolding more significantly and result in lower aortic-related mortality during mid-term follow-up. It should be considered as the first-line therapeutic option when intervention is required.     

A case report of type I acute aortic intramural hematoma with localized dissection as a complication of renal artery stenting.

Percutaneous renal artery stenting has been demonstrated as an effective procedure to improve blood pressure control and preserve renal function of patients with artherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Although it is a relatively safe procedure, some serious complications, including retroperitoneal hemorrhage, atheroembolism, and arterial dissection, can occur. However, development of aortic intramural hematoma (AIH), a different clinical disease entity from the aortic dissection, has not been reported as a complication of the procedure. We report a unique case with AIH that was successfully treated with medication. A 71-year-old woman with uncontrolled hypertension underwent percutaneous renal artery stenting for treatment of the ostial stenosis of the right renal artery. Immediately after implantation of the stent, she complained of severe back pain and her systolic blood pressure dropped from 170 to 80 mm Hg. Aortography showed about 5 cm-sized localized dissection arising from the ostium of the right renal artery; however, computerized tomography (CT) scans taken immediately after the procedure revealed DeBakey type I AIH with a localized dissection from the right renal artery and pericardial effusion. Because of her refusal to take surgical intervention, which is a standard treatment, she was stabilized with intensive medical treatment. After 14 days of stabilization, AIH and pericardial effusion resolved on the follow-up CT scans. Her blood pressure was well controlled with oral antihypertensive medications and she was discharged without other complication.     

Different clinical features of aortic intramural hematoma versus dissection involving the descending thoracic aorta

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that the absence of flow communication in aortic intramural hematoma (IMH) involving the descending aorta may have a different clinical course compared with aortic dissection (AD). METHODS: We prospectively evaluated clinical and echocardiographic data in AD (76 patients) and IMH (27 patients) of the descending thoracic aorta. RESULTS: Patients did not differ with regard to age, gender, or clinical presentation. IMH and AD had the same predictors of complications at follow-up: aortic diameter (>5 cm) at diagnosis and persistent back pain. Surgical treatment was more frequently selected in AD (39% vs. 22%, P < 0.01) and AD patients who underwent surgical treatment had higher mortality than those with IMH (36% vs. 17%, P < 0.01). There was no difference in mortality with medical treatment (14% in AD vs. 19% in IMH, P = 0.7). During follow-up, of 23 patients with IMH, 11 (47%) showed complete resolution or regression, 6 (26%) increased the diameter of the descending aorta, and typical AD developed in 3 patients (13%). No changes occurred in 14% of the group. Three-year survival rate did not show significant differences between both groups (82 +/- 6% in IMH vs. 75 +/- 7% in AD, P = 0.37). CONCLUSION: IMH of the descending thoracic aorta has a relatively frequent rate of complications at follow-up, including dissection and aneurysm formation. Medical treatment with very frequent imaging and timed elective surgery in cases with complications allows a better patient management.     

Outcomes of medically treated patients with aortic intramural hematoma

PURPOSE: Aortic intramural hematoma has been considered a precursor of aortic dissection, and the same treatment strategy, usually involving surgery, has been applied to both conditions. However, the outcomes of patients with aortic intramural hematoma who are treated medically, including the remodeling process that occurs after an acute event, are not known. SUBJECT AND METHODS: A total of 124 patients with acute aortic intramural hematoma (41 in the proximal aorta and 83 in the distal aorta) was enrolled from five institutions in South Korea. Patients received medical treatment without surgery. A follow-up imaging study was performed in 105 patients. RESULTS: Pericardial (59% [n = 24] vs. 11% [n = 9], P <0.004) and pleural effusions (63% [n = 26] vs. 45% [n = 37], P = 0.05) were more common in patients with the proximal type than in those with the distal type. In-hospital mortality was somewhat higher with proximal hematomas (7% [n = 3 deaths] vs. 1% [n = 1 death], P = 0.11). A follow-up imaging study in 36 patients with proximal hematomas confirmed resorption of the hematoma in 24 patients (67%) and development of aortic dissection in 9 (25%). Resorption was confirmed in 54 (78%) of the 69 patients with distal hematomas who underwent follow-up imaging; localized aortic dissection developed in 11 (16%) of these patients. The 3-year survival rate was 78% in the proximal type and 87% in the distal type (P = 0.10). CONCLUSION: Patients with aortic intramural hematoma had a high rate of resorption with medical treatment regardless of the affected site. Further investigation is necessary to determine the optimal treatment strategy and timing of surgical intervention, especially for patients with proximal hematomas.     

Endovascular repair for retrograde type A intramural hematoma with focal intimal disruption in descending aorta

BackgroundThis study aims to report the experience of a single center using thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) to treat retrograde type A intramural hematoma (IMH) with focal intimal disruption (FID) in descending aorta.MethodsA total of 24 consecutive patients with retrograde type A IMH and complicated with FID in descending aorta underwent TEVAR in our center from 2015 to 2020. Their clinical data, imaging manifestation and follow-up results were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed.ResultsThe median age of patients was 57.9 years (range, 42–80 years) and 18 were men (75%). As the preoperative CT angiography showed, the 24 patients developed IMH complicated with different kinds of FIDs in descending aorta [5 had intramural blood pool (IBP), 15 had ulcer-like projection (ULP), 2 had penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU), and 5 had localized dissection]. Successful deployment of aortic stent graft was achieved in all patients. There was no endoleak, stent graft migration, spinal cord ischemia, stroke, or 30-day mortality observed after TEVAR. The median duration of follow-up was 30.0 months (range, 3–60 months). As the last follow-up CT angiography showed, most of the patients (23 in 24, 96%) had favorable aortic remodeling. The maximum hematoma thicknesses and maximum diameters of both ascending and descending aorta were significantly decreased. During follow-up, 1 patient developed retrograde type A aortic dissection (RAAD) and underwent open surgery 3 months after TEVAR. 1 patient died of lung cancer 2 years later. There was no aorta-related death observed.ConclusionsTEVAR provides a safe and effective treatment strategy for selected patients with retrograde type A IMH, and FID developed in descending aorta could be the possible treatment target. However, RAAD remains one of the most serious postoperative complications of concern.     

The usefulness of contrast-enhanced echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of intramural hematoma and aortic dissection: A case report

Contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE) plays an important role in the diagnosis of intramural hematoma (IMH) and aortic dissection (AD), and is also necessary for the adequate management from the assessment of findings. We hereby present an interesting case in which cTTE provides additional value over contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis and the morphological characterization of IMH and AD. A 58-year-old man presented to the emergency department with intermittent chest pain. After emergency consultation, an enhanced CT scan showed an acute aortic intramural hematoma involving aortic arch and descending aorta. Nevertheless, the entry tear and false lumen flow direction were identified by cTTE, which suggested an acute type B AD.     

Endovascular stent-grafts treatment in acute aortic dissection (type B): clinical outcomes during early, late, or chronic phases.

OBJECTIVE: This is a prospective study to evaluate the clinical outcomes of endovascular repair in patients with different phases of type B aortic dissection. BACKGROUND: Endovascular repairing with stent-grafts is an innovative technique for type B acute aortic dissection. There is no previous study regarding outcomes in different time phases. METHODS: Sixty-two patients underwent endovascular stent-grafts. There were 23 in the early phase (<24 hr), 20 in the late phase (>or=24 hr to 2 weeks), and 19 in the chronic phase (>2 weeks). RESULTS: The early phase group had the lowest ratio of stent-grafts to patient and the shortest stent-graft length. The chronic phase group had the largest diameter of false lumen. The technical success rate was 100%; no patient died within hospital. Three patients died within 30 days, with the same death rate in every group. Compared with acute patients, the chronic group had a higher volume of contrast, a higher creatinine post-procedure, and a higher incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that creatinine and endoleak were independent factors in predicting late death (95% CI, 3.4-26%, P < 0.01). The overall cardiovascular event-free survival was 88.9% +/- 2.1% at 30 days, 87.2% +/- 4.1% at 1 year, and 81.4% +/- 6.3% at 2 years. CT angiography identified the complete or partial thrombosis of the false lumen to be 95.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular repairing with stent-graft is safe, feasible, and able to treat type B aortic dissection in all phases. However, chronic renal dysfunction was an independent factor which contributed to a lower survival rate of chronic phase patients.