胸腔镜术前CT引导下Hook-wire定位肺内结节性病灶

目的 评价肺内结节性病灶胸腔镜术前CT引导下定位的可行性、安全性和临床价值.方法 68例行CT检查并接受胸腔镜切除术的患者,共74个难以定性的结节性病灶,术前皆行CT引导下Hook-wire定位.根据手术结果,评价术前CT引导下Hook-wire定位技术的失败率、并发症发生率、胸腔镜手术转为开胸手术的概率.结果 68例患者74个结节行胸腔镜切除术,术前CT引导下Hook-wire定位全部成功(100.0%);无症状并发症发生率70.6%(48/68),其中无症状气胸45.6%(31/68)、无症状出血25.0%(17/68),同时发生气胸和出血者4.4%(3/68);胸腔镜手术时间平均(15±6)min;中转开胸手术2例;住院时间平均为(15±6)d.肺内结节性病灶术后组织学诊断结果为:原发性肺癌30个,转移瘤18个,非恶性结节26个.结论 胸腔镜术前CT引导下Hook-wire定位结节病灶,中转开胸手术率低、安全快捷,对于肺内结节性病灶的定性诊断及制定治疗方案具有重要的指导意义.     

CT-gesteuerte Lungenherdmarkierung vor minimal-invasiver Operation

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is an established method for resection of suspicious pulmonary lesions. However, there are problems to detect small subpleural lesions. A procedure for localization of such lesions will be demonstrated. Since may 2000 our experience includes 5 patients (4m, 1f) suffering from solitary pulmonary lesions. In preparation of VATS a CT-guided marking was carried out using both a lasermarker system as well as a special marker system for lung lesions. All 5 procedures were successful. With the laser system the pulmonary nodule was exactly marked and the special wire was placed without any complications. Consequently, the pulmonary nodule was fixed. During video-assisted wedge resection the nodule can be tracted outside. Operating time was reduced in comparison to time consuming search of unmarked lesions. The combined application of CT-guided marking, transthoracic fixation of pulmonary nodule and VATS is recommended preoperatively. It should apply in lesions, which are located subpleural and thoracoscopically not visible.     

拟诊肺癌患者肺额外结节切除术前介入定位

目的 探讨CT引导微弹簧圈定位电视辅助胸腔镜手术(VATS)切除拟诊肺癌患者肺部额外小结节病灶的价值.方法 对11例拟诊肺癌患者的肺部额外小结节行CT引导下微弹簧圈术前定位.微弹簧圈前端位于靶病灶旁,尾部留置于胸膜表面.之后24 h内行VATS切除,进行肺部主要病灶与额外靶病灶的手术及病理综合评估,选择合适的手术方式进行切除.结果 VATS成功切除术前定位的11个肺小结节病灶(直径4~15 mm),9个病灶的定位用微弹簧圈留尾于肺脏层胸膜表面.定位操作均无严重并发症出现.手术另外切除包含11个肺部主要病灶的16个肺内病灶,获得肺内病灶全面的手术及病理评估结果.结论 微弹簧圈术前定位方法为VATS完成切除并评估拟诊肺癌患者肺内多发病灶提供新的思路.     

Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Resection without Intraoperative Fluoroscopy after CT-Guided Microcoil Localization of Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules

The aim of this brief report is to determine the safety and reliability of minimally invasive video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) resection without the aid of intraoperative fluoroscopy after computed tomography (CT)–guided microcoil localization of small peripheral pulmonary nodules. Twenty patients with peripheral lung nodules underwent percutaneous needle localization with a microcoil that was tagged back to the visceral pleural surface. Same-day VATS resection was performed without the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy. All 20 nodules were successfully localized in the CT procedure room, and all 20 nodules were resected with negative margins and no major complications.     

Localization of pulmonary nodules using suture-ligated microcoils

Percutaneous localization of pulmonary nodules in five patients was performed utilizing suture-ligated embolization microcoils and CT guidance. Each localization was performed prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection of the targeted nodules. Each suture-ligated microcoil was placed within 1.0 cm of the targeted pulmonary nodule. The attached suture served as a guide to direct accurate resection of the nodules. This technique is easily performed and provides a reliable alternative to nodule localization prior to thoracoscopic resection.     

Methylene Blue/Collagen Mixture for CT-Guided Presurgical Lung Nodule Marking: High Efficacy and Safety

PurposeTo assess outcomes of computed tomography (CT)-guided methylene blue/collagen marking of preoperative lung nodules before video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS).Materials and MethodsA retrospective cohort study assessing 25 methylene blue/collagen solution CT-guided lung nodule localization procedures on 26 nodules in 25 patients was performed. The procedures were performed by a fellowship-trained radiologist 1–2 hours before scheduled surgery under local anesthesia. Approximately 4–6 ml of methylene blue/collagen solution was injected in a perinodular location under CT guidance with a 19-gauge trocar needle and along the track to the visceral pleural surface. Post-procedural CT images confirmed appropriate lung nodule location marking.ResultsPerinodular CT-guided trocar needle placement was achieved in all marking procedures (n = 26/26). Increased consolidation near the target nodule was also demonstrated in all patients on the post-procedural localized CT scans. One patient with moderate emphysema developed a small to moderate-sized pneumothorax (∼20%–30%), and an 8-Fr thoracentesis catheter was placed under CT guidance before surgery. There was no bleeding or hemoptysis in any patient. Methylene blue/collagen solution was readily visible by the thoracic surgeon in association with all target nodules. One patient required conversion to open procedure due to the proximal portion of the right lower lobe pulmonary artery segmental branch. Of the 26 identified nodules, pathology specimens confirmed the adequacy of nodule resection in all cases.ConclusionsPreoperative CT-guided methylene blue/collagen solution injection offers a safe and highly effective technique for marking subpleural lung nodules undergoing VATS or RATS.     

Purposeful Creation of a Pneumothorax and Chest Tube Placement to Facilitate CT-Guided Coil Localization of Lung Nodules before Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgical Wedge Resection

PurposeTo evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of pneumothorax creation and chest tube insertion before computed tomography (CT)–guided coil localization of small peripheral lung nodules for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical (VATS) wedge resection.Materials and MethodsFrom May 2011 to October 2013, 21 consecutive patients (seven men; mean age, 62 y; range, 42–76 y) scheduled for VATS wedge resection required CT-guided coil localization for small, likely nonpalpable peripheral lung lesions at a single institution. Outcomes were evaluated retrospectively for technical success and complications.ResultsThere were 12 nodules and nine ground-glass opacities. Mean lesion distance from the pleural surface was 15 mm (range, 5–35 mm), and average size was 13 mm (range, 7–30 mm). A pneumothorax was successfully created in all patients with a Veress needle, and a chest tube was inserted. All target lesions were marked successfully, leaving one end of the coil within/beyond the lesion and the other end of the coil in the pleural space. The inserted chest tube was used to insufflate air to widen the pleural space during coil positioning and to aspirate any residual air before transfer of the patient to the operating room holding area. Intraparenchymal hemorrhages smaller than 7 cm in diameter developed in two patients during coil placement. All lesions were successfully resected with VATS. Histologic examinaiton revealed 13 primary adenocarcinomas, four metastases, and four benign lesions.ConclusionsPneumothorax creation and chest tube placement before CT-guided coil localization of peripheral lung nodules for VATS wedge resection facilitates the deployment of the peripheral end of the coil in the pleural space and provides effective management of procedure-related pneumothorax until surgery.     

Modified Microcoil for Preoperative Localization of Solitary Pulmonary Nodules: A Prospective,Single-Arm,Multicenter Clinical Study

PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of placement of a modified microcoil for precise preoperative localization of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) before video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).Materials and MethodsThis prospective, single-arm, multicenter study included patients who underwent computed tomography (CT)-guided modified microcoil insertion prior to SPN resection by VATS between January 2018 and June 2018. The patient demographics, nodule characteristics, and histopathologic findings were recorded. The primary endpoints included efficacy and safety.ResultsA total of 96 patients (41 men and 55 women; mean age, 59.3 years ± 8.9) with 96 SPNs were eligible for enrolment in the study. The mean maximal transverse diameter of the nodules was 10.3 mm ± 5.2 (range, 8–20 mm). The mean time between CT-guided microcoil insertion and the start of the surgical procedure was 14.6 hours (range, 12–24 hours). The duration of the preoperative CT-guided microcoil localization procedure was 29 minutes ± 9 (range, 10–35 minutes), and the intraoperative fluoroscopy time was 0.7 minutes ± 0.7 (range, 0.5–3 minutes). The clinical success rate was 96.9% (93/96), and all nodules were successfully resected using VATS. One patient experienced asymptomatic pneumothorax, but there were no cases of pulmonary hemorrhage.ConclusionsSPN localization with the modified microcoil is feasible and safe. The modified microcoil can facilitate the thoracoscopic resection of SPNs.     

CT-guided color marking of impalpable pulmonary nodules prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

ObjectivesTo investigate the utility and complications of computed tomography (CT)-guided color marking of impalpable pulmonary nodules for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical resection.MethodsThis retrospective single institutional study has obtained Institutional Review Board approval. A total of 174 patients with 207 undiagnosed peripheral lesions of the lung were enrolled who had undergone preoperative computed tomography-guided color marking using colored collagen followed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) from December 2015 to September 2018.ResultsAll nodules (mean 14.0 mm, range 3.0–30.0 mm) were successfully marked by computed tomography-guided color marking, and 96.0% cases (167/174) were localized by means of intraoperative fluoroscopy as clear spots. Minor pneumothorax with a median volume of 3.8 mL (range 0.2–119.0 mL) occurred in 12 patients (6.9%) who were completely asymptomatic and were not in serious condition. No patient required a chest tube. No major bleeding complication occurred, and no air emboli were seen. No intra- or post-operative mortality of VATS was observed.ConclusionsPreoperative CT-guided color marking of impalpable pulmonary nodules is a safe and effective procedure that allows for successful surgical resection.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺钢丝爪钩定位技术在肺部小结节电视胸腔镜手术前的应用

目的：于电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）前使用CT引导下经皮穿刺钢丝爪钩定位技术对肺部小结节进行精准定位,分析该技术对术中切除病灶的准确性与安全性的指导作用。 方法：选取2016年3月至2018年3月普洱市人民医院收治的孤立性肺部小结节患者36例,在CT引导下经皮穿刺钢丝爪钩定位针对肺部小结节进行穿刺定位,定位完成后再行VATS切除病灶,分析该方法的穿刺成功率、定位时间及并发症发生情况。 结果：36例患者的肺部小结节直径为（15±10）mm,CT引导下穿刺定位成功率100%（36/36）,定位时间为（17.0±2.6）min。4例患者在定位后行全肺扫描见少量气胸,肺压缩<5%;7例患者出现少量定位区域出血,出血量<10 ml,未行特殊处理;所有患者在局麻失效后均出现穿刺点异物感或呼吸时轻微刺痛;均未出现剧烈疼痛、血气胸、咯血、剧烈咳嗽和空气栓塞等严重并发症。定位完成后VATS术中探查定位针无脱落和移位。 结论：肺部小结节切除术前使用CT引导下经皮穿刺钢丝爪钩定位技术对病灶进行定位安全可靠,可有效提高肺小结节VATS术中病灶切除的准确性。     

Peripheral pulmonary nodules: preoperative percutaneous needle localization with CT guidance.

Despite recent advances in endoscopic surgical techniques, small nonpalpable peripheral pulmonary nodules may not be amenable to thoracoscopic resection. To facilitate resection in such cases, a technique of percutaneous needle localization involving use of a conventional mammographic needle localization system and computed tomographic guidance was developed. The technique has been used successfully in localization of 19 peripheral pulmonary nodules in 20 patients referred for thoracoscopic surgery.     

CT-Guided Percutaneous Transthoracic Localization of Pulmonary Nodules Prior to Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Using Barium Suspension

Objective

To describe our initial experience with CT-guided percutaneous barium marking for the localization of small pulmonary nodules prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).

Materials and Methods

From October 2010 to April 2011, 10 consecutive patients (4 men and 6 women; mean age, 60 years) underwent CT-guided percutaneous barium marking for the localization of 10 small pulmonary nodules (mean size, 7.6 mm; range, 3-14 mm): 6 pure ground-glass nodules, 3 part-solid nodules, and 1 solid nodule. A 140% barium sulfate suspension (mean amount, 0.2 mL; range, 0.15-0.25 mL) was injected around the nodules with a 21-gauge needle. The technical details, surgical findings and pathologic features associated with barium localizations were evaluated.

Results

All nodules were marked within 3 mm (mean distance, 1.1 mm; range, 0-3 mm) from the barium ball (mean diameter, 9.6 mm; range, 8-16 mm) formed by the injected barium suspension. Pneumothorax occurred in two cases, for which one needed aspiration. However, there were no other complications. All barium balls were palpable during VATS and visible on intraoperative fluoroscopy, and were completely resected. Both the whitish barium balls and target nodules were identifiable in the frozen specimens. Pathology revealed one invasive adenocarcinoma, five adenocarcinoma-in-situ, two atypical adenomatous hyperplasias, and two benign lesions. In all cases, there were acute inflammations around the barium balls which did not hamper the histological diagnosis of the nodules.

Conclusion

CT-guided percutaneous barium marking can be an effective, convenient and safe pre-operative localization procedure prior to VATS, enabling accurate resection and diagnosis of small or faint pulmonary nodules.     

Intraoperative echography in the localization of pulmonary nodules during video-assisted thoracic surgery

PURPOSE: One of the major limitations of thoracoscopic resection of lung nodules is localization of the target, especially when the lesion is deep or very small: we investigated the efficacy of US as a technique for intraoperative localization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 11 patients who underwent diagnostic and/or curative thoracoscopic resection of benign or malignant, primary or metastatic lung nodules. The study was preceded by a preliminary phase in which we examined with US 5 patients that underwent thoracotomy. A multifrequency laparoscopic US probe with a deflectable linear headpiece mounted on a portable Esaote-Hitachi Spazio US unit was used. RESULTS: The US exploration of the lung requires the complete collapse of the parenchyma and is therefore particularly difficult in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the patients examined during thoracotomy US showed all the lesions but one 7-mm nodule in an emphysematous patient in whom complete parenchyma collapse could not be achieved. Also in the patients examined during thoracoscopy US detected all the targets (13/13), even a 13-mm metastatic nodule which had been visualized preoperatively by PET only. The smallest lesion found was a 4-mm fibrosarcoma metastasis. The mean time to achieve adequate lung collapse was about 40 minutes from selective exclusion of the affected lung. DISCUSSION: Thoracoscopic US has been recently introduced for the intraoperative localization of pulmonary nodules. In our experience this technique is helpful in localizing the targets, assessing the extent of surgical resection and studying possible vascular involvement. Considering the easy execution, the low cost, the lack of contraindications and complications of the technique and its accuracy when performed under optimal technical conditions, we think there are enough reasons to investigate this approach further. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative US proved to be a useful technique of easy execution, even though it is heavily operator-dependent and limited in patients with severe COPD.     

孤立性肺结节胸腔镜术前三维CT引导下钩丝定位的价值

目的探讨孤立性肺结节术前三维CT引导下钩丝定位技术对胸腔镜手术的增益价值。方法收集行胸腔镜手术切除孤立性肺结节患者共92例,其中术前行三维CT引导下钩丝定位者37例,未行定位者55例。回顾性分析术前钩丝定位对胸腔镜转为开胸手术的几率、平均手术时间、平均住院时间的影响,并对其差异进行统计学分析。结果术前三维CT引导下钩丝定位成功率100．0％,定位操作时间平均（11．5±7．2）min,并发气胸及出血发生率为56．8％（21／37）。钩丝定位后胸腔镜转为开胸手术的几率为5．4％（2／37）,平均手术时间为（21．7±8．0）min,平均住院时间为（9．5±3．5）天。未定位直接行胸镜手术,转为开胸手术的几率为29．1％（16／55）、平均手术时间（45．9±10．4）min,平均住院时间为（14．1±4．5）天。分别进行X。检验和t检验,P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义。结论术前三维CT引导下钩丝定位技术安全、准确,降低了转为开胸手术的几率,缩短了胸腔镜的手术时间和住院时间,对于孤立性肺结节胸腔镜手术具有很好的增益价值。     

CT引导下Hook wire术前定位在15 mm及以下肺结节的应用及预后评估

目的探讨CT引导下Hook wire定位在15 mm以下肺结节行电视胸腔镜术前的有效性及安全性,并评估其预后。 方法收集2016年6月至2019年12月我院术前在CT引导下行Hook wire定位的138例患者,共140枚15 mm及以下的肺结节,随后行电视胸腔镜手术切除。回顾性分析定位时间和技术成功率,单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析定位相关并发症的影响因素。观察术后随访期间有无复发或转移。 结果CT引导下Hook wire定位技术成功率100%,术中发现脱钩3例。140枚结节平均大小（7.8±2.7） mm,结节与胸膜距离（8.8±7.5） mm。平均定位时间（13.6±3.9）min。定位后无症状气胸23例（16.4%）,肺实质出血（0级22例,1级61例,2级57例）,咯血1例（0.7%）。单因素分析发现体位、经肺穿刺次数、定位时间是气胸发生的风险因素,进一步Logistic回归分析表明仰卧位、经肺穿刺1次成功是气胸发生的保护因素。50例患者术后进行CT随访,随访时间（1～32）个月,中位随访时间5个月,未见复发或转移。 结论对于15 mm及以下的肺结节,CT引导下Hook wire是一种有效、便捷、安全的电视胸腔镜术前定位方法,仰卧位及减少经肺穿刺次数有利于避免气胸的发生。患者术后短期预后好。     

C臂CT在肺小结节胸腔镜切除术前定位中的应用

目的 探讨C臂CT在肺小结节胸腔镜术前定位中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年12月51例患者51个孤立性肺结节(SPN)于电视胸腔镜肺叶切除(VATS)术前行C臂CT引导下Hook-wire定位技术,并统计该技术的成功率、定位时间、并发症、VATS转开胸手术率,以及SPN平均大小,距脏层胸膜距离、病理学结果.结果 C臂CT引导下Hook-wire定位成功率100％,平均定位时间16 min,无症状气胸发生率7.8％,无症状出血率21.6％,1例(2.0％)发生脱落,SPN平均大小10.7 mm,距脏层平均距离25.3 mm,穿刺距离(皮肤至肺结节的距离)66.7 mm,恶性SPN占60.8％.结论 C臂CT引导下Hook-wire肺小结节定位准确、安全、快速,是一种高效的引导方式,具有临床应用价值.     

Computed tomography-guided pulmonary nodule localization before thoracoscopic resection

Purpose: To assess the success rate and complication rate of a CT-guided pulmonary nodule-marker system before thoracoscopic resection.

Material and Methods: In 24 patients (15 M, 9 F; age range, 18-71 years) a total of 25 pulmonary nodules (in 1 patient 2 lesions simultaneously) were marked with a special wire under CT-guidance and then thoracoscopically resected. We evaluated lesion size, lesion distance to the pleura, the time of intervention, complications, and thoracoscopic success rate.

Results: Mean lesion size was 7 mm (range 4-15 mm) and mean lesional distance to the pleura was 13 mm (range 2-31 mm). The pulmonary nodule-marker system was positioned successfully in all 25 pulmonary nodules within 5-11 min (mean 7.5 min). Minimal pneumothoraces were observed in five patients with no requirements of chest drains. In addition, no bleeding complications or hematothorax were observed. All 25 pulmonary nodules could be resected thoracoscopically. However, in one patient (4%), the guide-wire dislocated during thoracoscopy, but the lesion could be successfully resected during thoracoscopy.

Conclusion: The CT-guided placement of the pulmonary nodule-marker system used here offers a safe and accurate guide for the localization of small pulmonary nodules during thoracoscopic resection.     

CT-Guided Microcoil Localization of Small Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules to Direct Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Resection without the Aid of Intraoperative Fluoroscopy

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of CT-guided microcoil localization of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) for guiding video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).Materials and MethodsBetween June 2016 and October 2019, 454 consecutive patients with 501 SPNs who received CT-guided microcoil localization before VATS in our institution were enrolled. The diameter of the nodules was 0.93 ± 0.49 cm, and the shortest distance from the nodules to the pleura was 1.41 ± 0.95 cm. The distal end of the microcoil was placed less than 1 cm away from the nodule, and the proximal end was placed outside the visceral pleura. VATS was performed under the guidance of implanted microcoils without the aid of intraoperative fluoroscopy.ResultsAll 501 nodules were marked with microcoils. The time required for microcoil localization was 12.8 ± 5.2 minutes. Microcoil localization-related complications occurred in 179 cases (39.4%). None of the complications required treatment. A total of 463 nodules were successfully resected under the guidance of implanted microcoils. VATS revealed 38 patients with dislocated microcoils, of which 28 underwent wedge resection (21 cases under the guidance of the bleeding points of pleural puncture, 7 cases through palpation), 5 underwent direct lobectomy, and the remaining 5 underwent a conversion to thoracotomy. In 4 cases, a portion of the microcoil remained in the lung parenchyma.ConclusionCT-guided microcoil localization of SPNs is safe and reliable. Marking the nodule and pleura simultaneously with microcoils can effectively guide the resection of SPNs using VATS without the aid of intraoperative fluoroscopy.     

Comparison of whole lung tomography and computed tomography for detecting pulmonary nodules.

Detecting pulmonary metastasis is important when planning surgical therapy, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy in patients with known malignancy. A series of 91 patients was studied by both whole lung tomography and computed tomography (CT) of the lungs. More pulmonary nodules were detected with CT than with whole lung tomography in 32 (35%) of the patients. Of the 91 patients in the study, 31 had resection of some or all of the pulmonary nodules. In 27 patients, the nodules were primary or metastatic malignant lesions. Bilateral pulmonary nodules were detected with CT in 13 patients when whole lung tomography had demonstrated nodules in only one lung. CT has replaced whole lung tomography as the method preferred by the authors for detecting pulmonary nodules in selected patients at risk to develop pulmonary metastasis.     

Retrospective Evaluation of Safety,Efficacy and Risk Factors for Pneumothorax in Simultaneous Localizations of Multiple Pulmonary Nodules Using Hook Wire System

Purpose

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the hook wire system in the simultaneous localizations for multiple pulmonary nodules (PNs) before video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), and to clarify the risk factors for pneumothorax associated with the localization procedure.

Methods

Between January 2010 and February 2016, 67 patients (147 nodules, Group A) underwent simultaneous localizations for multiple PNs using a hook wire system. The demographic, localization procedure-related information and the occurrence rate of pneumothorax were assessed and compared with a control group (349 patients, 349 nodules, Group B). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the risk factors for pneumothorax during the localization procedure.

Results

All the 147 nodules were successfully localized. Four (2.7%) hook wires dislodged before VATS procedure, but all these four lesions were successfully resected according to the insertion route of hook wire. Pathological diagnoses were acquired for all 147 nodules. Compared with Group B, Group A demonstrated significantly longer procedure time (p < 0.001) and higher occurrence rate of pneumothorax (p = 0.019). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that position change during localization procedure (OR 2.675, p = 0.021) and the nodules located in the ipsilateral lung (OR 9.404, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for pneumothorax.

Conclusion

Simultaneous localizations for multiple PNs using a hook wire system before VATS procedure were safe and effective. Compared with localization for single PN, simultaneous localizations for multiple PNs were prone to the occurrence of pneumothorax. Position change during localization procedure and the nodules located in the ipsilateral lung were independent risk factors for pneumothorax.