阵发性房颤患者大静脉肌袖与心房电连接特征的临床研究(摘要)

目的：总结阵发性房颤病人肺静脉和／或上腔静脉肌袖的电生理标测和导管射频消融电隔离的结果，评价国人大静脉肌袖和心房的电连接类型和特点。资料与方法：顽固性阵发性房颤患者45例，在环状标测电极指导下行大静脉肌袖的电位记录、分析以及对能标测到袖电位的大静脉进行开口部的点或段的消融电隔离治疗。根据窦律和心房起搏下的肌袖内环形电极标测到的袖电位的激动顺序以及有效放电对袖电位的影响，总结和分析袖房之间的电连接特点。结果：共标测和／或电隔离肌袖115根，其中肺静脉100根，上腔静脉15根。其中呈单束状电连接43根（38％），双束状电连接54根（46％），多束状电连接12根（10％），环状电连接3根，无电连接3根。结论：根据环状电极标测到的袖电位的激动顺序和对放电的反应，提示袖房之间电连接的类型多为单束状和双束状（84％），说明对于大多数肌袖并不需要行环状消融，而只要在袖房连接处行点或节段性消融即可达到完全袖房电隔离的结果。     

阵发性房颤患者上腔静脉肌袖与心房电连接特征的临床研究(摘要)

目的　总结 15例阵发性房颤患者上腔静脉肌袖的电生理标测和导管射频消融电隔离的结果 ,评价上腔静脉肌袖和心房的电连接类型和特点。资料与方法　在环状标测电极指导下于肺静脉电隔离后对 15根上腔静脉肌袖的电位记录、分析以及进行开口部的点或段的消融电隔离治疗。根据窦律和心房起搏下的肌袖内环形电极标测到的袖电位的激动顺序以及有效放电对袖电位的影响 ,总结和分析袖房之间的电连接特点。结果　共标测和电隔离上腔静脉肌袖 15根。其中呈单束状电连接 8根 (5 3 % ) ,双束状电连接 6根 (4 0 % ) ,多束状电连接 1根 (7% )。上腔静脉 15根平均消融了 2 .13± 0 .64个突破点。每个突破点进行了 2 .3 3± 0 .65个点的消融。所有突破点的消融均得到成功。结论　根据环状电极标测到的袖电位的激动顺序和对放电的反应 ,提示上腔静脉袖房之间电连接的类型多为单束状和双束状 ,说明对于上腔静脉肌袖并不需要行环状消融 ,而只要在袖房连接处行点或节段性消融即可达到完全袖房电隔离的结果     

导管射频消融电隔离肌袖治疗阵发性心房颤动的疗效评价

目的：总结导管射频消融电隔离肺静脉和／或上腔静脉治疗阵发性房颤的疗效。资料与方法：顽固性阵发性房颤患者44例，在环状标测电极指导下行靶肌袖和／或全部大静脉肌袖的导管射频消融电隔离治疗。结果：44例病人共接受电隔离治疗51次，隔离肌袖113根，其中肺静脉100根，上腔静脉13根。每根静脉进行1（4处点或段的消融，即刻电隔离成功107根（95％）。平均随访4．3个月，无房颤发作15例（36．6％），房颤发作明显减少14例（34％），其中有7例复发病例再次消融，6例成功，总有效率70．6％。并发症为左上肺静脉约50％狭窄1例（2％）。结论：使用环状标测电极指导导管射频消融可完全隔离95％的大静脉肌袖，尽可能隔离所有大静脉袖可以使约70％的频繁发作、药物治疗无效的阵发性房颤发作明显减少或消失。     

肌袖电隔离对点消融后复发的阵发性心房颤动的治疗(摘要)

目的　结合 3例肌袖电隔离成功治疗点消融后复发的阵发性心房颤动 (房颤 )患者 ,探讨点消融治疗阵发性房颤后复发的机制 ,并对再次消融进行肌袖电隔离治疗的结果进行分析与评价。资料与方法　 3例进行点消融治疗后复发的阵发性房颤患者 ,在Lasso标测导管指引下 ,再次消融进行肌袖电隔离治疗。结果　 3例患者共对10根靶静脉 (9根肺静脉和 1根腔静脉 )进行了射频消融治疗 ,较第一次点状消融的靶肺静脉数 (4根 )明显增多 ,隔离了除右下肺静脉外所有的肺静脉。电隔离一根靶静脉平均需进行 3 .1± 1.6次消融。术后随访 6± 3 .2个月 ,2例无房颤复发 ,1例发作次数明显减少。结论　对于阵发性房颤点状消融后复发病例 ,肌袖电隔离治疗可以取得满意的疗效。     

冷盐水导管射频消融肺静脉电隔离术治疗阵发性心房颤动的疗效观察

目的：探讨冷盐水导管射频消融肺静脉电隔离术治疗阵发性心房颤动的初步疗效。方法：选择6例阵发性房颤行肺静脉及大静脉电隔离术。常规穿刺成功后做电生理检查同时行房间隔穿刺,用环状电极标测肺静脉的肌袖电位,并确定与心房之间的传导关系。用冷盐水灌注导管消融肺静脉及腔静脉,并于术后服用胺碘酮或普鲁帕酮,连续服用3个月,临床症状减轻且无房颤发生则可停药。结果：6例房颤患者中共隔离肺加上腔静脉22条,左上肺静脉8条,左下肺静脉6条,右上肺静脉4条,右下肺静脉2条,上腔静脉2条,平均每人3．7条。平均随访8个月。术后3个月1例无任何心律失常,2例有间断发作,2例有房性早搏无房颤发生（Hoher证实）,1例术前持续性房颤术后为间歇发作．3个月后偶发。所有患者术后临床症状都明显减轻甚至无症状。1例发生术中心包填塞,无1例行2次手术。结论：阵发性房颤采用冷盐水导管射频消融电隔离肺静脉对绝大多数患者是有效的,对另一少部分可以减少发作。     

阵发性心房颤动肌袖电隔离后复发病例的分析及再消融的体会(摘要)

目的 :结合 4例先后两次肺静脉电隔离成功治疗的阵发性心房颤动 (房颤 )患者 ,探讨导管射频消融肌袖电隔离治疗阵发性房颤后复发的机制 ,并对再次肌袖电隔离治疗的结果进行分析与评价。资料与方法 :对 4例进行肌袖电隔离治疗后复发的阵发性房颤患者 ,在Lasso标测导管指引下进行再次肌袖电隔离治疗。结果 :4例患者共对 14根靶静脉 (12根肺静脉和 2根腔静脉 )进行了射频消融治疗 ,较第一次消融的靶肺静脉数 (9根 )明显增多 ,隔离了除右下肺静脉外所有的肺静脉 ,其中 5根靶静脉恢复袖房传导 ,予以再次电隔离。电隔离一根靶静脉平均需进行 2 .9± 1.3次消融。术后平均随访 7.5± 5 .0 7(1-12 )个月 ,3例无房颤复发 ,1例发作次数明显减少。结论 :袖房传导的恢复及多异位灶起源可能是房颤复发的原因 ,对于阵发性房颤导管射频消融后复发病例 ,再次射频消融治疗是安全、有效的 ,有望彻底根治房颤     

Ensite 3000引导下环肺静脉口消融治疗房颤的初步探讨

目的：报告Ensite 3000引导下经导管环肺静脉口消融治疗房颤的初步体会。方法：利用Ensite 3000三维标测系统和环状标测电极分别在左房内右上、右下、左土、左下肺静脉开口及内部和左心耳内部完成几何学构建，围绕左、右上下肺静脉进行完整闭合的环状线性消融，与左房顶线性消融。持续性房颤患者在完成上述消融线基础上分别于上、下肺静脉间、左房峡部以及上腔静脉与右房连接处和右心房峡部连接消融。结果：4例患者手术结束时恢复窭性心律，肺静脉电位消失，心房起搏时心房肺静脉传导阻滞。术后除1例外3例再未发生出房颤，达到肺静脉隔离的经典消融终点。结论：采用Ensite 3000引导下的环肺静脉消融术治疗房颤是一种比较安全和可行的方法。     

Ensite NavX三维标测系统指导阵发性房颤的射频消融治疗

目的评价三维标测系统（Ensite NavX）指导下射频消融治疗阵发性心房纤颤的疗效。方法6例反复发作阵发性房颤患者，术中采用Ensite NavX系统结合肺静脉造影建立左心房和肺静脉模型，定位出左右肺静脉前庭开口及其周围呈现出双电位或复合高频电位的靶位点，在环状电极标测下，分别沿左右肺静脉前庭开口进行环状消融，并消融其周围双电位及复合高频电位处，直至双侧肺静脉内电位完全隔离。结果6例病人术后即刻均达到完全肺静脉内电位隔离，所有病人术中均无并发症发生。6例患者术后均未有阵发性心悸发作。1例伴有窦房结功能障碍的病人，未发现窦房结功能异常。结论在EnSite NavX系统指导下的肺静脉前庭环状消融治疗阵发性房颤安全有效。     

房袖传导对期前刺激表现出递减传导一例(摘要)

目的：报告一例肌袖性房颤患者在电隔离上腔静脉过程中，房袖传导对期前刺激表现出递减传导。资料与方法：患者，女43岁，发作性心悸气短一年入院，心电图及动态心电图示：频发房早（呈“P ON T”样）；短阵房速。完善术前准备征得书面同意后，行常规电生理检查及射频消融术。于冠状窦口起搏，上腔静脉内记录。预设温度55度，能量30瓦，放电共240秒。结果：术中未能诱发房颤，但根据动态心电图特点，且上腔静脉内LASSO电极记录肌袖电位高大、明显，故先行隔离上腔静脉。LASSO电极在窦律下记录到肌袖电位位于心房电位之后，部分与心房电位融合，且LASSO1，10肌袖电位最提前。于冠状窦电极窦口起搏，行S1S2刺激，可见房袖呈递减传导，且肌袖组织较心房组织传导延迟程度严重。随S2提前，心房电位预肌袖电位之间距离间拉开，肌袖电位更加清晰明显。此外，肌袖电位最提前处（LASS01，10）传导延迟程度较其余电极轻，故随S2提前，各电极心房电位与肌袖电位间传导时间差异更明显，肌袖电位传导顺序更显著。于LASS0 1，10极附近放电共240秒，肌袖电位渐渐消失，于上腔静脉内起搏无上腔静脉－心房传导，即传出阻滞。成功隔离上腔静脉。结论：上腔静脉肌袖组织对期前刺激表现出递减传导，且较临近心房组织程度更严重，可使肌袖电位现实更清晰。同时，各电极心房与肌袖间传导时间差异随S2提前程度而加剧，一部分肌袖表现出传导上的“优越”，提示肌袖与心房间存在某种“传导通路”。     

阵发性房颤的导管射频消融肺静脉电隔离治疗的延迟成功(摘要)

目的　研究发现肺静脉电隔离后房颤的复发大多数发生在最开始的 4周之内。我中心对肺静脉电隔离治疗的 44例患者进行回顾性分析 ,发现早期复发的患者在长期的随访中一部分患者可以获得延迟成功 ,试探讨这种延迟效应的可能机制及意义。方法　阵发性房颤患者 44例 ,在环状标测电极指导下行靶肌袖和 /或全部大静脉肌袖的导管射频消融电隔离治疗。所有病例均于手术后即刻开始严密随访一个月 ,以后每周门诊复查或电话随访 ,内容包括患者的症状、12导联心电图、动态心电图等。结果　 44例患者共完成肌袖电隔离 113根。平均随访时间4.3± 3 .3个月 (失访 3例 )。根据病人主诉和Holter心电图证实 ,3 0名患者被发现早期复发 (手术后一周 ) ,而早期复发的 14例患者 (男 12例 ,女 2例 ,年龄 5 5± 6岁 )在以后随访的 5 (7月中房颤发作明显减少或完全消失 (4 6% )。 6例(2 0 % )未再次发作房颤 ,房颤发作明显减少 8例 (2 6% )。结论　房颤患者的射频消融电隔离术后也存在延迟作用 ,房颤的早期复发不意味着肺静脉电隔离的失败 ,不能对消融的远期成功率进行预测     

单中心球囊冷冻消融术后房性快速性心律失常的电生理标测和再消融治疗

目的 对阵发性心房颤动(简称房颤)患者行球囊冷冻消融后复发房性快速性心律失常的电生理机制进行初步探讨.方法 连续入选阵发性房颤行球囊冷冻消融后复发房性快速性心律失常、并行再次消融的患者.术中使用三维电解剖标测系统,先对左心房进行电压标测,判断各支肺静脉及肺静脉前庭是否仍有电传导,若有,则行射频消融,完成肺静脉及肺静脉前...     

Ectopic activity induced by elevated atrial pressure in rabbit pulmonary vein in vitro

Atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is a common tachyarrhythmia and may cause serious complications, such as stroke. When atrial pressure was elevated, the effect refraction period (ERP) was shortened and the conductivity in atria was slowed and the heterogeneity of different parts of atria was increased. These changes facilitate the occurrence and maintenance of AF.     

Atrial fibrillation: new horizons

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia seen in clinical practice. The understanding of the pathophysiology of AF has changed drastically during the last several decades. Recent observations have challenged the concept of the multiple circuit reentry model in favor of single focus or single circuit reentry models. Atrial electrical dysfunction provides a favorable substrate and transmembrane ionic currents are key determinants. Interest has also been generated in the role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in reversing the electrical and structural remodeling. Reverting to the sinus rhythm seems to be the best way for reverse remodeling of atria during atrial fibrillation. Antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) are only modestly effective. Of these amiodarone seems to provide the most benefits. Drugs like verapamil and ACE inhibitors may also help as adjuvant therapies in the reverse remodeling of atria. Nonpharmacological methods have been used to control both rate and rhythm for patients with AF. Recently, there has been a surge in interest to focal ablation of atrial foci. Focal sources of AF are commonly found in pulmonary veins (PV). Ablation in pulmonary veins through identification of the earliest endocardial activation has met with variable success. Anatomical approaches have involved circumferential radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary vein ostia using novel techniques such as balloon based circumferential ultrasound ablation system and circular cryoablation catheter. Most recently the segmental approach is preferred because the myocardial fibers surrounding the PV are not continuous. Segments where musculature is present can be identified using high frequency depolarization signals recorded through multi-electrode loop catheter or even conventional catheters.     

Covert lung abscess as a cause of atrial arrhythmia: case report

Atrial arrhythmia is common in clinic. Recently, it, was revealed that ectopic impulses originating in sleeve muscles around the orifices of pulmonary veins (PVs) were deemed to be one of the most important reasons that trigger or drive atrial arrhythmia, which was called myocardial sleeve related arrhythmia. Electrical isolation by radiofrequency ablation is becoming highlight and proved to be an effective method for the arrhythmia.     

非接触三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉电隔治疗心房颤动的临床评价

目的:探讨非接触三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉电融隔离治疗心房颤动(房颤)的可行性和临床疗效.方法:28例药物治疗无效或不能耐受的房颤患者.其中23例阵发性房颤、5例持续性房颤.采用非接触三维标测系统(Ensite navX)建立左心房、肺静脉的三维等时电势图和电解剖图,并在距离肺静脉口1～2 cm处行环肺静脉及其周围组织电隔离.消融终点包括:完成所有环肺静脉消融径线;全部肺静脉均达电隔离;阴性诱发结果.结果:28例患者均达到消融终点;手术的总操作时间和X线曝光时间分别为(161.3±23.2)min和(38.0±6.8)min;随访6～17月,20例(71%)无房颤发作;8例(29%)有房颤复发,其中2例因其发作次数及时间均较术前明显减少未再消融,予以可达龙治疗可控制(术前可达龙治疗无效),6例行第2次消融,术中均发现肺静脉电位有不同程度的恢复,第2次术后4例房颤无再发,2例仍有发作但未再消融,予以可达龙治疗可控制.术中及随访期间无任何操作相关并发症.结论:非接触三维标测系统指导下的环肺静电隔离是治疗房颤的有效而安全的方法.肺静脉既是房颤的诱发机制,亦有可能参与房颤的维持.     

Epicardial isolation of pulmonary veins with ethanol in open chest dogs

Background Radiofrequency (RF) ablation has become a widely accepted treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to identify the efficacy and safety of pulmonary vein (PV) ablation with ethanol and to explore an alternative energy source for catheter ablation of AF.Methods Twelve open-chest mongrel dogs were randomized into ethanol ablation group and control group. Both the injections and electrophysiological mapping procedures were performed epicardialy. In ethanol ablation group (n=6),injections were performed to circumferentially ablate the root of each PV (0.2 ml each site, 3 mm apart) with 95% ethanol using an 1 ml injector. In control group (n=-6), saline was injected other than ethanol. PV isolation was confirmed with a circular catheter immediately after the procedure and at follow up of 30 days. PV isolation was defined as the absence of PV potentials at each electrode of the circular catheter positioned at the PV side of the lesions, as well as complete conduction block into left atrium (LA) during PV pacing.Results PV electrical isolation with complete bidirectional conduction block was achieved with ethanol immediately and at 30 days in 95% of PVs, while saline injection caused only transient conduction changes between LA and PVs. In ethanol group, histologic analysis showed transmural lesions at 30 days. And there was no evidence of PV stenosis or thrombus formation. Mean LA diameter was not significantly different between baseline and 30 days.Conclusion Ethanol is a safe energy source to effectively isolate PV in canine model and may be promising in endocardial ablation procedure of AF patients in the future.     

Epicardial isolation of pulmonary veins with ethanol in open chest dogs

Background  Radiofrequency (RF) ablation has become a widely accepted treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to identify the efficacy and safety of pulmonary vein (PV) ablation with ethanol and to explore an alternative energy source for catheter ablation of AF.

Methods  Twelve open-chest mongrel dogs were randomized into ethanol ablation group and control group. Both the injections and electrophysiological mapping procedures were performed epicardialy. In ethanol ablation group (n=6), injections were performed to circumferentially ablate the root of each PV (0.2 ml each site, 3 mm apart) with 95% ethanol using an 1 ml injector. In control group (n=6), saline was injected other than ethanol. PV isolation was confirmed with a circular catheter immediately after the procedure and at follow up of 30 days. PV isolation was defined as the absence of PV potentials at each electrode of the circular catheter positioned at the PV side of the lesions, as well as complete conduction block into left atrium (LA) during PV pacing.

Results  PV electrical isolation with complete bidirectional conduction block was achieved with ethanol immediately and at 30 days in 95% of PVs, while saline injection caused only transient conduction changes between LA and PVs. In ethanol group, histologic analysis showed transmural lesions at 30 days. And there was no evidence of PV stenosis or thrombus formation. Mean LA diameter was not significantly different between baseline and 30 days.

Conclusion  Ethanol is a safe energy source to effectively isolate PV in canine model and may be promising in endocardial ablation procedure of AF patients in the future.

     

Initial experience with circumferential pulmonary vein isolation guided by Overlay Ref and CartoMerge in the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Background CartoMerge has been widely used in guiding circumferential pulmonary vein isolation （CPVI） for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation （PAF）. However, the procedure of landmarks selection varies among operators according to their experience. Techniques have to be established to standardize this procedure. We propose that Overlay Ref could facilitate this procedure. This paper aimed to report our initial experience with CPVI guided by Overlay Ref and CartoMerge for the treatment of PAF. Methods Fifty-nine patients with PAF were enrolled in this study. Using Overlay Ref technique, a reference image （inverted） was faded into the live fluoroscopic image. Landmarks of CartoMerge were selected from anatomic points of the top of superior pulmonary veins （PVs） and the bottom of inferior PVs guided by Overlay Ref image. Overlay Ref images were also used to guide the ablation procedure combining with CartoMerge. Results All patients were successfully mapped by CartoMerge guided by Overlay Ref. The distance between the mapping points and the CT surfaces was （1.42±0.67） mm for the patients as a whole. This led to a successful rate of 96% for isolation of pulmonary veins. Duration of ablation procedure was （92±17） minutes. And the total duration of procedure was （139±32） minutes. CartoMerge could also be performed just with 3 paries to 4 paries selected landmarks guided by Overlay Ref without a full anatomic model constructed by Carto. Then, the total duration of procedure could be shortened to （115±38） minutes. Conclusions Overlay Ref technique can facilitate the catheter ablation of PAF and can help to standardize the procedure of landmarks selection.     

环肺静脉线性消融治疗慢性心房颤动疗效分析

目的探讨三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉线性消融治疗慢性心房颤动(房颤)的疗效和安全性。方法2004年8月至2005年11月间对连续100例慢性房颤患者进行三维标测系统(CARTO系统或EnSiteNavXTM系统)指导下的环肺静脉线性消融,消融的主要终点为肺静脉电学隔离。随访成功的定义为未服用抗心律失常药物无任何房性心律失常发作至少3个月以上。统计相关变量,分析影响成功率的因素。结果平均随访9·7±5·7个月,累计成功率为70%(70例)。复发患者中峡部消融比例及平均射血分数均低于无房颤复发的患者。主要并发症包括心脏压塞3例(3%)、脑卒中1例(1%)、无症状性肺静脉狭窄2例(2%)。结论三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉线性消融治疗慢性房颤疗效较好,安全性有待进一步提高。