筋膜下麻醉小梁切除术

目的:探讨筋膜下麻醉行小梁切除术的有效性及安全性。方法:在连续58例(60眼)青光眼小梁切除术中分别应用表面麻醉、球后麻醉、筋膜下麻醉各20眼,观察麻醉效果、并发症情况。结果:表面麻醉组患者术中在上直肌牵引缝线、巩膜电凝、周边虹膜切除、结膜缝合时有不同程度痛感,筋膜下麻醉、球后麻醉组患者术中无明显痛感,筋膜下麻醉组1眼、球后麻醉组2眼术中出现一过性黑矇,球后麻醉组术中出现球后出血1眼,术后短暂性上睑下垂2眼。结论:小梁切除术采用筋膜下麻醉具有麻醉效果好、并发症少的优点,是理想麻醉方法。     

球筋膜下麻醉在高眼压下复合式小梁切除术中的应用

目的：评估球筋膜下麻醉在高眼压下复合式小梁切除术中的有效性与安全性。
　　方法：选取2014-02/2015-06在我科住院后联合用药24~48 h眼压控制不良的原发性青光眼患者46例46眼,于球筋膜麻醉下行复合式小梁切除术,观察麻醉效果及并发症。
　　结果：所有患者注射麻药后1 min均能达到镇痛、眼球制动效果。手术过程中,0级麻醉效果35眼(76%),1级麻醉效果10眼(22%),2级麻醉效果1眼(2%)。除1例1眼患者术中需追加1次表麻剂后完成手术,其余患者均能在球筋膜麻醉下配合手术,麻醉总有效率为98%。术中术后无1例出现麻醉相关并发症。
　　结论：高眼压下复合式小梁切除术中应用球筋膜下麻醉安全有效、简便快捷。     

球筋膜下麻醉在小梁切除术和超声乳化手术中的应用

目的 探讨球筋膜下麻醉在小梁切除术和超声乳化手术中的作用。方法109例（121眼）小梁切除术患者和66例（66眼）超声乳化手术患者，合计175例（187眼）。倍诺喜表面麻醉后开睑器开睑，在手术显微镜下常规剪开球结膜暴露术区巩膜后，用钝针头（Helon针头）向Tenon囊内注射2％利多卡因1～2ml。结果术中100％都能达到满意的麻醉效果，无一例患者反应手术中有疼痛感，无一例需术中追加麻醉。术后观察2—15个月，平均6—7个月，无一例并发症出现。结论球筋膜下麻醉是目前小梁切除术术中麻醉和超声乳化手术追加麻醉的最佳方法之一，值得国内推广使用。     

球筋膜下麻醉行小梁切除术治疗中晚期青光眼

目的：避免小梁切除术常规球后麻醉过程中许多潜在危险并发症和麻醉药物阻断视神经传导，导致视功能丧失的毒副作用。方法：采用小方球筋膜下、上直肌附着点处浸润麻醉行小梁切除术38例（43只眼），结果：术中麻醉效果肯定，眼压稳定，患者无痛苦，手术均能顺利完成。术后无视功能丧失。结论：上方球筋膜下麻醉行小梁切除术治疗中晚期青光眼，是一种安全、有效的麻醉方法。     

球结膜下浸润麻醉行青光眼小梁切除术临床观察

目的 评估和比较结膜下麻醉和球后麻醉行青光眼小梁切除术的可靠性和安全性。方法 对103例（120只眼）青光眼患者采用结膜下麻醉实施小梁切除术,与98例（109只眼）青光眼患者采用球后麻醉实施小梁切除术进行比较。对照分析两组麻醉方法的并发症、患者术中的配合程度及手术的安全性。结果 结膜下麻醉组115只眼（95．83%）、球后麻醉组中107只眼（98．16％）麻醉效果佳,球后麻醉组中有4只眼球后出血,1只眼光感消失,而球结膜下麻醉组无严重并发症出现。结论 球结膜下麻醉对于青光眼小梁切除是一种安全有效、并发症少的麻醉方法,值得推广。     

改良式球周麻醉下行青光眼小梁切除术

目的评价改良式球周麻醉下行青光眼小梁切除术治疗青光眼的安全性和有效性。方法对418例596眼各类型青光眼采用改良式球周麻醉,行常规青光眼小梁切除术,观察麻醉效果及其并发症。结果408例患者(574眼)麻醉满意,患者能配合顺利完成手术,术中、术后未出现严重并发症。术后矫正视力提高2行以上333眼,视力不变220眼,视力下降43眼。术后眼压在9~15mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg)者489眼,16~21mmHg者88眼,21~25mmHg者19眼。结论改良式球周麻醉行青光眼小梁切除术安全性高,麻醉效果好,麻醉并发症少,是一种值得推广的麻醉方法。     

小梁切除联合超声乳化IOL植入术中三种麻醉方法的比较

目的:探讨表面麻醉,表面麻醉联合球结膜下麻醉及球后麻醉在小梁切除联合超声乳化人工晶状体(IOL)植入术中的可行性并对其效果进行评价。方法:对90例120眼按入院时间先后分成3组,分别用表面麻醉,表面麻醉结合球结膜下麻醉及球后麻醉行小梁切除联合超声乳化人工晶状体植入术,观察麻醉效果及术中、术后的局部及全身并发症。结果:表面麻醉组有3眼因麻醉不足术中追加结膜下麻醉,有11眼因麻醉不足疼痛不能耐受手术。表面麻醉联合球结膜下麻醉全部30眼麻醉效果理想,均顺利完成手术,且无因麻醉量不足或过量及麻醉手法等问题引起的术中或术后的并发症,球后麻醉30眼有1眼出现一过性黑矇,3眼出现球后出血,1眼术后眼睑青紫,经术中及术后对患者的处理及解释病情,均无大碍,也顺利完成手术。结论:三种麻醉方法中以表面麻醉联合球结膜下麻醉在小梁切除联合超声乳化人工晶状体植入术中最安全且有效,为青光眼白内障联合手术的首选麻醉方式。     

表面麻醉下小梁切除术

目的观察在表面麻醉下行青光眼小梁切除术的麻醉效果。方法回顾性分析自2003年3月～2005年3月收治的在表面麻醉下行小梁切除术的青光眼患者56例65眼,总结其麻醉效果。其中,对高眼压状态下的急性闭角型青光眼急性发作期的患者7例10眼术前合并使用上方穹隆结膜下浸润麻醉。将麻醉效果分为3级。1级：患者无痛感或有微痛,术中配合良好;2级：有轻度疼痛,可忍受并能配合手术顺利完成,或加滴表麻药后能顺利完成手术;3级：疼痛明显,不能配合手术,需改其他麻醉办法才能完成手术。结果手术顺利,手术时间15～35min,平均21min;术中5眼少量前房出血,无其他并发症发生。麻醉效果：1级55眼占84.62%,2级10眼占15.38%,3级0眼。术后处理同常规小粱切除术后处理。结论表面麻醉可有效避免常规麻醉可能造成的并发症,在表面麻醉下行小粱切除术,麻醉效果良好,安全有效。对部分高眼压状态下的急性闭角型青光眼急性发作期的患者可合并使用上方穹隆结膜下的浸润麻醉。     

表面麻醉在中晚期青光眼手术中的应用

目的探讨表面麻醉下行小梁切除术的可行性并对其效果进行评价。方法对18例25眼青光眼在表面麻醉下行小梁切除术，观察其麻醉效果及术中、术后并发症。结果术中无疼痛、麻醉效果满意21眼，占84％，4眼出现轻度疼痛，点1％地卡因后症状消失。结论表面麻醉效果明显，术中无并发症发生，因此，表面麻醉下行小梁切除术操作简单，是安全有效的麻醉方法。     

表面麻醉下小视野青光眼手术疗效观察

目的评价小视野青光眼手术表面麻醉的安全性和效果。方法40例(52眼)小视野青光眼施行表面麻醉下小梁切除术,观察麻醉效果和并发症情况。结果40例(52眼)均在表面麻醉下顺利完成手术,术中麻醉效果肯定,无球后麻醉引起的并发症或其他并发症发生。结论小视野青光眼表面麻醉下小梁切除术是一种安全、有效的麻醉方法。     

Topical anesthesia for penetrating trabeculectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and clinical practicability of topical anesthesia in comparison with retrobulbar anesthesia for penetrating trabeculectomy. METHODS: The prospective single-surgeon clinical interventional trial included 20 consecutive patients, who were randomly distributed into a topical anesthesia group ( n=10) and a retrobulbar anesthesia group ( n=10). In the topical anesthesia group, patients received preoperatively oxybuprocaine 0.4% eye drops and cocaine hydrochloride eye drops 10%. The patients of the retrobulbar group received 5 ml mepivacaine 2% injected into the retrobulbar space. To assess intraoperative pain, each patient was asked immediately after surgery to quantitate his/her pain using a 10-point pain rating scale. RESULTS: The topical anesthesia group and the retrobulbar anesthesia study group did not vary significantly in duration of surgery (21.5+/-3.37 min vs 20.2+/-4.46 min, P=0.31), preoperative intraocular pressure (32.2+/-14.62 mmHg vs 30.6+/-12.33 mmHg, P=0.22), postoperative intraocular pressure (8.0+/-4.47 mmHg vs 9.12+/-3.13 mmHg, P=0.64), subjective pain score by the patient (2.25+/-1.23 relative units vs 2.33+/-1.08 relative units ( P= 0.71), and practicability score by the surgeon (2.24+/-1.76 vs 2.56+/-1.58, P=0.82). CONCLUSIONS: In view of its clinical feasibility and its minimally invasive character, topical anesthesia may be an option for penetrating trabeculectomy.     

A comparison of topical and retrobulbar anesthesia for trabeculectomy

PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy of topical versus retrobulbar anesthesia for primary trabeculectomy METHODS: A prospective study of 36 consecutive patients undergoing trabeculectomy who were randomized to receive topical (n = 18) or retrobulbar (n = 18) anesthesia. Operating conditions, patient comfort, and surgical outcome were evaluated. SETTINGS: Tertiary-care university hospital ambulatory surgical center. RESULTS: There were no differences in operating conditions (P = 0.14), pain during (P = 0.54) or after (P = 0.76) surgery, or supplemental anesthesia required (P = 0.34) between the two groups. Very few patients in either group were bothered by touch sensation, tissue manipulation, or the microscope light. Chemosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage and eyelid hemorrhage were seen exclusively in the retrobulbar group (P <0.03), and were all attributable to the injection. Inadvertent eye movement was present more frequently in the topical group (P = 0.01), although this did not pose a problem to the surgeon. No surgical complications were encountered in either group. CONCLUSION: Topical anesthesia is a safe and effective alternative to retrobulbar anesthesia for primary trabeculectomy.     

Patient comfort with combined anterior sub-Tenon's,topical, and intracameral anesthesia versus retrobulbar anesthesia in trabeculectomy,phacotrabeculectomy, and aqueous shunt surgery

PURPOSE: To assess patient comfort using combined anterior sub-Tenon's, topical, and intracameral ("Blitz") anesthesia versus retrobulbar anesthesia in glaucoma surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, 139 consecutive patients who received retrobulbar anesthesia and 139 consecutive patients who received Blitz anesthesia during glaucoma surgery were evaluated in a prospective fashion. The retrobulbar group included 49 trabeculectomies, 36 aqueous shunts, and 54 phacotrabeculectomies. The Blitz group included 49 trabeculectomies, 30 aqueous shunts, and 60 phacotrabeculectomies. Patients were asked to assess their level of ocular pain operatively and postoperatively on a 10-point visual analog scale. The operative and postoperative pain scores and postoperative sedation of patients receiving retrobulbar anesthesia were compared with those of patients receiving Blitz anesthesia during trabeculectomy, phacotrabeculectomy, and aqueous shunt surgery, separately. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found in the mean operative or postoperative pain scores between the two groups during trabeculectomy, phacotrabeculectomy, or aqueous shunt surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Blitz anesthesia offers a reasonable alternative to retrobulbar anesthesia for trabeculectomy, phacotrabeculectomy, and aqueous shunt surgery.     

Phacoemulsification with topical anesthesia: Resident experience

PURPOSE: To compare the intraoperative and postoperative complications and outcomes of phacoemulsification performed by residents using topical and retrobulbar anesthesia. SETTING: Two university ophthalmology departments. METHODS: One hundred fifty phacoemulsification procedures were performed by 3 residents who used retrobulbar anesthesia (retrobulbar group), and 146 phacoemulsification procedures were performed by another 3 residents who used topical anesthesia and who had no experience with retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthesia (topical group). Case notes were prospectively compared. The data analyzed included the ocular history, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and final best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA). RESULTS: There were no differences between the 2 groups in complication rates. Anterior capsule tears occurred in 8 eyes (5.3%) in the retrobulbar group and 7 eyes (4.7%) in topical group. Capsulorhexis was continuous but not curvilinear in 14 eyes (9.3%) and 12 eyes (8.2%), respectively. Capsulorhexis tear or posterior capsule rupture that necessitated conversion to extracapsular cataract extraction occurred in 3 eyes (2.0%) in the retrobulbar group and in 1 eye (0.6%) in the topical group. Posterior capsule rupture with vitreous loss occurred in 10 eyes (6.6%) and 9 eyes (6.1%), respectively. Loss of lens fragments in the vitreous cavity occurred in 3 eyes (2.0%) and 4 eyes (2.7%), respectively. The 63 postoperative complications (41 eyes [27.3%], retrobulbar group; 22 eyes [15.0%], topical group) included cystoid macular edema, intraocular lens decentration, endophthalmitis, bullous keratopathy, transient intraocular pressure elevation, temporary corneal edema, and vitreous hemorrhage. Some cases had more than 1 complication. The BSCVA, including in eyes with preexisting ocular pathology, was 20/40 or better in 86.7% in the retrobulbar group and 84.9% in the topical group. CONCLUSION: When supervised and in selected patients, residents who have no retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthesia experience can safely perform phacoemulsification using topical anesthesia.     

表面麻醉及球周麻醉下超声乳化白内障吸除联合人工晶状体植入术的比较

目的：评价表面麻醉下超声乳化白内障吸除及人工晶状体植入术的安全性和效果。方法：两组共375例（400只眼）白内障分别在表麻下及球周麻醉下施行超声乳化吸除及人工晶状体植入术,对术后视力,术中及术后并发症进行分析。结果：两组术后1天、1周、3个月视力无显著差异;关发症：后囊破裂及角膜水肿发生率,两组间相差不显著;球周麻醉组发生眶内出血2只眼,暂时性上睑下垂26只眼,暂时性复视9只眼。结论：表面麻醉下超声乳化术是安全有效的。在熟练掌握超声乳化手术的基础上,表面麻醉下手术较球周麻醉下更安全、快捷。     

小切口非乳化白内障手术不同麻醉方法的效果

目的比较小切口非超声乳化白内障摘出术中表面麻醉与球后麻醉的麻醉效果。方法 95例（95眼）白内障随机分为A、B两组,A组48例使用0.5%爱尔凯因表面麻醉;B组47例使用传统的球后麻醉。两组均行小切口非超声乳化白内障摘出及人工晶状体植入术,对麻醉效果和并发症进行分析。结果两组麻醉效果均满意,麻醉并发症的发生率A组低于B组（χ^2=4.18,P〈0.05）。结论表面麻醉下小切口非超声乳化白内障摘出术安全有效,并发症少。     

Topical anesthesia with or without propofol sedation versus retrobulbar/peribulbar anesthesia for cataract extraction: prospective randomized trial

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of intravenous sedation in addition to topical anesthesia during cataract extraction. SETTING: Helsinki University Eye Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. METHODS: Three hundred seventeen eyes of 291 consecutive patients having cataract surgery were prospectively randomized to receive topical (oxybuprocaine 0.4%, n = 96), combined (topical anesthesia and propofol sedation, n = 107), or retrobulbar/peribulbar (prilocaine 1.5%, n = 114) anesthesia. The intraoperative conditions were judged by the surgeon. A numerical scale (0 to 10) was used to assess the degree of pain during surgery. Outcome measures were the number of complications and adverse events registered perioperatively and 1 week postoperatively as well as Snellen visual acuity. RESULTS: The success of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation through a self-sealing clear corneal incision was 97.9%, 96.3%, and 98.2% in the topical, combined, and retrobulbar/peribulbar groups, respectively. There was no difference among the groups in pain during surgery, frequency of complications, or outcome measures. One week postoperatively, visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 81.7%, 78.5%, and 77.5% of eyes in the topical, combined, and retrobulbar/peribulbar groups, respectively. The surgeon reported significantly fewer difficulties in the retrobulbar/peribulbar group (9.8%) than in the topical (26.0%) (P =.004) or combined (21.0%) (P =.036) groups. Additional sedative/analgesic medication given intraoperatively was required significantly more often in the topical (15.6%) than in the retrobulbar/peribulbar group (2.6%) (P =.002). Patients with bilateral surgery preferred combined anesthesia over retrobulbar/peribulbar anesthesia; however, there was no significant difference in patient acceptance among groups in patients having unilateral surgery. CONCLUSION: Intravenous propofol sedation added to topical anesthesia did not improve the operative conditions or surgical outcome. Retrobulbar/peribulbar anesthesia ensured the best surgical conditions. Patients in all anesthesia groups reported high satisfaction. However, patients having bilateral surgery seemed to prefer combined anesthesia over retrobulbar/peribulbar anesthesia.     

Patient's pain feeling and surgeon's comfort--ECCE versus phacoemulsification

PURPOSE: To compare patient's pain and surgeon's comfort during ECCE performed under retrobulbar anesthesia and phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 120 patients scheduled for planned routine cataract extraction were divided in 2 groups: group 1-60 eyes, ECCE under retrobulbar anesthesia and group II-60 eyes, phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia. Immediately after operation patients were asked, to answer questions about their feeling during surgery. Simultaneously, the surgeon filled up the questionnaire, concerning patients behavior during the entire procedure. RESULTS: Statistically significant higher level of pain was reported in group I (ECCE). The most painful moment of the procedure was retrobulbar injection. During surgery pain feeling in both groups was similar. Both types of anesthesia provided very good level of surgeon's comfort. The longer operation, the higher level of pain and lower surgeon's comfort were reported in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients having ECCE performed under retrobulbar anesthesia reported more pain comparing to phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia. Both anesthesia methods provided high level of surgeon's comfort.