经颅多普勒对蛛网膜下腔出血导致血管痉挛的临床研究

目的研究实时床旁经颅多普勒(transcranial doppler,TCD)在蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)中对脑血管痉挛(cerebral vasospasm,CVS)的预警和治疗指导作用。方法采用前瞻性研究TCD实时监测180例CT确诊SAH患者大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)的动脉平均峰值流速(mean blood velocity,Vm)、搏动指数(pulsatility index,PI)、阻力指数(resistance index,RI)和血流频谱,自身健侧作为正常对照,对符合CVS诊断标准的使用尼莫地平进行治疗,观察疗效。结果与健侧相比,出血侧PI、RI增大,Vd、Vm减小,其中以Vd减小较明显,与健侧相比有显著差异意义(P0.01),Vs与健侧相比无显著差异(P0.05);CVS组与非CVS组相比Vm明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。监测SAH后出现血管痉挛52例(28.89%),经尼莫地平治疗均获得缓解。结论采用TCD监测SAH患者脑血流变化,其对血流的监测为临床诊断和个性化治疗SAH后CVS提供参考依据,经TCD的预警和干预明显提高了SAH的疗效。     

DSA和TCD对兔蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管痉挛的评价

目的 探讨在小动物如兔蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛(CVS)模型上经股动脉入路行选择性椎-基底动脉造影的可行性;探讨TCD对兔SAH后CVS状况的评价效度.方法 采用枕大池2次注血法建立兔迟发性CVS的动物模型.术前1 d和术后3、5 d行选择性脑血管造影,判断CVS的程度;术前1 d及术后1、3、 5、 7 d行TCD连续检测基底动脉血流速度,从而判断CVS的变化及程度.结果 在家兔CVS动物模型上成功完成左侧椎动脉选择性插管和造影,可有效地判断CVS的严重程度;采用TCD连续监测基底动脉血流速度可获得稳定图谱,能观察到制模后血流速度的变化情况.结论 经兔股动脉入路行选择性椎-基底动脉造影是完全可行的,TCD可连续监测兔基底动脉血流速度,对兔SAH后CVS状况的评价稳定可靠,TCD与脑血管造影在检测SAH后CVS方面具有良好相关性.     

经颅多普勒监测蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的临床观察

目的总结应用经颅多普勒(TCD)监测蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛的临床价值。方法对2015-06—2016-05本院收治的78例SAH患者进行回顾性分析,均进行TCD监测,同时对患者进行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,观察各个时间段患者颅内血管血流速度变化,并以DSA检查结果作为标准判断TCD诊断颅内血管痉挛的价值。结果在7~10d时间段,患者的MCA、ACA、VA、BA血流速度达到峰值,后逐渐下降,颅内血管痉挛现象逐渐缓解;SAH患者MCA、ACA、VA、BA血流速度在7d、7~10d、10~14d三个时间段比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);78例SAH患者,TCD诊断发生颅内血管痉挛59例,DSA诊断发生率颅内血管痉挛62例,TCD诊断SAH患者发生颅内血管痉挛的灵敏度为93.55%、特异度为93.75%、漏诊率为6.45%、误诊率为6.25%,TCD诊断颅内血管痉挛与DSA的一致性Kappa=0.816,P0.05。结论 TCD检查诊断SAH后出现颅内血管痉挛具有准确性高、无创等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

尼立苏治疗蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的疗效观察

蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)后脑血管痉挛 (CVS)是常见而危险的并发症 ,是致死致残的主要原因之一 ,因此防治脑血管痉挛是改善患者预后的关键。近几年我院对 18例蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛患者 ,分别给于尼立苏 (山东新华制药厂出品 )和常规治疗 ,并进行疗效对比 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　本文所选 18例患者均经腰穿、头颅CT或MRI及TCD确诊。脑血管痉挛的诊断依据 :( 1)临床表现 :症状再次出现意识障碍、运动及或感觉障碍加重。 ( 2 )TCD检查平均血流速度明显加快 ,符合脑血管痉挛表现。 ( 3 )排除其他原因 ,(如再出血、…     

经颅多普勒超声在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血中的临床价值

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)是常见出血性脑血管疾病之一,常因继发脑血管痉挛(CVS)而增加致残率和死亡率.早期诊断CVS是提高该病治愈率的关键措施之一.本文应用经颅多普勒(TCD)超声技术对住院治疗的27例自发性SAH进行动态观察,探讨其临床应用价值.     

法舒地尔治疗蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛有效性和安全性的临床评价——Ⅳ期临床试验报告

目的 法舒地尔治疗蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛(CVS)的临床疗效和安全性.方法 74家医院共收治2 092例动脉瘤性SAH患者,进行Ⅳ期临床试验.所有病例术后均静脉滴注法舒地尔30 mg/次,每日3次,共14d.观察治疗前与后第3、7和14天患者的临床表现及神经系统评分、血生化、经颅多普勒(TCD)的有效性和安全性.结果 用药后14d患者的临床表现明显改善,TCD显示CVS的缓解率为94.36％(P=0.0000),大脑中动脉平均流速降至正常.总有效率91.21％.均未发现任何不良反应,主要血化验指标未见异常.结论 静脉法舒地尔治疗SAH后CVS非常有效并具有安全性和可靠性;是治疗和预防CVS的一种新方法.     

经颅多普勒超声对颅底肿瘤术后迟发性脑血管痉挛的检测及防治

目的探寻颅底肿瘤术后血管痉挛(CVS)的检测方法及其防治。方法选取自2011年1月~2012年1月我科收治的颅底肿瘤患者74例,根据患者是否应用尼莫地平将患者分为治疗组(40例)和对照组(34例)。经颅多普勒超声(TCD)分析仪,分别于开颅手术前1d和术后1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、14 d动态监测患侧大脑中动脉(MCA)血流速度,同时与下颌角稍下方测得颈内动脉颅外段(e ICA)血流速度。结果两组共24例患者发生CVS,经TCD检查显示大脑中动脉的平均血流速度≥120 cm/s,其中11例血流速度≥200cm/s。治疗组患者发生CVS 9例占22.5%;对照组患者发生CVS 15例占44.1%。经统计学检验差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)结论本研究显示应用尼莫地平术中灌洗术后静滴+口服对于防治颅底肿瘤术后迟发性CVS有效。TCD可以及时、准确、无创的对颅底肿瘤术后迟发性CVS进行动态、量化观察,有利于早期发现CVS的发生及严重程度,可以作为指导治疗的一个指标。     

TCD对蛛网膜下腔出血脑脊液置换的疗效观察

原发性蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH)发病后的主要并发症包括再出血、脑血管痉挛(cerebral vasospasm, CVS)和脑积水.早期除使用尼莫地平等药物治疗外,还可采用腰穿释放脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)或CSF置换术,减轻CVS及其后遗症状[1].作者对本院神经内科重症监护室2007年1月至2010年6月收治的60例SAH患者行动态经颅多普勒(transcranial Doppler, TCD)检测,根据TCD血流动力学参数及颅内压(intracranial pressure, ICP)与SAH急性期的相关变化评估脑脊液置换的效果.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的肿瘤坏死因子-α基因启动子相关遗传易感性分析

目的 探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛(CVS)与肿瘤坏死因子-α基因(TNF-α)启动子相关遗传易感性。方法 经临床确诊SAH患者168例,采用TCD检测和评定SAH患者CVS情况,分为CVS(-)组84例和CVS(+)组84例,另选84名正常成年人作为对照组,应用聚合酶链反应和序列特异性引物-PCR(SSP-PCR)方法对TNF-α基因启动子区5个位点进行基因分型, 用EPI 和EH 等软件分析各位点等位基因、基因型及其组间差异。结果 CVS(+)组与CVS(-)组Hunt-Hess分级构成比有明显差异(P<0.05)。38GG基因型和-863CC基因型是SAH后发生CVS的易感因素(P均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析发现-238G/A、-863C/A基因型和Hunt-Hess分级为与脑血管痉挛有关的危险因素(P<0.05)。CVS(+)组与CVS(-)组年龄、性别、高血压病史及CT Fisher分级构成比均无明显差异(P均>0.05)。结论 TNF-α基因启动子区多态性可能是影响SAH患者发生CVS的高危因素。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的脑血流动力学改变

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）后脑血管痉挛（CVS）的血流动力学改变。方法对337例（382枚动脉瘤）aSAH患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,均经数字减影血管造影（DSA）和／或CT血管造影（CTA）检查证实为动脉瘤（An）,其中动脉瘤颈夹闭术297例,瘤颈夹闭及载瘤动脉塑形术29例,动脉瘤孤立术8例及包裹术3例。术后给予尼莫地平持续泵入扩血管、脑脊液引流、3H疗法等治疗,并于SAH1—3d．4～7d,8～14d、15～20d进行床边经颅超声多普勒（TCD）检测,主要观察MCA平均血流速度（VmMcA）、计算Lindegaard指数,即同侧MCA与颅外段ICAVm之比（LI）,观察CVS及颅内压（ICP）等脑血流动力学变化。结果SAH患者不同程度的存在CVS,25％的患者1—3d就出现CVS,8～14d达高峰;Hunt-Hess分级与CVS的变化成正相关;102例患者（102／337,30．3％）出现不同程度的颅内压增高;17例（17／337,5％）出现延迟性缺血性神经功能障碍（DIND）,颅内压增高且有CVS者预后较差。结论TCD可以床边、动态监测aSAH患者的脑血流动力学改变,具有无创、简单易行的特点。TCD检测的脑血流速度、Lindegaard指数和频谱形态相结合对临床和血管造影诊断CVS有价值。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.