去甲二氢愈创木酸类似物26C基于活性氧簇诱导细胞凋亡的体外抗肺癌活性研究

目的 研究去甲二氢愈创木酸（NDGA）类似物26C的抗肺癌活性与初步机制。方法 利用MTT实验评价26C对肺癌细胞NCI-H460的细胞毒性;用集落克隆、划痕实验分别检测26C对NCI-H460细胞生长、迁移的影响;流式细胞仪检测26C对NCI-H460细胞的周期阻滞及诱导凋亡情况;活性氧簇（ROS）实验探究26C引起细胞凋亡的作用机制。结果 26C对NCI-H460的IC₅₀为（4.7±0.5）μmol/L,对NCI-H460的集落形成、迁移有较强的抑制作用,其活性明显优于先导化合物NDGA;26C可将细胞周期阻滞在G₂/M期,并通过升高ROS水平的作用机制诱导NCI-H460细胞凋亡。结论 化合物26C为具有研发前景的抗肺癌候选化合物,其通过提高ROS水平、阻滞细胞周期来抑制细胞生长和诱导细胞凋亡。     

冬虫夏草菌丝体水提醇沉物体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 研究冬虫夏草菌丝体水提醇沉物的体外抗肿瘤活性及其机制。方法 采用热水浸提-醇沉法得到水提物,高效液相色谱仪测定水提醇沉物中腺苷的量;采用MTT法测定其抗肿瘤活性,利用流式细胞仪结合碘化丙锭染色法检测其对细胞周期的抑制。结果 实验表明水提醇沉物能抑制人肝癌HepG2细胞株及大细胞肺癌NCI-H460细胞株的增殖,并呈浓度相关性;半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）值分别为（1.49±0.19）和（1.67±0.27）mg/mL。细胞周期分析表明,水提醇沉物分别阻滞HepG2及NCI-H460细胞周期于G₂/M期、S期,并可诱导上述两种细胞发生凋亡。结论 冬虫夏草水提醇沉物通过阻滞HepG2及NCI-H460细胞周期循环,诱导其凋亡,从而表现出良好的增殖抑制活性。为深入研究冬虫夏草菌丝体水提醇沉物抗肿瘤的机制提供了实验证据。     

异戊烯基香豆素类化合物抑制A549细胞增殖作用及其构效关系

目的 探讨异戊烯基香豆素类化合物对A549肺癌细胞增殖的影响,并对其构效关系及作用机制进行初步探讨。方法 将人肺癌细胞A549进行体外培养,采用不同浓度异戊烯基香豆素类化合物甘草香豆素（GCM）、甘草酚（GC）、补骨脂定（PSO）、香豆雌酚（COM）、7-去甲基软木花椒素（DE）、7, 2'', 4''-trihydroxy-5-methxy-3-penylcoumarin（TMP）和蛇床子素（OST）分别处理肺癌A549细胞36、72 h后,通过结晶紫染色法检测细胞增殖活性;采用蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blotting）检测细胞中TOPK、C-PARP、Bcl-2、Bax、p62、LC3B蛋白表达水平。结果 受试化合物对A549细胞增殖的抑制作用存在浓度和时间相关性;10 μmol/L的GCM、GC、PSO、COM、DE、TMP组Bcl-2表达均下降（P＜0.05）;A549细胞经10 μmol/L GCM、GC、PSO处理后,TOPK的表达显著降低,C-PARP、LC3 Ⅱ、p62的表达显著升高（P＜0.05）。结论 异戊烯基香豆素类化合物GCM、GC、PSO可显著抑制A549细胞的增殖活性,且其抗增殖活性可能与香豆素母核苯环上的异戊烯基结构取代和母核C-3位上苯环的取代及其环上游离的羟基有关;其抗A549细胞增殖的作用机制可能与促进细胞凋亡,诱导细胞发生不完全自噬并抑制自噬流有关。     

仙茅苷对脂多糖诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖、迁移及表型转化的影响

目的 观察仙茅苷（curculigoside,Cur）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs）发生细胞增殖、迁移以及促进其表型转化的影响,并对其机制进行初步探讨。方法 体外分离培养大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,将血管平滑肌细胞 随机分为对照组、脂多糖组、脂多糖+不同浓度仙茅苷组及仙茅苷组。采用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法观察并计算各组细胞增殖率;采用细胞划痕实验观察并计算细胞迁移率。应用 Western blot法检测各组细胞内α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）及核转录因子κB（NF-κB）信号通路相关蛋白表达情况。结果 与对照组相比,脂多糖组细胞增殖率、迁移率及细胞内核转录因子κB及基质金属蛋白酶9蛋白表达水平明显提高（P<0.001）,而α-平滑肌肌动蛋白表达明显降低（P<0.001）;与脂多糖组相比,脂多糖+仙茅苷组细胞增殖率、迁移率以及细胞内基质金属蛋白酶9、核转录因子κB蛋白表达水平明显下降（P<0.001）,α-平滑肌肌动蛋白表达水平明显上升（P<0.001）。结论 仙茅苷可明显抑制由脂多糖诱导的血管平滑肌细胞表型自收缩表型向合成表型转化,进而抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖与迁移能力。其作用机制可能与核转录因子κB信号通路相关。     

EGCG通过调控DNA结合蛋白Ku70促进肺癌细胞凋亡

目的 观察表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯[（-）-epigallocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG]对人肺腺癌细胞株的凋亡诱导作用,探讨Ku70在EGCG促肺癌细胞凋亡中的作用机制。方法 构建pSliencer 4.1-CMV-shKu70质粒干扰Ku70的表达,建立细胞系;MTT法和Annexin V/PI双染色流式细胞术检测细胞的增殖及凋亡;Western blot法检测Bax、caspase-3（17 kDa）、Ku70蛋白的表达;免疫共沉淀法检测Ku70和Bax之间的相互作用。结果 EGCG可明显抑制A549的增殖（P<0.01）,并诱导其凋亡（P<0.05）,上调Bax、caspase-3表达,下调Ku70表达。抑制Ku70的表达后,EGCG对A549细胞的抑制增殖和促进凋亡作用更加明显,进一步显著上调caspase-3的表达（P<0.05）,但是Bax的表达无明显变化;同时EGCG可以减弱Ku70-Bax之间的相互作用（P<0.05）。结论 EGCG可抑制人肺腺癌细胞增殖及诱导细胞凋亡,其机制与抑制Ku70的表达,抑制Ku70-Bax之间的相互作用,激活Bax,启动caspase级联反应有关。     

鬼臼毒素衍生物CIP-36诱导KBV 200细胞凋亡

目的：研究鬼臼毒素衍生物CIP-36对多药耐药人口腔鳞状上皮癌细胞KBV 200的抗肿瘤活性及其作用机制。方法：MTT法考察CIP-36对KBV 200体外增殖的抑制作用;Giemsa染色、DNA ladder和流式细胞仪等方法进行细胞凋亡检测;免疫荧光法观察CIP-36对细胞骨架的作用;western-blot法检测CIP-36对KBV 200细胞P-gp表达的影响。结果：CIP-36对KBV 200细胞有明显的抑制作用,IC₅₀值为（2.06±0.38）μmol / L,能够诱导细胞产生凋亡小体和DNA ladder。流式细胞检测到了细胞凋亡峰,并观察到细胞周期出现S/G₂+M期阻滞。Western-blot结果显示P-gp表达降低,并且观察到CIP-36可破坏KBV 200细胞的细胞骨架。结论：CIP-36可能通过降低P-gp的表达,破坏细胞骨架等多靶点克服KBV 200细胞株的多药耐药性。     

Wentilactone A抑制小细胞肺癌系NCI-H1688细胞的迁移研究

目的 探讨小分子化合物Wentilactone A (WA)抑制小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)细胞系NCI-H1688细胞迁移的机制。方法 采用划痕实验、噻唑蓝[3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide,MTT]实验检测小分子化合物WA对细胞迁移和增殖能力的影响。免疫荧光实验检测化合物WA作用后SCLC细胞系NCI-H1688细胞中ATF3蛋白的表达。Western blot验证ATF3/Nrf2/AKR1C1信号通路的关键蛋白。结果 小分子化合物WA抑制SCLC细胞系NCI-H1688细胞的迁移和增殖,加入化合物WA 24 h组与48 h组的IC₅₀分别为(1.03±0.30)和(0.46±0.18) μmol/L。WA作用组NCI-H1688细胞的相对迁移距离为(8.73±1.06) mm,低于对照组的(15.63±3.11) mm,过表达AKR1C1基因后NCI-H1688细胞迁移距离为(24.37±0.90) mm,过表达AKR1C1基因并且WA作用后NCI-H1688细胞的迁移距离为(14.17±1.31) mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ATF3是AKR1C1基因的负性调节因子,化合物WA作用后,ATF3蛋白表达水平升高,抑制Nrf2与ARE结合,从而抑制AKR1C1蛋白的表达。结论 WA通过ATF3/Nrf2/AKR1C1信号通路抑制SCLC细胞系NCI-H1688细胞的迁移和增殖。     

氧化亚铜纳米粒对B16细胞上皮间质转化的影响

目的 制备氧化亚铜纳米粒（cuprous oxide nanoparticles,CONPs）并研究对小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞上皮间质转化的影响。方法 采用水热法制备氧化亚铜纳米粒。将B16细胞分为正常培养组和CONPs（5、25、50 μg/ml）刺激培养组,于倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态学的变化,通过细胞划痕实验和Transwell检测CONPs对B16细胞迁移能力的影响,采用免疫荧光染色法和蛋白质印迹法检测B16细胞表型的相关分子标志物表达的变化。结果 合成的氧化亚铜纳米粒分布均匀,粒径约40 nm;体外细胞实验发现CONPs明显地抑制了B16细胞的迁移和侵袭能力;并刺激B16细胞上皮细胞表型的E-cadherin、Cytokeratin、Desmoplakin的表达明显升高,而间质细胞表型的N-cadherin、Vimentin的表达降低。结论 CONPs能明显地抑制黑色素瘤细胞的侵袭转移和上皮-间质转化（EMT）过程。     

miR-186-5p靶向CXCL13基因通过Wnt/β-catenin信号调节胃癌HGC-27细胞增殖、凋亡、细胞周期、迁移和侵袭

目的 探讨miR-186-5p对胃癌HGC-27细胞增殖、凋亡、细胞周期、迁移和侵袭的影响及作用机制。方法 在胃癌HGC-27细胞中通过脂质体转染miR-186-5p模拟物（mimics）,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测转染效果, MTT实验分析HGC-27细胞增殖水平,流式细胞术分析细胞周期变化和细胞凋亡情况,Transwell实验分析HGC-27细胞迁移和侵袭能力,生物信息学、双荧光素酶报告基因实验以及Western blotting分析miR-186-5p和CXCL13的靶向关系,Western blotting分析Wnt/β-catenin信号通路活化情况。结果 体外转染miR-186-5p mimics可上调HGC-27细胞中miR-186-5p的表达。上调miR-186-5p表达能够抑制HGC-27细胞体外增殖、细胞周期进程、迁移和侵袭能力,并促进细胞凋亡。miR-186-5p可靶向抑制CXCL13的表达,上调miR-186-5p表达能够抑制β-catenin和c-Myc的表达。结论 miR-186-5p可靶向抑制CXCL13的表达,阻断Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,并抑制胃癌HGC-27细胞增殖、细胞周期、迁移和侵袭,促进细胞凋亡。     

新型4-苯胺基喹唑啉类酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 对合成的新型4-苯胺基喹唑啉类酪氨酸激酶抑制剂TYIG1～TYIG9进行抗肿瘤活性研究,为寻找具有靶向抗肿瘤活性的候选化合物提供依据。方法 采用均相时间分辨荧光（HTRF）法对化合物进行EGFR、VEGFR-2两个靶点的体外活性筛选;采用MTS法对化合物进行肿瘤细胞（A431、A549、H1975、MDA-MB-231）增殖抑制的体外活性评价;采用人肺癌H1975细胞的移植瘤裸鼠模型评价其在动物体内抗肿瘤活性。结果 采用HTRF法从合成的一系列化合物中筛选出化合物TYIG4~TYIG9对EGFR、VEGFR-2激酶的活性较好。MTS法检测得到这6个化合物对4种肿瘤细胞（A431、A549、H1975、MDA-MB-231）均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中TYIG6的增殖抑制作用的选择性更为突出;体内试验结果表明TYIG6能够剂量相关性地抑制肿瘤生长,50、100 mg/kg TYIG6对H1975的相对肿瘤抑制率分别为42.59%、34.92%。结论 TYIG6具有良好的体内外抗肿瘤活性,具有成为新型双靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的潜能,有进一步的研究价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.