Consequences of In Utero Zika Virus Exposure and Adverse Pregnancy and Early Childhood Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study

We aimed to describe adverse pregnancy outcomes among women who had symptomatic, RT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection and early childhood outcomes among their infants. We enrolled pregnant women with symptomatic, RT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection in a prospective cohort study, and their infants in a prospective pediatric cohort study. We defined adverse pregnancy and early childhood outcomes based on selected neurologic, ophthalmologic, auditory, musculoskeletal, and anthropometric abnormalities. We used RT-PCR and serologic tests to determine the ZIKV infection status of the child. Between 10 March and 24 November 2016, we enrolled 546 pregnant women with RT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection. The overall risk of adverse pregnancy and early childhood outcomes possibly related to in utero ZIKV exposure was 15.7% (95% CI: 12.8–19.0), distributed as follows: 3.6% (95% CI: 2.3–5.6) severe sequelae or fatality; 2.7% (95% CI: 1.6–4.5) major abnormalities; 9.4% (95% CI:7.1–12.2) mild abnormalities. The risk of severe sequelae or fatality was higher when ZIKV infection occurred during the first trimester (7.0%), compared to the second (2.7%) or third trimester (1.4%) (p = 0.02). Among the infants for whom ZIKV infection status could be determined, the vertical transmission rate was 3.0% (5/167) (95% CI: 1.1–7.2). Among pregnant women with symptomatic, RT-PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection, severe or major pregnancy or early childhood outcomes were present in 6.3% of fetuses and infants. Severe outcomes occurred more frequently in fetuses and infants whose mothers had been infected in the first trimester.     

Symptomatic Chikungunya Virus Infection and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Nested Case-Control Study in French Guiana

During the Chikungunya epidemic in the Caribbean and Latin America, pregnant women were affected by the virus in French Guiana. The question of the impact of the virus on pregnancy was raised because of the lack of scientific consensus and published data in the region. Thus, during the Chikungunya outbreak in French Guiana, a comparative study was set up using a cohort of pregnant women. The objective was to compare pregnancy and neonatal outcomes between pregnant women with Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and pregnant women without CHIKV. Of 653 mothers included in the cohort, 246 mothers were included in the case-control study: 73 had CHIKV fever during pregnancy and 173 had neither fever nor CHIKV during pregnancy. The study did not observe any severe clinical presentation of CHIKV in the participating women. There were no intensive care unit admissions. In addition, the study showed no significant difference between the two groups with regard to pregnancy complications. However, the results showed a potential excess risk of neonatal ICU admission of the newborn when the maternal infection occurred within 7 days before delivery. These results suggest that special attention should be paid to neonates whose mothers were infected with CHIKV shortly before delivery.     

Outcomes of pregnancies in women with pre‐gestational diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus; a population‐based study in New South Wales,Australia, 1998–2002

Aim To determine population‐based rates and outcomes of pre‐gestational diabetes mellitus (pre‐GDM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnancy. Methods This was a cross‐sectional study, using linked population databases, of all women, and their infants, discharged from hospital following birth in New South Wales (NSW) between 1 July 1998 and 31 December 2002. Women with, and infants exposed to pre‐GDM or GDM were compared with those without diabetes mellitus for pregnancy characteristics and outcomes. Results Women with a singleton pregnancy (n = 370 703) and their infants were included: 1248 women (0.3%) had pre‐GDM and 17 128 (4.5%) had GDM. Of those women with pre‐GDM, 57% had Type 1 diabetes, 20% had Type 2 diabetes and for 23% the type of diabetes was unknown. Major maternal morbidity or mortality was more common in women with pre‐GDM (7.9%) [odds ratio (OR) 3.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6, 3.9] and in women with GDM (3.1%) (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1, 1.4) when compared with women without diabetes (2.6%). Major infant morbidity or mortality occurred more frequently in infants exposed to pre‐GDM compared with no diabetes (13.6% vs. 3.1%) (OR 5.0, 95% CI 4.2, 5.8) and in infants exposed to GDM compared with no diabetes (3.2% vs. 2.3%) (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3, 1.5). Conclusions Pre‐GDM and GDM continue to be associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes; however, women with GDM have adverse outcomes less frequently. Rates of GDM and pre‐GDM appear to be increasing over time. Clinicians should consider the potential for adverse outcomes, and arrange referral to appropriate services.     

妊娠合并心脏病患者的妊娠风险度评估研究

目的 研究分析量化心脏相关高危风险指标在判断妊娠合并心脏病患者妊娠结局的独立或综合价值.方法 选择1999年1月至2008年12月广东省人民医院收治的416名孕妇共535次妊娠,这些孕妇包括先天性心脏病和获得性心脏病患者.将孕妇分为预测发生心脏事件组和实际发生心脏病事件组,就影响发生心脏事件各种相关因素进行综合分析.结...     

系统性红斑狼疮患者合并妊娠的临床研究

目的 探讨系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者妊娠的安全性、妊娠结局及对子代的影响.方法 回顾性分析1999年6月至2009年10月我院收治的SLE合并妊娠的患者的妊娠情况,比较选择性妊娠和非选择性妊娠组患者的SLE疾病活动情况、产科并发症情况、胎儿情况.并对SLE患者的子代进行随访.统计学处理采用x2检验和t检验.结果 SLE合并妊娠的患者共62例,选择性妊娠组43例,非选择性妊娠组19例;选择性妊娠组中10例(23%)患者在妊娠过程中出现疾病活动,8例(19%)流产,35例(81%)活胎分娩,其中低体质量儿7例,早产7例;非选择性妊娠组中16例(84%)出现疾病活动,13例(68%)流产,6例(32%)活胎分娩,均为低体质量儿,4例早产,3例合并胎儿生长受限.选择性妊娠组的妊娠过程中疾病活动率、流产率均显著低于非选择性妊娠组(P＜0.05).22例子代随访未发现SLE患儿.结论 选择性妊娠组与非选择性妊娠组患者均面临妊娠过程中SLE疾病活动及妊娠结局不良的风险,但是选择性妊娠组患者妊娠期间疾病稳定状况、母婴的预后均优于非选择性妊娠组.     

The need for appropriate registration of pregnancy outcomes under newer oral glucose‐lowering therapies

Because of the increase in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in young adults, women of childbearing age are frequently treated with newer glucose‐lowering therapies, and an increase in unintentional exposure to therapies unapproved for use during pregnancy is expected. The clinician is left with the dilemma of deciding between discontinuation of a novel agent that is providing excellent glycaemic control, while switching to other agents may cause deterioration of glycaemia, and continued use of novel agents that may have uncertain effects on the unborn child. For T2DM, pregnancy data are collected only via spontaneous reporting systems. Therefore, we evaluated the available data on pregnancy outcomes under newer glucose‐lowering agents in pharmaceutical safety databases. We found that data on pregnancy outcomes with new glucose‐lowering agents in T2DM are scarce, with a high risk of bias towards negative outcomes, limiting their usefulness in robustly assessing safety. Because of the lack of information at present, these agents are not recommended for use during pregnancy or when planning pregnancy. To better guide clinical practice, structured systems of assessing pregnancy outcomes in women receiving these novel agents are urgently needed.     

Maternal HBsAg carriers and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A hospital‐based prospective cohort analysis

It is not clear whether chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during pregnancy can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes for both mothers and neonates. We conducted a hospital‐based prospective cohort study on pregnant women (PW) and used an analysis strategy that was guided by directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). Maternal characteristics and major adverse pregnancy outcomes were collected both from questionnaires and hospital‐based electronic medical records. Serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status were determined. In total, 3329 of the 3416 pregnant women who received routine antenatal care in a hospital setting at baseline, including 346 HBsAg carriers, were available for analysis. Maternal HBsAg carrier status was associated with an increased risk of intrahepatic cholestasis pregnancy [aOR (adjusting odds ratio) = 1.70; 95% CI (confidence interval) = 1.16‐2.49], premature rupture of the membranes (aOR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.00‐1.89) and large for gestational age birth aOR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.17‐2.39). The risk of intrahepatic cholestasis remained in pregnant women with either HBeAg‐positive (aOR = 2.96; 95% CI = 1.33‐6.62) or HBeAg‐negative (aOR = 1.52; 95% CI =1.00‐2.32)] status; notably, only maternal HBeAg‐negative status was associated with a higher risk of large for gestational age birth (aOR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.33‐2.76). Our results implied that chronic HBV infection during pregnancy may increase the risk of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes and large for gestational age pregnancies.     

Pregnancy outcomes and pharmacokinetics in pregnant women living with HIV exposed to long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine in clinical trials

Background

Limited data exist on pregnant women living with HIV exposed to cabotegravir + rilpivirine (CAB + RPV). Outcomes in pregnant participants exposed to CAB + RPV, and pharmacokinetic washout data in those exposed to CAB + RPV long-acting (LA) with live births, are presented.

Methods

Women exposed to one or more doses of CAB + RPV (oral/LA) from ViiV Healthcare-sponsored phase 2b/3/3b clinical trials and the compassionate use programme who became pregnant were included. Upon pregnancy in the trial programme, CAB + RPV was discontinued, an alternative antiretroviral regimen was initiated, and quarterly pharmacokinetic sampling for 52 weeks post-last injection was obtained. CAB + RPV continuation or alternative antiretroviral regimen initiation was decided by pregnant compassionate use programme participants and their treating physicians.

Results

As of 31 March 2021, 25 pregnancies following CAB + RPV exposure at conception were reported (five oral, 20 LA), including four who conceived during pharmacokinetic washout following treatment discontinuation. There were eight elective abortions, six miscarriages (five in first trimester), one ectopic pregnancy, and 10 live births (one oral, nine LA), including one infant born with congenital ptosis. Among participants exposed to CAB + RPV LA at conception with live births, plasma CAB and RPV washout concentrations during pregnancy were within the range of those observed in non-pregnant women.

Conclusion

In this first analysis of pregnancy outcomes following CAB + RPV exposure at conception, 10 live births, including one with congenital anomaly, were reported. Plasma CAB and RPV washout concentrations during pregnancy were within the range of those in non-pregnant women. Pregnancy surveillance within ViiV Healthcare-sponsored clinical trials is ongoing, with dedicated pregnancy studies planned.     

170例HIV感染孕妇的妊娠结局分析

目的探讨并分析HIV感染孕妇的临床特征及妊娠结局。方法收集本院2007年1月—2018年11月期间HIV感染孕妇的流行病学资料,分析其流行病学特征以及妊娠结局。结果共纳入170例HIV感染孕妇,感染的主要方式为异性性传播。近3年诊治的HIV感染孕妇数量较前几年明显增多。孕妇的主要抗病毒方案为齐多夫定或替诺福韦+拉米夫定+洛匹那韦/利托那韦。婴儿主要抗病毒方案为齐多夫定或奈韦拉平。母婴阻断成功率100%。结论HIV感染孕妇数量呈上升趋势,及时对HIV感染孕妇进行规范系统的抗病毒治疗及对HIV暴露婴儿进行预防可有效阻断HIV母婴传播。     

The burden of premature ventricular contractions predicts adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes among pregnant women without structural heart disease: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundPremature ventricular contractions (PVCs) may increase during pregnancy, however, few studies have evaluated the relationship between PVCs and the pregnant outcomes.HypothesisPVCs may increase the adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes in pregnant women.MethodsSix thousand one hundred and forty‐eight pregnant women were prospectively enrolled in our center between 2017 and 2019 in the study. The average PVC burden was determined by calculating the number of PVCs in total beats. Those who had a PVC burden >0.5% were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of adverse fetal or neonatal events. The adverse outcomes were compared between the groups to assess the impact of PVCs on pregnancy.ResultsA total of 103 (1.68%) women with a PVC burden >0.5% were recorded. Among them, 17 adverse events (12 cases) were documented, which was significantly higher than that among women without PVCs (11.65% vs. 2.93%, p < .01). The median PVC burden among pregnant women with PVCs was 2.84% (1.02%–6.1%). Furthermore, compared with that of the women without adverse events, the median PVC burden of women with adverse fetal or neonatal outcomes was significantly higher (9.02% vs. 2.30%, p < .01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that not the LVEF, heart rate and bigeminy, but only the PVC burden was associated with adverse fetal or neonatal outcomes among pregnant women with PVCs (OR: 1.34, 95% CI [1.11–1.61], p < .01).ConclusionsFrequent PVCs have adverse effects on pregnancy, and the PVC burden might be an important factor associated with adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes among pregnant women with PVCs.     

Thrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review

Growing evidence suggests that thrombophilia is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, methodological limitations have made it difficult to obtain a clear overview of the overall risks. We conducted a systematic review to determine the risk of VTE and adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with thrombophilia in pregnancy. The effectiveness of prophylactic interventions during pregnancy was also evaluated. Major electronic databases were searched, relevant data abstracted and study quality assessed by two independent reviewers. Odds ratios (ORs) stratified by thrombophilia type were calculated for each outcome. A total of 79 studies were included in our review. The risks for individual thrombophilic defects were determined for VTE (ORs, 0.74-34.40); early pregnancy loss (ORs, 1.40-6.25); late pregnancy loss (ORs, 1.31-20.09); pre-eclampsia (ORs, 1.37-3.49); placental abruption (ORs, 1.42-7.71) and intrauterine growth restriction (ORs, 1.24-2.92). Low-dose aspirin plus heparin was the most effective in preventing pregnancy loss in thrombophilic women (OR, 1.62). Our findings confirm that women with thrombophilia are at risk of developing VTE and complications in pregnancy. However, despite the increase in relative risk, the absolute risk of VTE and adverse outcomes remains low. There is also a lack of controlled trials of antithrombotic intervention to prevent pregnancy complications. Thus, at present, universal screening for thrombophilia in pregnancy cannot be justified clinically.     

Buprenorphine in pregnant opioid-dependent women: first results of a prospective study

Aim To report results on the prospective follow‐up of 34 pregnant women exposed to buprenorphine maintenance for opiate dependence. Design and setting Prospective multicentre study: all pregnant women receiving buprenorphine as maintenance therapy were included as early as possible during their pregnancy. Participants The pregnant women were recruited from opiate maintenance therapy centres, general practitioner‐networks involved in addiction, maternity hospitals and centres for drug information during pregnancy. Measurements Women: drugs and medications consumed, medical and obstetrical events; offspring: withdrawal syndrome, malformation, neonatal disease. Findings The buprenorphine‐exposed pregnancies resulted in 31 live births, one stillbirth, one spontaneous abortion and one voluntary termination. A neonatal withdrawal syndrome was observed in 13 cases (41.9%) and eight of these babies required opiate treatment. Two neonates had a malformation: a premature ductus arteriosus stricture and a tragus appendix. Conclusion Taken together with other prospective studies, no alarming results were observed concerning pregnancy outcomes. However, further data from the comparative prospective study are required to determine whether buprenorphine can be considered as a good alternative to methadone treatment in pregnant women.     

Pregnancy outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes in China during 2004 to 2014: A retrospective study (the CARNATION Study)

BackgroundWe aimed to report pregnancy outcomes of women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in China, on which data were sparse.MethodsThis is a nationwide retrospective study conducted in 11 general medical centers in 8 cities across China. We investigated the clinical data of all women who attended these centers with a singleton pregnancy and whose pregnancy ended between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2014. Pregnancies of women with pregestational T1D were ascertained and compared with those of women without T1D.ResultsFrom over 300 000 pregnancies over the 11‐year study period, we identified 265 singleton pregnancies of women with T1D. One maternal death was documented among 265 (0.37%) women with T1D and 83 among 318 486 (0.03%) women without T1D. Women with T1D suffered from higher rates of pregnancy loss (13.21% vs 2.92%, crude risk ratio [cRR] 5.08 [95% CI, 3.56‐7.26]) and preeclampsia (17.74% vs 4.20%, cRR 4.94 [95% CI, 3.60‐6.77]) compared with those without T1D. Infants of these women with T1D had elevated rates of neonatal death (5.65% vs 0.16%, cRR 37.36 [95% CI, 21.21‐65.82]) and congenital malformation(s) (8.26% vs 3.53%, cRR 2.46 [95% CI, 1.54‐3.93]) compared with those of women without T1D. No significant improvement in pregnancy outcomes in women with T1D was observed over the period 2004 to 2014.ConclusionsPregnancy outcomes were persistently poor in women with T1D during 2004 to 2014 in China. Pregnancy care needs to be improved to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes among Chinese women with T1D.     

Hematological malignancy and pregnancy: a single‐institution experience of 21 cases

The incidence of hematological malignancies during pregnancy is low, and treatment in this setting is problematic. This study observed 21 pregnancies in 18 patients with hematological malignancies. Patients’ ages were between 19 and 43 (median 25) years. Two pregnancies ended with spontaneous abortion, one pregnancy ended with in utero death, three therapeutic abortions were carried out, and 15 infants were born alive but three of them died later. The median birth weight was 2.47 kg. Twelve babies survived to a median age of 36 (range 4–117) months. Eight babies were exposed to chemotherapy during the in utero period. One baby was exposed to chemotherapy during all the trimesters and was born prematurely and later died because of intracranial bleeding. Four babies were exposed to chemotherapy during the first trimester, one of them had low birth weight and floating thumb malformation, two of them had only low birth weight, and one was born healthy, but died at 3 months of age as a result of severe gastroenteritis. Two babies were exposed to chemotherapy during the second and third trimesters; one of them had low birth weight, and the other pregnancy ended in in utero death. One infant was exposed to chemotherapy during the third trimester and was born at term, but died because of pulmonary hemorrhage. We concluded that chemotherapy during all trimesters of pregnancy carries a significant risk for an unfavorable outcome.     

Relationships between severe neonatal thrombocytopenia and maternal characteristics in pregnancies associated with autoimmune thrombocytopenia

In pregnant women with antecedents of autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP), no predictive factor for severe fetal thrombocytopenia has been identified. We evaluated the relationships between the course of the maternal disease before and during pregnancy and the risk of severe fetal thrombocytopenia, in 64 pregnant women with known chronic AITP antecedents, over a 12-year period. 28 pregnant women had undergone splenectomy before pregnancy and 17 experienced severe thrombocytopenia (< 50 × 10⁹/l) during pregnancy (monthly determination). Eight infants presented with severe thrombocytopenia at birth (12.5%), and four in the following days (6.25%). No severe haemorrhage was observed. Severe thrombocytopenia at birth was present in 57% (CI 95% 18–90%) of the infants born to mothers with severe pregnancy-associated thrombocytopenia and splenectomy antecedents, and in 0% (CI 95% 0–15%) of the infants born to mothers who presented none of these antecedents ( P  = 0.001). In thrombocytopenic mothers the infant platelet counts at birth were positively correlated to the nadir maternal platelet count during the index pregnancy ( r  = 0.42, P  = 0.0075).
These results suggest that severe autoimmune disease is a risk factor for severe fetal thrombocytopenia, and that pregnant women with no antecedent of splenectomy nor severe thrombocytopenia during pregnancy have a very low risk of severe fetal thrombocytopenia.     

Pregnancy in Patients with Shone Complex: A Single-Center Case Series

Background: There is limited literature written on the course and outcomes for pregnant mothers with Shone complex. Methods: We describe a case series of five pregnancies in four women with Shone complex within a multidisciplinary cardio-obstetrics clinic from 2016–2018. Results: Maternal age ranged from 21–39 years. Three patients had preserved left ventricular function while one had moderately decreased function. Gestational age at presentation ranged from 6–15 weeks. There were three successful pregnancies (mean gestational age = 37 weeks, range 35–39 weeks) with one patient accounting for two unsuccessful pregnancies. All infants were delivered via Cesarean section. One infant required a NICU stay, but all other infants delivered were healthy. Conclusion: Patients with Shone complex can have successful pregnancies although complications can occur for both the mother and the baby. Comprehensive prenatal care, coordinated and consistent management during pregnancy, and tertiary care support can promote positive maternal and fetal outcomes.     

Birth outcomes in women who have taken leflunomide during pregnancy

Objective

In preclinical reproductive studies, leflunomide was found to be embryotoxic and teratogenic. Women treated with leflunomide are advised to avoid pregnancy; those who become pregnant are advised to reduce fetal exposure through a cholestyramine drug elimination procedure. The present study was undertaken to investigate pregnancy outcomes in women who received leflunomide and were treated with cholestyramine during pregnancy.

Methods

Sixty‐four pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were treated with leflunomide during pregnancy (95.3% of whom received cholestyramine), 108 pregnant women with RA not treated with leflunomide, and 78 healthy pregnant women were enrolled in a prospective cohort study between 1999 and 2009. Information was collected via interview of the mothers, review of medical records, and specialized physical examination of infants.

Results

There were no significant differences in the overall rate of major structural defects in the exposed group (3 of 56 live births [5.4%]) relative to either comparison group (each 4.2%)(P = 0.13). The rate was similar to the 3–4% expected in the general population. There was no specific pattern of major or minor anomalies. Infants in both the leflunomide‐exposed and non–leflunomide‐exposed RA groups were born smaller and earlier relative to infants of healthy mothers; however, after adjustment for confounding factors, there were no significant differences between the leflunomide‐exposed and non–leflunomide‐exposed RA groups.

Conclusion

Although the sample size is small, these data do not support the notion that there is a substantial increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes due to leflunomide exposure among women who undergo cholestyramine elimination procedure early in pregnancy. These findings can provide some reassurance to women who inadvertently become pregnant while taking leflunomide and undergo the washout procedure.

     

Lack of Association between Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Zika Antibodies among Pregnant Women in Thailand between 1997 and 2015

Data about Zika virus infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Southeast Asia are scarce. We conducted an unmatched case-control study of Zika virus (ZIKV) serology in pregnant women enrolled in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) perinatal prevention trials between 1997 and 2015 in Thailand. Case and control groups included women with and without adverse pregnancy outcomes. Plasma samples collected during the last trimester of pregnancy were tested for ZIKV IgG/IgM and Dengue IgG/IgM (Euroimmun, AG, Germany). Case newborn plasma samples were tested for ZIKV IgM and ZIKV RNA (Viasure, Spain). The case group included women with stillbirth (n = 22) or whose infants had microcephaly (n = 4), a head circumference below the first percentile (n = 14), neurological disorders (n = 36), or had died within 10 days after birth (n = 11). No women in the case group were positive for ZIKV IgM, and none of their live-born neonates were positive for ZIKV IgM or ZIKV RNA. The overall ZIKV IgG prevalence was 29%, 24% in the case and 34% in the control groups (Fisher’s exact test; p = 0.13), while the dengue IgG seroprevalence was 90%. Neither neonatal ZIKV infections nor ZIKV-related adverse pregnancy outcomes were observed in these women with HIV and/or HBV during the 18-year study period.     

淮南地区孕早期妇女TORCH感染筛查结果分析

【摘要】 目的  分析淮南地区孕早期妇女弓形虫、风疹病毒、巨细胞病毒和单纯疱疹病毒的检测结果,探讨其临床意义。 方法  采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对淮南地区4 832例孕妇TORCH-IgM抗体和TORCH-IgG抗体进行检测分析。 结果  HSV-IgM和HSV-IgG阳性率最高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;因CMV感染导致的不良妊娠发生率为48.84%（21/43）,与其他病毒感染导致的不良妊娠相比有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;不良妊娠结局表现中,流产发生率为65.12%（28/43）,与其他不良妊娠结局表现相比,差异有统计学意义。 结论  淮南地区孕早期妇女存在一定的TORCH阳性率,TORCH感染是不良妊娠结局的重要危险因素之一,因此在孕早期或孕前进行TORCH检测对指导本地区优生优育工作及提高新生儿人口素质具有重要指导意义。     

Factor X deficiency and pregnancy: preconception counselling and therapeutic options

Women with factor X deficiency (FXD) who want to become pregnant face uncertain risks to themselves and to an unborn infant from haemorrhagic complications during pregnancy and at parturition. Women with FXD may also experience difficulty achieving pregnancy secondary to haemorrhagic symptoms of the reproductive organs. Case reports describe differences in bleeding phenotypes and pregnancy outcomes that are not easily correlated with prepregnancy bleeding symptoms or factor X levels. The aim of this article is to identify factors for consideration and information to assist the physician in counselling women with FXD who want to become pregnant, and to offer guidelines for management where appropriate. We identified cases of pregnancy among women with FXD and their outcomes from the literature; 15 women with 24 pregnancies were identified and 18 were successful. The women in this small cohort did not have an increased rate of spontaneous abortion, (8.3% vs. 13.5% in the general US population) but did have a 2.5-fold increased risk of preterm labour (37.5% vs. 12.2% in the general US population). The role of prophylaxis to control reproductive haemorrhagic symptoms, including haemorrhagic complications of pregnancy has not yet been defined, but use of prophylaxis may allow more women to be able to attempt pregnancy. Women who had access to a tertiary care centre with a multidisciplinary team including an obstetrician with high-risk obstetric training, a haematologist, a perinatologist, and access to a reference laboratory and blood bank were able in most cases to successfully deliver healthy, term infants.