高脂血症患者行二重滤过血浆置换治疗的护理

目的 探讨高脂血症患者行二重滤过血浆置换疗法（double filtration plasmapheresis,DFPP)的疗效及护理。方法 DFPP前后抽血查全套血脂，分析血脂的变化，DFPP操作及护理措施。结果 53例患者1次DFPP后，总胆固醇下降97．5％，甘油三酯下降91．3％。DFPP过程中1例一级膜发一凝血（占1．89％），2例出现低血压（占3．77％），3例出现发冷，心慌（占5．66％）。结论 DFPP能显著降低血脂水平（P＜0．01）。护理上注意置换液的平衡，血流量和分浆量不宜过快，跨膜压（TMP）、血浆入口压（Ps)值不能过高，另注意肝素的合理应用。     

PRA阳性受体肾移植前行二重滤过血浆置换治疗的护理

探讨肾移植术前二重滤过血浆置换疗法(double filtration plasmapheresis,DFPP)对反应性抗体百分比（percent reactive antibody,PRA)阳性的受体术后排异反应的改善程度及护理。方法 用二重血浆置换林对35例PRA阳性的受体于肾移植术前作DFPP,观察手术前后PRA的改变及排异反应,另设34例作DFP的PRA阳性受体作对照;并分析DFPP的操作及护理措施。结果 35例PRA阳性DFPP后PRA水平均降低,肾移植术后仅16％出现急性排异反应;未作DFPP的阳性受体接受肾移植术后29％出现排异反应。DFPP过程中1例一级膜发生凝血,另1例出现虚脱症状,35例均无热原反应。结论 DFPP能明显改善PRA阳性受体肾移植术后的排异反应发生率。护理上应注意血浆置换量与补浆量的平衡,避免血容量波动;维持水电解质平衡,保持血浆胶体渗透压恒定;DFPP时血流量不宜过快,且须注意肝素的合理应用。     

双重血浆置换治疗抗肾小球基底膜病患者的护理

目的探讨双重血浆置换（DFPP）的临床效果及护理方法。方法对8例抗肾小球基底膜病（GBM）患者进行DFPP治疗,总结DFPP的护理要点,包括治疗前加强心理护理,治疗过程中密切观察患者生命体征,有无并发症的发生,及早发现、及早纠正,严密观察机器各种参数的变化,尤其是血浆入口压和跨膜压,从而保证DFPP顺利进行。结果8例患者共进行53例次DFPP,治疗后血清抗GBM抗体全部下降至阴性（〈20RU／ml）;8例患者症状均有所改善,仅有1例次发生体位性低血压反应。结论血浆置换治疗能迅速降低血浆中抗肾小球基底膜抗体的滴度改善患者预后,护理干预可提高该治疗的寄伞件．     

双重膜滤过式血浆置换治疗巨球蛋白血症近期疗效观察

目的探讨双重膜滤过式血浆置换(double filtration plasmapheresis,DFPP)治疗巨球蛋白血症的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析在中国医科大学附属第一医院住院治疗的巨球蛋白血症患者16例,按照治疗方式的不同分为DFPP组(8例)与常规化疗组(8例),观察2组患者的近期疗效。结果治疗3个月后,DFPP组比常规化疗组患者血清免疫球蛋白IgM显著下降(t=4.192,P0.01)。疗效评价:DFPP组8例中,7例DFPP同时联合化疗,2例完全缓解,5例部分缓解;1例因肝功能严重异常未联合化疗,未缓解;常规化疗组8例患者仅予MPT方案化疗,0例完全缓解,5例部分缓解,3例未缓解。结论DFPP是治疗巨球蛋白血症的安全、有效、快捷的治疗方法之一。DFPP联合化疗可以迅速缓解巨球蛋白血症患者的临床症状,快速改善血生化指标,取得较好的近期疗效。     

双重膜式血浆置换治疗高脂血症患者的观察及护理

1999年12月～2004年2月,我们对204例高脂血症患者行双重膜式血浆置换(DFPP)。术中严密观察,术后精心护理,效果满意。现报告如下。1临床资料本组204例,男145例,女59例,31～72岁,平均51.5±20.5岁。2方法使用全自动血浆置换机行DFPP治疗,膜材料均为一次性使用。患者取平卧位,取一侧肘正中静脉-大隐静脉穿刺作为血管通路,以20%白蛋白10～20g、5%葡萄糖液500ml作为置换液。调整血流量为30～100ml/min,置换血浆2500～4000ml/次。3护理3.1严格遵守操作规程针对全自动血浆置换机各部位感应性强的特点,机器自动预冲时,根据医嘱设定各种治疗参数,…     

双膜血浆置换对需肾替代治疗的抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关性血管炎的疗效及预后研究

目的探讨双膜血浆置换对需肾替代治疗的抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关性血管炎的疗效及对生存率的影响。方法纳入2015年1月～2017年3月在自贡市第一人民医院确诊为抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody,ANCA)相关性血管炎的患者25例,确诊时即需要肾替代治疗,随机分为接受激素联合环磷酰胺免疫抑制治疗+双膜血浆置换(double-filtration plasmapheresis,DFPP)治疗的DFPP组(12例)和只接受激素联合环磷酰胺免疫抑制治疗的对照组(13例),分析入组时患者一般情况,测定2组患者治疗前后的ANCA、IgG水平,记录随访12个月患者的存活情况。结果 DFPP组治疗后髓过氧化物酶抗体(myeloperoxidase-ANCA,MPO-ANCA)及IgG水平较治疗前明显下降,下降率分别为53.2%(t=12.131,P0.001),47.4%(t=10.798,P0.001)。对照组治疗后MPO-ANCA水平较治疗前下降16.7%(t=10.319,P=0.069),对照组治疗后IgG水平较治疗前下降14.1%(t=10.134,P=0.035)。DFPP组治疗后IgG水平与对照组治疗后相比下降33.8%,差异有统计学意义(t=5.334,P=0.012)。随访12个月,累计存活率DFPP组为61.5%,对照组为58.3%(χ~2=0.193,P=0.046),2组中存活患者均未摆脱透析。结论双膜血浆置换能有效降低患者IgG及MPO-ANCA抗体水平,提高患者1年存活率,但不能有效提高患者的摆脱透析率。     

双重血浆置换治疗类风湿性关节炎的临床应用及护理

通过对45例类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者110例次的双重血浆置换(DFPP)治疗及护理,表明双重血浆置换对类风湿关节炎患者减轻症状、减少复发、改善预后有重要的临床意义。强调充分做好治疗前的心理护理,治疗时加强患者生命体征的观察,治疗后注意穿刺部位的压迫止血,同时加强营养并注意休息。     

1例ECMO联合双重滤过血浆置换治疗危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎并发成人呼吸窘迫综合征的护理

对1例危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎病人应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)联合双重滤过血浆置换治疗(DFPP)的护理经验进行总结,认为ECMO联合DFPP治疗操作复杂且并发症较多,需要严密监测病人生命体征及做好ECMO及DFPP参数观察及管路护理,预见性地采取有效护理措施,以预防并发症。     

血液灌流及双重滤过血浆置换对高脂性重型急性胰腺炎的治疗效果

目的探讨血液灌流(hemoperfusion,HP)及双重滤过血浆置换(double-filtration plasmapheresis,DFPP)对高脂性重型急性胰腺炎血脂的疗效影响。方法对在2016年01月~2018年04月确诊为高脂性重型急性胰腺炎的50例患者随机分为HP及DFPP,分析其治疗效果,对其并发症、腹部进展情况、死亡人数(率)、单次费用、单次平均下降百分数及血脂下降疗效的分析。结果 HP组及DFPP组患者性别、年龄、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、入院时急性生理与慢性健康评分(acute physiology,age,chronic health evaluation II,APACHEⅡ评分)及入院时血脂水平无统计学差异。2组并发症、腹部CT进展情况及死亡人数进行比较,无统计学差异。单次费用DFPP较HP高,单次平均血浆三酰甘油及总胆固醇下降百分数HP组分别为60.1%,37.0%,DFPP组分别为63.2%,41.8%。HP组灌流前后血浆三酰甘油[(47.08±35.8)mmol/L比(17.49±20.37)mmol/L,t=4.124,P=0.001]、总胆固醇水平[(13.52±5.90)mmol/L及(10.01±6.11)mmol/L,t=5.737,P=0.000]有显著差异。DFPP组血浆置换前后血浆三酰甘油[(44.42±42.30)mmol/L比(16.31±17.68)mmol/L,t=3.298,P=0.011]、总胆固醇水平[(18.29±16.13)mmol/L比(9.73±7.17)mmol/L,t=2.656,P=0.029]有显著差异。HP组与DFPP组TG下降程度无显著差异[(18.55±21.99)mmol/L比(16.31±17.68)mmol/L,t=0.207,P=0.084],2组血浆总胆固醇下降程度亦无统计学差异[(10.78±6.27)mmol/L比(9.37±7.17)mmol/L,t=0.272,P=0.792]。结论 HP及DFPP均不同程度的减低三酰甘油及总胆固醇水平,HP及DFPP对其血脂水平的降低效果相当。     

双重血浆置换清除抗肾小球基底膜抗体效果研究

目的与单纯血浆置换相比,双重血浆置换（DFPP）仅需少量血浆或白蛋白即可实现对致病抗体的清除。但DFPP用于清除抗肾小球基底膜（GBM）抗体的效率和安全性尚不明确。方法入选北京大学第一医院肾内科2008年收治并接受DFPP治疗的抗GBM病的全部患者,共8例。所有患者接受免疫抑制治疗,同时进行每日或隔日一次DFPP,收集每次治疗前后的血样。用ELISA法检测DFPP前后的抗GBM抗体浓度,同时检测血IgG、白蛋白和纤维蛋白原（FIB）水平。结果共进行53例次DFPP,每人最少治疗4次,最多9次。每次使用白蛋白或血浆量为（1.26±0.14）倍的人体血浆体积,使用OP-08W血浆分离器和EC-20W或30W血浆成分分离器。患者治疗前平均抗GBM浓度为（159.94±67.02）RU/ml,DFPP治疗后抗体呈线性下降（r=0.88-0.995）,不同患者抗GBM抗体浓度下降斜率相似（-16.3RU/ml/次至-29.9RU/ml/次）,平均斜率（-20.27±1.10）RU/ml/次。用新鲜冰冻血浆作为置换液治疗后患者血白蛋白水平显著下降,用8%白蛋白溶液置换对白蛋白没有影响。每次DFPP治疗后IgG水平和FIB水平均显著下降。IgG呈指数下降,而每次治疗后FIB下降（49.5±8.9）%。结论DFPP可以有效地清除抗GBM抗体和IgG。抗GBM浓度呈线性下降,有助于医生在治疗前估计清除抗体需要的DFPP次数。用高浓度白蛋白作为置换液可以避免血白蛋白下降。DFPP对纤维蛋白原也有很大清除,应该注意出血合并症。     

双重血浆滤过治疗狼疮性肾炎并发血栓性微血管病患者的护理

目的探讨双重血浆滤过(double filtration plasma pheresis,DFPP)治疗狼疮性肾炎(lupus nephritis,LN)并发血栓性微血管病(thrombotic microangiopathy,TMA)患者的护理方法。方法回顾性分析2010年12月至2011年3月在南京军区南京总医院血液净化中心治疗的8例LN并发TMA患者的临床资料,所有患者均行DFPP治疗。结果本组患者共行17次DFPP。所有患者经治疗后免疫学指标均明显下降,均顺利完成该项治疗,无一例患者发生低血压、导管感染、出血等并发症。结论 DFPP可以较好地改善LN患者TMA样病变,在治疗中需加强护理,防止各种合并症。     

Ability to remove immunoglobulins and antiganglioside antibodies by double filtration plasmapheresis in Guillain-Barré syndrome: is it equivalent to plasma exchange?

The value of plasma exchange (PE) in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is well established. In Japan, patients with GBS and related diseases often receive double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) as well as PE. No comparative trials between PE and DFPP, however, have been conducted. We compared their abilities to remove immunoglobulins and antiganglioside antibodies to find out whether DFPP is equivalent to PE. The ability to remove immunoglobulins and antiganglioside antibodies was compared between PE and DFPP using plasma samples from 41 patients with GBS and related diseases before and after each treatment session. The ability of DFPP to remove both IgGs and antiganglioside IgG antibodies were significantly inferior to those of PE. There is a less theoretical basis for selecting DFPP as the first choice of plasmapheresis for GBS and related disorders.     

双重血浆滤过治疗脂蛋白肾病的护理

目的探讨双重血浆滤过(DFPP)治疗脂蛋白肾病(LPG)的临床护理要点。方法选择LPG患者12例行DFPP治疗,共治疗53例次,并对患者实施以保证治疗安全、提高治疗效果为目的整体护理。结果所有患者均顺利完成治疗,经治疗后免疫学指标均明显下降,无1例发生低血压、导管感染、溶血、过敏等并发症。结论 DFPP治疗LPG效果显著,优质的专科护理技术是保证治疗安全有效完成的关键。     

Double filtration plasmapheresis in critical care.

Many kinds of technologies have been introduced and successfully developed for therapeutic apheresis. Furthermore, several kinds of these technologies have also been applied in critical care. Double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), however, is rarely applied in this field in comparison with other treatments such as continuous hemofiltration, continuous hemodiafiltration, single filtration plasmapheresis, and plasma adsorption therapies. In this paper, the characteristics of the DFPP treatments for critical care are summarized. During the DFPP treatments, the patient's blood volume (BV) often decreases with time due to albumin loss induced by inadequate albumin infusion in a supplementation fluid. We examined the change of BV by a continuous hematocrit monitor, Crit-Line, during an in vivo study for 9 patients. As a result, albumin loss fairly occurred in DFPP treatments. The decrease of patient BV was induced by an oncotic pressure drop due to albumin loss and often resulted in a blood pressure drop. This is a serious problem for DFPP in critical care. We should avoid inadequate albumin infusion if the patient is suffering from these adverse effects. In order to determine the optimal concentration C(S) and volume V(S) values of a supplemented albumin solution, we introduced a variable blood volume model for albumin transport in DFPP.     

Selective plasma exchange can reduce auto‐antibodies in patients with bullous pemphigoid without affecting factor XIII and fibrinogen

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering skin disorder characterized by circulating serum IgG antibodies against two hemidesmosomal proteins: BP180 and BP230. Fundamentally, immunosuppressive therapies are administered to treat this disease, but plasmapheresis can be added for refractory patients. We experienced the case of a 63‐year‐old patient with refractory BP for which we administered double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP). His skin lesions improved along with decreased IgG BP180 antibodies, but factor XIII (FXIII) and fibrinogen were also reduced by DFPP repetition. Reportedly, deficiency of those factors can cause lethal bleeding. Especially, decreased FXIII cannot be detected by prolongation of bleeding or coagulation time. To prevent further reduction of those factors and bleeding complications, DFPP was switched to selective plasma exchange (SePE), a new modality of plasmapheresis that uses a membrane plasma separator with smaller than ordinary pores. SePE further reduced pathogenic IgG BP180 antibodies, but FXIII and fibrinogen recovered. For this case, we measured the mean of reduction ratios in serum IgG and FXIII both before and after plasmapheresis sessions and detected the decreased levels of FXIII and fibrinogen during DFPP. We were able to switch to SePE from DFPP appropriately before any bleeding event occurred. The utility of SePE was demonstrated, especially for the reduction of pathogenic antibodies with retention of FXIII and fibrinogen, which have the longest half‐lives among coagulation factors and which take a long time to recover.     

Plasma adsorption in critical care.

Plasmapheresis therapies such as plasma exchange (PE), double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), or immunoadsorption plasmapheresis (IAPP) have become therapeutic tools in critical care. PE or DFPP are limited by their non- or semiselective removal of all plasma components. Replacement fluids such as fresh frozen plasma and albumin are necessary during PE or DFPP. There is the risk of infection and allergic reactions whenever such fluids are used. On the other hand, IAPP is superior to PE and DFPP because it does not require any replacement fluid. There has been development of many adsorbent columns used for removing specific pathogenic substances, and patients with various kinds of critical illness have been treated with IAPP. However, IAPP can be applied only for certain diseases because of the limitations of the commercially available columns. It is concluded that the development of new adsorption therapy may improve the high mortality and morbidity rate in critically ill patients.     

Double filtration plasmapheresis for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid: a three case report.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune disease caused by an antidermal basal lamina antibody. In recent years double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) has been reported to be an effective therapy for BP. We experienced 3 cases of BP treated by DFPP. DFPP resulted in an improvement in clinical symptoms and remission allowing a decrease in the required dose of corticosteroid. DFPP was found to be an effective treatment for all 3 patients without noticeable adverse events resulting from DFPP. From these results it is concluded that DFPP is worth considering as an option as treatment for BP patients who were unresponsive to conventional steroid therapy, those in whom corticosteroids should be reduced or discontinued because of complications such as diabetes mellitus and/or osteoporosis.     

Plasma exchange versus double filtration plasmapheresis in the treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Previous studies have shown that both plasma exchange (PE) and double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) are effective treatments in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Whether PE and DFPP have similar effects in GBS is not clear. This report compares the therapeutic effectiveness of PE and DFPP in GBS patients treated in 3 major hospitals in northern Taiwan. A total of 102 patients were included in this survey, including 39 with PE (hereafter PE group) and 63 with DFPP (hereafter DFPP group). Both groups showed significant improvement of disability scores after treatment. However, time to onset of effect was shorter (5.6 +/- 3.5 versus 7 +/- 3.4 days, p < 0.05), and changes of disability scores were more prominent (1.3 +/- 0.8 versus 0.8 +/- 0.8, p < 0.05) in the PE group than the DFPP group. Mortality and outcome after 6 months were not different between the 2 groups. In conclusion, both PE and DFPP are effective treatments in GBS. PE was superior to DFPP in short-term effectiveness. The long-term effectiveness was not different.     

Comparative study of clinical effects between plasma adsorption and double filtration plasmapheresis in patients with myasthenia gravis.

Plasma exchange (PE) has been one of the most powerful treatments for patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) since Pinching et al. reported its clinical usefulness in 1976, despite the need for supplemental human plasma. However, new apheresis techniques, e.g., plasma adsorption (PA) and double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), which do not need human plasma, were developed and have been introduced for clinical use in MG. We compared the effects of these plasma purification therapies in patients with MG and found that DFPP improved such subjective symptoms as chest compression and general fatigue better than PA while both of them could decrease the serum level of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies and relieve objective muscle weakness to a similar degree. It may be that DFPP can remove some circulating pathogenic factors other than AChR antibodies more efficiently than PA.