运动、锌铜营养与自由基代谢——Ⅳ.运动员体内的自由基水平及其与锌铜营养状态的关系

本实验分析了国家优秀运动员及一般大学生运动员的血浆及红细胞丙二醛(MDA)含量、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力,并对大学生运动员的血清锌、铜水平同时进行了测定。结果提示,优秀运动员的红细胞MDA含量显著低于大学生运动员;红细胞SOD、GSH-Px活力则显著高于大学生运动员。大学生运动员的红细胞SOD活力与其红细胞锌、血浆及红细胞铜水平均呈显著正相关。     

青少年运动员锌、铜营养状况的评价

<正> 锌、铜作为人体必需的微量元素在运动过程中发挥着重要的作用。许多研究表明:运动可以导致机体中锌、铜的特殊消耗及代谢改变,运动员易发生锌、铜缺乏。青少年运动员由于机体生长发育亦需要锌、铜,因此对锌、铜的需要量可能更高。本研究结合血清、头发中锌、铜水平的测定及膳食中锌、铜摄入量     

优秀运动员的营养状况和改善途径

为了解我国优秀运动员当前的营养问题，我们于１９８７年和１９８９年冬训期间对国家集训队１１个项目的４３６名运动员进行了营养生化检测和评定，取得了４０００多个数据，主要结果如下：１．运动员的血红蛋白水平；男女分别是１５．２±０．８和１４．０±０．９ｇ／ｄＬ。血清总蛋白含量：男女分别为７．１±０．６和７．０±０．４ｇ／ｄＬ。运动员的贫血和低蛋白血症的检出率显著减少。运动员的蛋白质营养状况显著改善。２．运动员血清总胆固醇水平：男、女分别是２０２±３２和２０１±３０ｍｇ／ｄＬ，甘油三酯分别是８７．４±１４．２和８８．５±１３．４ｍｇ／ｄＬ。高血清胆固醇的检出率分别为３９．７％（＞２００ｍｇ／ｄＬ）、１９．４％（＞２２０ｍｇ／ｄＬ）和８．７％（＞２４０ｍｇ／ｄＬ）。血清甘油三酯＞１２０ｍｇ／ｄＬ者有８．８％。３．运动员中血清镁浓度低于２ｍｇ／ｄＬ的人数占检测总人数的４．４％，而且低血清镁者多数为游泳运动员。低血清锌和铜的检出率为１５－２０％。运动员中维生素Ｂ１和Ｂ２营养处于不足水平者分别占５１．３％和３２．２％。血清维生素Ａ不足的有２１％。维生素Ｃ营养良好。运动员的元素或维生素不足多数为边缘性（或亚临床）的缺乏水平。４?     

耐力性运动对锌、铜代谢的影响

本文的研究提示运动员经历一次马拉松比赛及长期高强度冬季系统训练后可以导致血清锌、铜水平及尿锌、铜排出量的改变。大白鼠一次衰竭性游泳运动试验也证实,运动可以导致肝脏、肌肉中的锌、铜含量呈增加趋势。     

儿童青少年运动员锌的营养、代谢与日供给量的探讨

本文为了解儿童青少年运动员的锌营养状况并从中探讨其日供给量,以北京市业余体校的156名8—16岁的儿童青少年运动员为对象(男75、女81人),进行了(1)膳食锌摄入量(采用膳食锌实测法和食物称重—食物成分表计算法)、血清锌和发锌水平检测;(2)运动员在运动与不运动情况下锌平衡状态的测定;(3)运动员在补充不同量锌强化食品三个月前后的血清和发锌水平变化等研究。初步提出儿童青少年运动员膳食锌的日供给量应比一般不运动的儿童青少年高;6—10岁者为15—20mg/d,10—18岁者为20—25mg/d。     

驻新疆部队干部子女血清微量元素状况调查

目的　研究高寒地区部队子女血清微量元素的状况。方法　采用全自动生化分析仪及化学显色法 ,对我院医疗保障体系内 13 2名 5～ 7岁学龄前儿童血清微量元素铁、铜、锌的含量进行检测分析。结果　该地区学龄前儿童贫血的发生率为 2 3 48%;微量元素铁、铜、锌总的缺乏率分别为 :3 0 3 %、15 9%、12 12 %;贫血组儿童血清铁、锌、铜浓度低于或显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　新疆高寒地区儿童贫血的发生率及血清微量元素铁、铜、锌的缺乏率均较为严重 ,应引起重视     

首都机场地区儿童血清铅、铜、锌的调查研究

通过电位溶出分析对首都机场地区583名儿童进行了血清铅、铜、锌的含量测定。结果表明，该地区儿童血清铅水平与清洁地区儿童相比有显性差异，血清锌水平高于其它地区儿童，血清铜水平与其它地区比有差别，认为机场地区要加强对汽车尾气污染的防治，进一步搞好绿化，保持儿童合理的膳食结构。     

备战第19届冬奥会我国优秀运动员的膳食营养调查和分析

为了解我国优秀冬季项目运动员的膳食营养水平 ,并为指导运动员合理、平衡膳食提供依据 ,对国家队 5个冬季项目共 3 2名优秀运动员在备战 2 0 0 2年盐湖城冬季奥运会期间的膳食进行了调查和分析。结果表明 :冬季项目运动员存在糖摄入不足 ,脂肪和蛋白质摄入过多 ,维生素A、B1和C摄入不足 ,钙、锌摄入不足 ,以及三餐热能分配不合理的问题     

儿童血清微量元素锌、铜正常值研究

微量元素锌和铜与儿科某些疾病的发病关系密切.缺锌可引起儿童味觉减退、厌食、异食癖、消瘦、下肢水肿及生长延迟等症状和体征,在排除其他影响因素之后,血锌测定常有确诊价值;缺铜可形成低色素小细胞性贫血、婴儿出生体重减轻、骨胳、心血管及中枢神经系统结构异常或畸形,以至发生多种缺铜性疾病;体内铜过多同样可引起中枢神经系统、肝脏、内分泌等处病变.锌、铜过多可发生急慢性中毒.关于儿童血清锌、铜的正常值的研究在国内很少见到报导,为了解儿童的血锌、血铜的正常值范围,我们对空军总医院幼儿园122名健康儿童血清中的锌和铜浓度进行了调查研究,供临床诊断有关疾病时参考.     

空中晕厥与血清微量元素铜、锌关系的探讨

本对19例空中晕厥飞行员于离心机检查前、离心机检查出现灰视后即刻、30min及48h进行血清铜、锌测定，18例健康飞行员测空腹血清铜、锌作为对照。结果：空中晕厥组离心机检查均为加速度耐力不良，检查前血清锌明显高于对照组(P<0．01)，其中三例高于正常。血清铜／锌比值明显低于对照组(P<0.01)低于正常。据报告血清锌高可诱发癫痫，血清铜／锌比值变小可引起多种疾病。推测空中晕厥可能与血清锌偏高，血清铜／锌比值变小有关。     

运动员在热环境训练时的营养与代谢

运动员在热环境训练时大量排汗能引起体内微量元素的丢失以及HCT和Hb水平增加,血糖下降,尿液浓缩等生理反应。文章指出适当补充含糖5%的多种低渗电解质饮料,可使上述现象得到缓解。     

Effect of physical fitness and endurance exercise on indirect biomarkers of recombinant growth hormone misuse: insulin-like growth factor I and procollagen type III peptide

Serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and procollagen type III peptide (P-III-P) have been proposed as indirect biomarkers of rhGH misuse in sports. The purpose of the present study was to investigate concentrations of these biomarkers in athletes at different levels of physical fitness and endurance exercise. Serum total IGF-I and P-III-P were measured in 96 elite athletes of various sports along the training season; in 21 recreational athletes at baseline non-exercising conditions and in another 129 recreational athletes before and after long-distance races (10 and 21 km). No differences were evidenced for IGF-I concentrations, but statistically higher values of serum P-III-P were found in elite athletes compared to recreational ones. Among elite athletes, the specific sport did not affect serum IGF-I. However, P-III-P was statistically higher in the sport performed by the youngest athletes (rhythmic gymnastics), even after correction of the logarithm of the concentration by the reciprocal of age. Over the training season, the within-athlete variabilities of IGF-I and P-III-P in elite athletes were low (22.8 % and 21.7 %, respectively). Recreational athletes taking part in a 21 km competition race showed a significant increase in serum values of IGF-I and P-III-P immediately after the event. Exercise workload and age had a significant effect on serum concentration of P-III-P, while age alone affected IGF-I serum concentrations. Therefore, athlete's reference concentration ranges for doping detection should include subjects from as many different ages and sports as possible.     

Serum zinc in athletes in training

Serum zinc was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 160 training athletes (57 females) in the morning at rest. In 23.3% of the male and 43% of the female athletes, serum Zn was lower than the limit accepted for the normal range (75 microgram/dl or 11.5 mumol/l). The average serum Zn (96.7 +/- 12.6 microgram/dl) and the range of the values found in a control group of 15 young adult males did not differ from the accepted values in the literature. In 22 randomly selected male athletes, serum Zn fractions were determined using polyethylene glycol precipitation at pH 7.1; 22.2% of total Zn was bóund to alpha2-macroglobulin, the ratio being very close to 1 atom of metal per molecule of globulin. The possible reasons that may influence the serum Zn level in athletes are discussed with regard to the present knowledge in both exercise physiology and metabolism of zinc in man.     

Testosterone and cortisol in 93 elite road cyclists during a 10-day stage race: relationship with final ranking

Cycling stage racing is a heavy and strenuous endurance event and it has been recognized that such exercise can affect the hormonal asset of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular (HPT) axis. However, in cycling, literature on such changes is scarce and published data have been derived from small samples of athletes. The aims of study were to provide normative values for serum hormonal steroid values, changes in serum hormonal steroids and assess any relationships between a riders’ performance and their hormonal profile before and after the stage race. Male elite professional cyclists (n = 93) competing in the 2010 GiroBio 10-day stage race participated in this study. Blood chemistry measurements included cortisol (C), testosterone (T), free testosterone (fT) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Serum concentration of C and fT were lower at the end of GiroBio [C (nmol L^?1): 559.34 ± 95.71 vs 469.59 ± 51.12; fT (pmol ml^?1): 63.91 ± 27.85 vs 37.51 ± 17.86]. These serum hormonal (mean values ± 2SD) values may be near the physiological ceiling for elite cyclists. There was inverse correlation among average final speed and pre-competition serum concentration of T (r = ?0.265, p = 0.01); average final speed was negatively correlated with riders body mass pre and post the 10-day stage event. In conclusion, pre-GiroBio serum C levels could be a useful benchmark to preserve riders’ health and, moreover, our data confirm that the strenuous effort sustained by riders during a stage race induces appreciable changes in the hormonal profile. In addition, our data suggest that lower levels of T could represent favourable prerequisite to cope better in a cycling stage race.     

The effect of intramuscular iron injections on serum ferritin levels and physical performance in elite netballers

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of iron supplementation by intramuscular injection on both serum ferritin (SF) levels and exercise performance in iron depleted, non-anaemic elite female netballers. Fifteen iron depleted (Serum Ferritin <40 ug x L(-1). Haemoglobin >125 g x L(-1)) subjects (19+/-3 y) first performed their routine test battery: a vertical jump test, a 10s power and 5x6s repeat sprint test on a cycle ergometer and a 20m multi-stage shuttle run. Subjects were matched on the basis of height, mass, and playing position and then assigned to either a Ferritin Group (FG) or Placebo Group (PG) (single blind design). Subjects then underwent a course of 5x2ml intramuscular injections of either Ferrum H (FG) or normal saline (PG) over a period of 8-10 days before repeating the blood and physical performance tests. Five and 10 days following supplementation, SF levels in the FG increased significantly from baseline levels (P<0.05) and were also significantly greater than levels measured in the PG (P<0.01). Haemoglobin levels remained unchanged in both groups. All test scores remained unchanged from baseline values and were not different between the two groups. These results demonstrate that a course of 5x2ml intramuscular iron injections significantly increased SF concentration within 2 weeks without increasing Hb levels, but this rapid elevation did not enhance the physical performance in selected tests of iron depleted, non-anaemic athletes.     

运动性闭经机理的探讨

测定运动后闭经及月经正常的运动员和非运动员的血清考的松、雌二醇、孕酮和催乳素,作者认为血清考的松升高可能是运动后闭经原因之一。同时还发现,运动后闭经运动员血清考的松升高的同时,骨密度减少。     

运动员贫血的研究

为防治运动员贫血,本文以集训队、体育院校和业余体校的运动员427人为对象进行了系列研究,结果表明: 1.192名集训队优秀运动员和124名儿童青少年运动员的贫血检出率分别是22.4%和39.5%,女性和年幼运动员的贫血检出率较高。2.运动员在加大运动量训练的早期(1—2月),多数Hb水平下降、尿氮排出量增加。全面营养补充对预防运动性贫血有一定效果。3.血液学指标研究提示缺铁性贫血是运动员贫血的一种主要类型。     

Effect of physical fitness and endurance exercise on indirect biomarkers of recombinant erythropoietin misuse

Erythropoietin (EPO) and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) in serum have been proposed as indirect biomarkers for the detection of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) misuse in sport. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of different levels of physical fitness, sport, different training workload during the sport season, and endurance exercise in the concentrations of these serum biomarkers for their application into mathematical models to indirectly detect rhEPO misuse. Serum EPO and sTfR concentrations were measured in 96 elite athletes of various sports along the sport season, in 21 recreational athletes at baseline (non exercising) conditions and in 129 other recreational athletes before and after long-distance races (10 and 21 km). In elite athletes, hemoglobin concentrations and percentage of reticulocytes were also measured, and indirect detection models applied. In recreational athletes, for EPO and sTfR, significant differences were only observed after the 21-km race. In baseline conditions, no differences were observed between recreational and elite athletes for EPO and sTfR. In elite athletes, individual EPO and sTfR concentrations slightly changed over the sport season, with coefficients of variation (CV) of 26.1 % and 9.0 %, respectively. Hemoglobin and reticulocytes were influenced by sport, but their individual variation over the sport season was not physiologically relevant (CV of 3.7 % and 21.3 %, respectively). When applying mathematical models for detection of rhEPO administration, only one elite athlete obtained an individual model score above the established thresholds. Physical fitness, sport and different training workload during the sport season had no substantial effect on serum EPO and sTfR concentrations, except in recreational athletes after a 21-km race. Variations observed in mathematical models to detect EPO administration were mainly due to fluctuation in hemoglobin concentrations, commonly observed in elite athletes.