红花注射液治疗高血压病并发皮下水肿的微循环机制

目的探讨红花注射液治疗前后甲襞微循环的变化和水肿改善情况。方法原发性高血压病（EH）患者随机分成红花注射液和常规液治疗观察疗效。结果治疗前EH有水肿与无水肿组比较,有或无水肿组与健康比较甲襞微循环各类指标积分值以及总积分值差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论治疗后红花注射液微循环积分值显著降低,袢周渗出明显减少、管径减小、流速增加、红细胞聚集性下降、袢顶淤张减轻以及管袢清晰度增加（P〈0.01）。水肿明显消退,消退率达96.6%（P〈0.01）。     

康艾注射液对恶性肿瘤患者血液流变学及微循环的影响

目的观察康艾注射液对恶性肿瘤患者血液流变学及微循环影响.方法观察120例恶性肿瘤患者在使用康艾注射液治疗前后血液流变学和甲襞微循环的变化.结果恶性肿瘤患者治疗前血液流变学和甲襞微循环明显异常,经康艾注射液治疗后,血液流变学各种指标和甲襞微循环各加权积分均有明显改善(P＜0.05,0.01).结论康艾注射液具有降黏、降凝、降聚和改善微循环的作用.     

前列腺素E1脂微球载体制剂对老年周围动脉硬化闭塞症患者的微循环及血液流变学的影响和疗效观察

目的动态观察前列腺素E1脂微球载体制剂(Lipo-PGE1)对老年周围动脉硬化闭塞症(PAOD)患者的足背激光多普勒血流成像,甲襞微循环及血液流变学的影响和疗效.方法住院的36例PAOD患者,给予Lipo-PGE110ug/次/日静脉滴注,共14天.观察治疗前后临床症状、踝肱指数变化、足背激光多普勒血流成像的改变、血液流变学、甲襞微循环指标等.结果治疗后临床症状明显改善,甲襞微循环的总积分值明显降低(P＜0.01),血粘度降低(p＜0.05).踝肱指数增加,足背激光多普勒血流成像明显改善.结论Lipo-PGE1可明显降低血粘度,改善甲襞微循环,改善PAOD患者的临床症状,可安全有效的用于老年PAOD的治疗.甲襞微循环明显障碍,可作为其诊治和判断疗效的筛选指标.     

低能量He-Ne激光血管内照射治疗海洛因依赖者甲襞微循环障碍的临床观察

本文对照观察了86例海洛因依赖者甲襞微循环障碍。采用低能量He-Ne激光血管内照射治疗前后的变化。结果表明:治疗后患者的甲襞微循环障碍有显著的改善;管襻形态、血液流态、襻周状态的加权积分及总积分值都低于治疗前水平。有非常显著差异(P<0.01)。因此,低能量He-Ne激光血管内照射疗法是治疗海洛因依赖者甲襞微循环障碍的有效方法。     

脉络宁口服液与注射液对血栓闭塞性脉管炎的疗效对比观察

目的观察脉络宁口服液与注射液对血栓闭塞性脉管炎的临床疗效和安全性。方法将符合纳入实验标准的患者随机配对分为2组;试验组100例;对照组30例。分别用脉络宁口服液和注射液治疗,2周为1个疗程,治疗2个疗程;观察两组治疗前后主要症状体征、血液流变学、甲襞微循环及安全性指标等变化情况。结果总有效率试验组为91%,对照组为967%;两组间无显著性差异(P>005)。两组治疗后与治疗前相比甲襞微循环有明显改善(P<001),两组间比较无显著性差异(P>005)。结论脉络宁口服液与注射液对血栓闭塞性脉管炎均具有较好的疗效和较高的安全性,其作用机制可能与改善血液流变学及微循环有关。     

原发性高血压并水肿患者甲襞微循环观察

目的 探讨原发性高血压（EH）并水肿患者的甲襞微循环变化特点及其对EH病情的影响。方法 采用田牛氏加权积分法比对观察有无并水肿的EH患者甲襞微循环管褥形态、流态和褥周等16项指标。并进行综合分析,结果 EH并水肿组的总积分值显著高于EH无水肿组和正常对照,差异非常显著。甲襞微循环主要变化特点是管褥管径增宽,输入支较输出支增宽明显,褥顶瘀张,褥周渗出明显,渗出率为100%。结论 EH并水肿患者甲襞微循环改变明显,以管褥形态和褥周状态改变为主,这些微循环改变可能是EH患者出现水肿的病理生理学基础。     

复方丹参滴丸对老年糖尿病人甲襞微循环的影响

目的：观察复方丹参滴丸对糖尿病患甲襞微循环障碍的疗效。方法：老年糖尿病患38例，给与常规降糖药物并停用其他血管活性药物后，加服方丹参滴丸，每次10粒，每日3次，疗程3mon，观察治疗前，后甲襞微循环的变化。结果：糖尿病患经复方丹参滴丸治疗后，甲襞微循环的各种参数和综合积分值均有显改善。结论：复方丹参滴丸是治疗老年糖尿病微循环障碍的有效辅助药物。     

丹红注射液对上肢骨折患者甲襞微循环的影响观察

目的观察及分析丹红注射液对上肢骨折患者甲襞微循环的影响程度。方法选取2014年1月至2015年3月于本院进行治疗的44例上肢骨折患者为研究对象,将44例患者遵照随机数字表法分为对照组(常规上肢骨折治疗组)22例和观察组(常规骨折治疗加丹红注射液组)22例,然后将两组治疗前与治疗后的甲襞微循环指标进行比较。结果两组治疗前的甲襞微循环指标无显著性差异,P均>0.05,而治疗后观察组则显著好于对照组,P均<0.05,治疗后的指标间均有显著性差异。结论丹红注射液可有效改善上肢骨折患者的甲襞微循环状态,对于骨折的愈合具有积极的促进作用。     

氨酰心安及吲达帕胺对高血压病患者甲襞微循环的影响

本文对比观察氨酰心安和吲达帕胺对高血压病患者甲襞微循环的影响。治疗前高血压组甲襞微循环各项积分值及总积分值均显著正常对照组。氨酰心胺治疗后，除襻周状态积分降低外，其余各项积分值及总积分值均无显著变化；甲襞微循环血管密度及血流速度也无明显改变。     

复方丹参滴丸对甲襞微循环及血液流变学异常老年患者的影响

目的探讨复方丹参滴丸治疗对老年患者血液流变学及甲襞微循环异常的应用价值。方法选择血流变及甲襞微循环异常的老年患者60例,随机分成两组,常规治疗对照组30例控制饮食,适当运动进行治疗,复方丹参滴丸治疗组30例在常规治疗基础上加用复方丹参滴丸治疗,治疗后复查血液流变学及甲襞微循环。结果对照组与治疗组血流变、甲襞微循环的比较,两组间无差异性（P〉0.05）;对照组治疗前后血流变、甲襞微循环的变化均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;治疗组治疗前后血流变、甲襞微循环均有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;而治疗组与对照组治疗后的比较,血流变、甲襞微循环变化亦有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论复方丹参滴丸是治疗老年患者血流变、甲襞微循环异常有效、安全、可靠的方法 。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.