The economic impact of geriatric hip fractures.

Hip fractures, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, are expected to exponentially increase in frequency over the next 50 years as a result of increased life expectancy and population growth. The economic impact of the cost of hip fractures may be enormous. The overall cost of hip fractures includes not only death and illness, but also the costs of medical and custodial care, functional limitations, reduced quality of life, loss of independence, and inability to work, as well as other factors that are difficult to assess--most notably, the indirect effect of the hip fracture on the spouse or family members responsible for care. This review will evaluate the cost of geriatric hip fractures in the hopes of defining the enormous socioeconomic burden of such fractures.     

Minimal impact of a care pathway for geriatric hip fracture patients

BackgroundAdherence to guidelines for patients with proximal femur fracture is suboptimal.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of a care pathway for the in-hospital management of older geriatric hip fracture patients on adherence to guidelines and patient outcomes.DesignThe European Quality of Care Pathways study is a cluster randomized controlled trial.Setting26 hospitals in Belgium, Italy and Portugal.SubjectsOlder adults with a proximal femur fracture (n = 514 patients) were included.MethodsHospitals treating older adults (>65) with a proximal femur fracture were randomly assigned to an intervention group, i.e. implementation of a care pathway, or control group, i.e. usual care. Thirteen patient outcomes and 24 process indicators regarding in-hospital management, as well as three not-recommended care activities were measured. Adjusted and unadjusted regression analyses were conducted using intention-to-treat procedures.ResultsIn the intervention group 301 patients in 15 hospitals were included, and in the control group 213 patients in 11 hospitals. Sixty-five percent of the patients were older than 80 years. The implementation of this care pathway had no significant impact on the thirteen patient outcomes. The preoperative management improved significantly. Eighteen of 24 process indicators improved, but only two improved significantly. Only for a few teams a geriatrician was an integral member of the treatment team.DiscussionImplementation of a care pathway improved compliance to evidence, but no significant effect on patient outcomes was found. The impact of the collaboration between surgeons and geriatricians on adherence to guidelines and patient outcomes should be studied.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00962910.     

Post-discharge complications in postoperative patients with hip fracture

Hip fractures often occur in elderly people and are a major global health challenge causing many consequences, both in health and socioeconomic costs. This review aimed to identify complications that occur in patients with postoperative hip fracture between 30 days and 60 months after discharge. This review was conducted on articles published from 2005 to 2017 obtained from the EBSCO, PubMed, ProQuest and Google Scholar databases. The literature search followed PRISMA Guidelines. Key search words included the terms: hip fracture, complication, postoperative, community, and nursing. Articles were considered eligible if discussed the complications of hip fracture with surgical treatment, occurring post hospital discharge and the patient was in the community. In this review, 23 articles were included that met the inclusion criteria. There were 16 articles that cohort studies, 3 were retrospective studies, 3 were randomized control trials and 1 article was an observational study. The time of observation varied from 30 days to the longest of 5 years. Quality assessment of the levels of evidence used the Oxford CEBM recommendations. The review results found that postoperative hip fracture patients after discharge still experienced various complications after 30 days and up to 1–3 years post-operation.     

Intensive geriatric rehabilitation of hip fracture patients

We determined the effect of geriatric rehabilitation of hip fracture patients on mortality, length of hospital stay, and functional recovery. In a randomized, controlled intervention study, 243 community dwelling hip fracture patients over 64 years of age were randomly assigned to 2 rehabilitation groups. The intervention group (n = 120) was referred to a geriatric ward for team rehabilitation, and the controls (n = 123) to local hospital wards for standard care. The median length of total hospital stay after a hip fracture operation was 34 (95% CI 28-38) days in the intervention group and 42 (95% CI 35-48) days in the control group (p = 0.05). The intervention group recovered instrumental activities of daily living faster (p = 0.05). Direct costs of medical care during the first year did not differ remarkably.     

Long-term functional outcome in geriatric hip fracture patients

Background  

Fragility fractures are a major health care problem worldwide. The proportion of the geriatric population and the overall life expectancy will increase. Hip fractures are the most common fragility fractures needing surgery and nowadays treatment concepts are changing. We studied the long-term functional outcome and their influencing factors in patients treated without any interdisciplinary aspects.     

The impact of metabolic syndrome on 30-day outcomes in geriatric hip fracture surgeries

European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology - Past literature has reported metabolic syndrome (MetS) to complicate postoperative care in patients undergoing various surgical...     

Do-Not-Resuscitate status is an independent risk factor for medical complications and mortality among geriatric patients sustaining hip fractures

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to compare outcomes after hip fracture surgery between DNR/DNI and full code cohorts to determine whether DNR/DNI status is an independent predictor of complications and mortality within one year. A significant number of geriatric hip fracture patients carry a code status designation of DNR/DNI (Do-Not-Resuscitate/Do-Not-Intubate). There is limited data addressing how this designation may influence prognosis.MethodsA retrospective chart review of all geriatric hip fractures treated between 2002 and 2017 at a single level-I academic trauma center was performed. 434 patients were eligible for this study with 209 in the DNR/DNI cohort and 225 in the full code cohort. The independent variable was code-status and dependent variables included patient demographics, surgery performed, American Society of Anesthesiologists, score, Charlson Comorbidity Index, significant medical and surgical complications within one year of surgery, duration of follow-up by an orthopaedic surgeon, duration of follow-up by any physician, and mortality within 1 year of surgery. One-year complication rates were compared, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the relationship between independent and dependent variables.ResultsThe DNR/DNI cohort experienced significantly more surgical complications compared to the full code cohort (14.8% vs 7.6%, p = 0.024). There was a significantly higher rate of medical complications and mortality in the DNR/DNI cohort (57.9% vs 36%, p < 0.001 and 19.1% vs 3.1%, p = 0.037, respectively). In the regression analysis, DNR/DNI status was an independent predictor of a medical complication (odds ratio 2.33, p = 0.004) and one-year mortality (odds ratio 9.69, p < 0.001), but was not for a surgical complication (OR 1.95, p = 0.892).ConclusionsIn our analysis, DNR/DNI code status was an independent risk factor for postoperative medical complications and mortality within one year following hip fracture surgery. The results of our study highlight the need to recognize the relationship between DNR/DNI designation and medical frailty when treating hip fractures in the elderly population.     

The impact of subtrochanteric fracture criteria on hip fracture classification

Summary  

Hospital diagnosis codes are useful for assessing hip fracture rates in large populations. However, these codes do not reliably differentiate hip fractures that occur in the subtrochanteric region. Identification of subtrochanteric fractures requires review of radiographic images to distinguish these fractures from the more commonly occurring trochanteric fractures.     

The impact and consequences of hip fracture in Ontario

Objectives

To assess the magnitude and the burden of hip fracture on the health care system, including time trends in hip fracture rates, in-hospital death rates, length of hospital stay (LHS) and discharge destination.

Design

A retrospective study of discharge abstracts.

Setting

The Province of Ontario.

Patients

All patients (n = 93 660) over the age of 50 years and with a diagnosis of hip fracture discharged from hospital between 1981 and 1992 (excluding transfers).

Main Outcome Measures

Age-sex standardized hip fracture rates per 1000 population, in-hospital death rates and age-adjusted mean LHS.

Results

The overall hip fracture rate was 3.3 per 1000 persons (1.7 per 1000 men and 4.6 per 1000 women). There was no change in rates between 1981 and 1992 (p = 0.089), but there have been increases in the numbers of hip fractures. There was no change in the in-hospital death rate over time (p = 0.78). The age-adjusted mean LHS in 1981 was 28.6 days compared with 22.2 days in 1992. The numbers of hip fractures will increase from 8490 in 1990 to 16 963 in 2010.

Conclusions

Despite stable age-adjusted rates of hip fractures, the doubling of the number of hip fractures by the year 2010 due to an aging population will become an increasing burden on the health care system.     

Timing of complications following surgery for geriatric hip fractures

IntroductionDespite abundant literature present on complications following hip fracture surgery, few studies have focused on the timing of these complications.Materials and methodsThe 2015–2016 American College of Surgeons – National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for patients ≥65 years of age undergoing hip fracture surgery, due to trauma, using CPT-Codes for total hip arthroplasty (27130), Hemiarthroplasty (27125) and Open Reduction/Internal Fixation (ORIF) (27236, 27244, 27245). For each complication being studied, the median time to diagnosis was determined along with the interquartile range (IQR). Cox-regression analyses were used to assess complication timings between various surgeries.ResultsA total of 31,738 were included in the final cohort. The median time of occurrence (days) for myocardial infarction was 2 [IQR 1–6], pneumonia 4 [IQR 2–12], stroke/CVA 3 [IQR 1–10], pulmonary embolism 5 [IQR 2–14], urinary tract infection (UTI) 8 [IQR 2–15], deep venous thrombosis (DVT) 9 [IQR 4–17], sepsis 11 [IQR 5–19], death 12 [IQR 6–20], superficial surgical site infection (SSI) 16 [IQR 12–22], deep SSI 23 [IQR 15–24] and organ/space SSI 19 [IQR 15–23]. Undergoing a THA vs. ORIF for hip fracture was associated a relatively early occurrence of pneumonia (day 3 [IQR 1–5.25]; p = 0.029) and urinary tract infection (day 4 [IQR 1–13]; p = 0.035) and a later occurrence of organ/space SSI (day 23.5 [IQR 19.5–26.75]; p = 0.002).ConclusionOrthopaedic trauma surgeons can utilize this data to optimize care strategies during the time-periods of highest risk to prevent complications from occurring early on in the course of post-operative care.     

老年人髋部骨折内固定治疗96例分析

[目的]比较动力髋螺钉（dynamic hip screw，DHS）、髓内钉、多枚钉3种内固定方法治疗老年人髋部骨折的疗效。[方法]1997年6月～2003年6月共收治60岁以上老年人髋部骨折患者178例。行手术内固定治疗128例，96例获得12～83个月（平均41．5个月）的随访，通过病例复习和随访，获得以下资料包括年龄、性别、手术方式、助能恢复及并发症发生情况。分别按手术方式、年龄分组比较其疗效和并发症发生情况。通过计算发生并发症患者的平均年龄，对手术风险性进行预测。[结果]本组96例，术后功能恢复良好79例，可及差17例；良好率82．3％。术后发生并发症11例，发生率11．5％，其中术后早期诱发原有合并症3例。DHS内固定组和髓内钉内固定组的功能恢复明显优于多枚钉内固定组（P〈0．05）；70岁以上年龄组功能恢复明显差于70岁以下年龄组；以上比较均有统计学意义。11例发生并发症患者的平均年龄为82岁。其中术后早期诱发原有合并症的3例患者平均年龄为92岁．[结论]老年人髋部骨折因合理选择内固定材料，动力髋螺钉、髓内钉为首选，适用于各种不同类型的骨折。     

Cardiac complications following hip fracture surgery

Hip fracture is a major health burden due to both its frequency and its deep impact on patient's outcome. The key issue of this poor outcome seems to be cardiac complications. The onset of these cardiac complications seems to appear early in the clinical course in the form of perioperative myocardial ischemia that are both preventable and treatable. Their clinical and electrocardiographic pattern is very poor and they can be thoroughly detected by only either a systematic electrocardiographic 12 lead monitoring or troponin dosage.     

Intensive geriatric rehabilitation of hip fracture patients: a randomized,controlled trial

We determined the effect of geriatric rehabilitation of hip fracture patients on mortality, length of hospital stay, and functional recovery. In a randomized, controlled intervention study, 243 community dwelling hip fracture patients over 64 years of age were randomly assigned to 2 rehabilitation groups. The intervention group (n = 120) was referred to a geriatric ward for team rehabilitation, and the controls (n = 123) to local hospital wards for standard care. The median length of total hospital stay after a hip fracture operation was 34 (95% CI 28-38) days in the intervention group and 42 (95% CI 35-48) days in the control group (p = 0.05). The intervention group recovered instrumental activities of daily living faster (p = 0.05). Direct costs of medical care during the first year did not differ remarkably.     

老年髋部骨折患者术后心血管并发症的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年髋部骨折患者住院期间术后新发心血管并发症的危险因素。方法回顾性分析本院骨科2005年1月至2015年12月收治的髋部骨折患者693例,男257例,女436例,年龄65~103岁,BMI 16.5~33.1 kg/m2,ASAⅡ~Ⅳ级,分别收集患者的人口学资料、术前合并症、卧床时间、手术方式、麻醉方法、手术时间和出血量,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析老年髋部骨折患者住院期间术后新发心血管并发症的危险因素。结果 46例患者(6.64%)在住院期间发生术后心血管并发症,包括心绞痛25例(3.61%)、心律失常19例(2.74%)、心力衰竭5例(0.72%)、心肌梗死4例(0.58%)和心源性猝死2例(0.29%)。单因素分析显示,年龄、心脏疾病、脑血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病、肾功能不全和全麻方式是老年髋部骨折患者住院期间新发术后心血管并发症的相关危险因素(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=1.11,95%CI 1.06~1.17,P0.001)、心脏疾病(OR=1.98,95%CI 1.02~3.85,P=0.045)、脑血管疾病(OR=2.14,95%CI 1.06~4.32,P=0.033)、高血压(OR=2.61,95%CI 1.23~5.51,P=0.012)、糖尿病(OR=2.06,95%CI 1.04~4.09,P=0.039)和肾功能不全(OR=17.42,95%CI 3.69~82.80,P0.001)是髋部骨折患者住院期间术后新发心血管并发症的独立危险因素。结论年龄、心脏疾病、脑血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病和肾功能不全可作为老年髋部骨折患者住院期间新发心血管并发症的预警因素。     

The economic impact of minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty

We compared hospital length of stay (LOS) and costs between (1) minimally invasive total hip surgery (MIS) combined with an active hip pathway (AHP) and (2) long incision total hip surgery (LIS) with a passive hip pathway (PHP). A prospective consecutive cohort of 214 MIS/AHP patients was compared to a concurrent cohort of 265 LIS/PHP patients. The MIS/AHP cohort had significantly decreased LOS (1.5 days vs. 3.8 days, P < .001) and hospital costs ($12.8 thousand vs. $16.7 thousand, P < .001). The complication rates were similar for MIS/AHP and LIS/PHP. We conclude that, compared to LIS/PHP, MIS/AHP significantly shortened LOS by an average of 2.3 days, and significantly reduced hospital costs by an average of $3.9 thousand per patient.     

Risk factors for contra-lateral hip fracture in elderly patients with previous hip fracture

Introduction

Contra-lateral hip fractures in elderly patients with a previous hip fracture increase the incidence of complications and socioeconomic burden. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of contra-lateral hip fracture in elderly patients.

Materials and methods

Among 1093 patients treated for a hip fracture, 47 patients sustained a contra-lateral hip fracture. These patients were compared with 141 patients with a unilateral hip fracture (controls).

Results

The incidence of contra-lateral hip fracture was 4.3% among the 1093 patients treated for a hip fracture at our institute. A contra-lateral hip fracture occurred within 2 years of initial fracture in 66%, and subsequently, the annual incidence rate decreased. A similar fracture pattern was noted in 70% of patients who sustained an intertrochanteric fracture. In terms of preoperative factors, respiratory disease (OR 2.57, P = 0.032) and visual impairment (OR 2.51, P = 0.012) were higher in patients with a contra-lateral hip fracture than in controls, and for postoperative factors, the proportions of patients with postoperative delirium (OR 2.91, P = 0.022), late onset of rehabilitation (OR 1.05, P = 0.023), and poor ambulatory status at 3 months (OR 1.34, P = 0.002) were also significantly higher in patients than in controls.

Conclusions

Postoperative delirium and underlying visual impairment and respiratory disease could be risk factors of contra-lateral fracture in elderly patients. Early and active rehabilitation after surgery is important to prevent the occurrence of contra-lateral hip fracture in the elderly.     

External validation of the U-HIP prediction model for in-hospital mortality in geriatric hip fracture patients

IntroductionIdentification of high-risk hip fracture patients in an early stage is vital for guiding surgical management and shared decision making. To objective of this study was to perform an external international validation study of the U-HIP prediction model for in-hospital mortality in geriatric patients with a hip fracture undergoing surgery.Materials and methodsIn this retrospective cohort study, data were used from The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Patients aged 70 years or above undergoing hip fracture surgery were included. The discrimination (c-statistic) and calibration of the model were investigated.ResultsA total of 25,502 patients were included, of whom 618 (2.4%) died. The mean predicted probability of in-hospital mortality was 3.9% (range 0%-55%). The c-statistic of the model was 0.74 (95% CI 0.72–0.76), which was comparable to the c-statistic of 0.78 (95% CI 0.71–0.85) that was found in the development cohort. The calibration plot indicated that the model was slightly overfitted, with a calibration-in-the-large of 0.015 and a calibration slope of 0.780. Within the subgroup of patients aged between 70 and 85, however, the c-statistic was 0.78 (95% CI 0.75–0.81), with good calibration (calibration slope 0.934).Discussion and conclusionThe U-HIP model for in-hospital mortality in geriatric hip fractures was externally validated in a large international cohort, and showed a good discrimination and fair calibration. This model is freely available online and can be used to predict the risk of mortality, identify high-risk patients and aid clinical decision making.     

Outcomes for older patients with hip fractures: the impact of orthopedic and geriatric medicine cocare

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of a specifically designed model of orthopedic-geriatric cocare on hip fracture (HF) outcomes. SETTING: Tertiary teaching hospital (level I trauma center). DESIGN: Prospective observational study with a retrospective (historical) control. Data on 951 consecutive patients 60 years of age or older admitted to the authors' institution with a nonpathologic HF over a 7-year period (1995 to 2002) were analyzed. Between 1995 and 1997, medical problems were managed by a geriatric medicine (GM) consultation-only service (retrospective audit). In 1998, a GM registrar began overseeing daily medical care with weekly geriatrician consultant review (prospective study). Outcomes for 2 time periods were compared: a 3-year period before (no GM; 504 patients) and a 4-year period after (GM; 447 patients) the introduction of GM cocare. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Postoperative medical complications, mortality, length of stay, discharge destination, use of thromboprophylaxis, and antiosteoporotic treatment. RESULTS: While comparing 2 periods (GM and no GM), significant reductions in postoperative medical complications and comorbid conditions (in total 49.5% vs. 71.0%, P<0.001) and mortality (4.7% vs. 7.7%, P<0.01) occurred and rehospitalization to medical wards within 6 months decreased (28% vs. 7.6%). However, no differences were observed in median length of hospital stay (10.8 vs. 11.0 days) or in discharge destination. Antiosteoporotic treatment (12% to 69%) and specific thromboprophylaxis (63% to 94%) increased in the GM period. CONCLUSIONS: Orthopedic-geriatric cocare for the older patients with HF was associated with significant reductions in morbidity and mortality, and increases in optimal postoperative care. Options for further improvement of orthopedic-GM cocare need to be investigated.     

The impact of decreasing U.S. hip fracture rates on future hip fracture estimates

Summary

We examined age- and sex-specific hip fracture hospitalization rates among people aged 65 and older using 1990–2010 National Hospital Discharge Survey data. Trends calculated using Joinpoint regression analysis suggest that future increases in hip fractures due to the aging population will be largely offset by decreasing hip fracture rates among women. However, this trend will be counterbalanced by rising numbers of hip fractures among men.

Introduction

From 1990 to 2006, age-adjusted U.S. hip fracture rates among people aged 65 years and older declined significantly. We wanted to determine whether decreasing age group-specific hip fracture rates might offset increases in hip fractures among the aging population over the next two decades.

Methods

This study used data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, a national probability survey of inpatient discharges from nonfederal U.S. hospitals, to analyze hip fracture hospitalizations, defined as cases with first diagnosis coded ICD-9 CM 820. We analyzed trends in rates by sex and 10-year age groups using Joinpoint analysis software and used the results and projected population estimates to obtain the expected number of hip fractures in 2020 and 2050.

Results

Based on current age- and sex-specific trends in hip fracture hospitalization rates, the number of hip fractures is projected to rise 11.9 %—from 258,000 in 2010 to 289,000 (Projection Interval [PI]?=?193,000–419,000) in 2030. The number of hip fractures among men is expected to increase 51.8 % (PI?=?15.9–119.4 %) while the number among women is expected to decrease 3.5 % (PI?=??44.3–37.3 %). These trends will affect the future distribution of hip fractures among the older population.

Conclusions

Although the number of older people in the U.S.A. will increase appreciably over the next 20 years, the expected increase in the total number of hip fractures will be largely offset by decreasing hip fracture rates among women. However, this trend will be counterbalanced by rising numbers of hip fractures among men.