经内镜乳头括约肌切开治疗胆总管结石991例临床分析

目的 探讨内窥镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)对胆总管结石的治疗效果.方法 总结1987年7月至2007年5月间实施的991例次EST治疗胆总管结石的经验,并对其中710例患者进行长期随访.结果 EST治疗胆总管结石991例,排出结石者909例(91.7%,909/991).EST后发生并发症59例(6.0%,59/991),其中急性胰腺炎29例(2.9%),术后出血18例(1.8%),急性胆管炎11例(1.1%),十二指肠穿孔1例(0.1%);991例中无死亡病例.随访710例中发生返流性胆管炎51例(7.2%,51/710),结石复发42例(5.9%,42/710).结论 EST治疗胆总管结石安全性高、疗效满意,是一种理想的微创外科方法.     

经内镜乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石临床研究

目的探讨经内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胆总管结石的临床效果。方法对256例胆总管结石(9~15mm)患者采用经内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗。结果EST取石成功249例,成功率97.3%,其中221例一次取净结石,28例2~3次取净结石,7例取石未成功。EST术后发生并发症16例,总发生率6.3%,其中急性胰腺炎10例,急性胆管炎5例。结论经内镜乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石是一项安全可靠的新技术。     

腔镜胆总管切开取石与内镜乳头括约肌切开取石术的远期疗效比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)治疗胆总管结石的优越性.方法 回顾分析2001年6月至2006年6月间,在贵港市人民医院及广西壮族自治区人民医院微创中心行微创手术治疗的胆总管结石的临床资料.按手术方式不同分两组,即LCBDE组和EST(内镜乳头括约肌切开取石术,endoscopic sphincterotomy)组,比较两组的远期疗效.结果 该组225例,其中LCBDE 106例,EST 119例.术后随访1～6年,平均(3.2±0.8)年.LCBDE组结石复发率为3.77%(4/106),反流性胆管炎的发生率为2.83%(3/106),无乳头狭窄;EST组结石复发率为11.76%(14/119),乳头狭窄的发生率为7.56%(9/119),反流性胆管炎的发生率为12.61%(15/119).全组病例无胆管癌发生.术后结石复发率、乳头狭窄和反流性胆管炎的发生率在两组间的差别均有统计学意义.结论 在治疗胆总管结石方面,LCBDE的远期疗效优于EST.     

腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床观察

目的探讨腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析95例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石病人行腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗的临床资料。结果本组63例先行十二指肠镜下乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)治疗,其中59例成功行EST+腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC),但术中并发十二指肠乳头少量出血2例,术后发生胆道感染1例,出现可疑十二指肠漏1例;4例EST取石失败后1周内改开腹手术,术后并发腹腔感染1例,胆漏1例。23例顺利行LC+腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术,其中腹腔镜胆囊管探查取石5例,腹腔镜胆总管切开取石18例。9例因疑诊胆总管结石而先行LC,术后2~4 d再行EST。术后随访6~12个月,均未出现反流性胆管炎、乳头狭窄等并发症,无胆管结石残留。结论腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石效果满意。     

内窥镜治疗胆胰疾病746例的临床观察

目的 探讨内窥镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术对胆总管结石及缩窄性乳头炎的治疗作用。方法 总结1987年7月至2001年5月间实施的746例次内窥镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术的经验。结果 EST治疗胆总管结石572例，结石排出538例(94．1％)；缩窄性乳头炎174例，成功165例(94．8％)；因缩窄性乳头炎至慢性胰腺炎者45例，症状缓解40例(88．9％)。内窥镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术后发生重症胰腺炎、切口出血等并发症16例(2．2％)，本组无死亡病例。结论 采用内镜治疗胆总管结石及缩窄性乳头炎是一种理想的微创外科方法。     

经十二指肠镜治疗胆道疾病387例

目的探讨如何提高十二指肠镜治疗胆道疾病的疗效及减少并发症的发生. 方法对1995年2月～2003年2月经内镜行Oddi括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)292例、鼻胆管引流术(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)104例(其中9例EST后引流)的临床资料作回顾性分析. 结果 EST成功269例,成功率92.1%(269/292).272例胆总管结石中235例取尽结石(86.4%);15例肝内胆管结石,4例取尽;5例胆管异物,3例当即取尽.EST治疗发生并发症16例,发生率5.5%(16/292),包括急性胰腺炎7例和乳头切开处出血5例,继发重症胆管炎2例,十二指肠穿孔1例,碎石时钢索末端断裂1例.ENBD疗效满意92例.所有病例均未发生与操作相关的死亡. 结论严格EST适应证选择、提高EST技术是提高疗效、减少并发症的关健.     

ERCP联合EST治疗胆总管结石的术后远期并发症

目的:评价内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)联合内镜下括约肌切开术(EST)术后远期并发症的发生率,检验十二指肠憩室及胆囊切除是否影响远期并发症发生。方法:在我院ERCP手术数据库中选取2009年至2012年成功接受ERCP联合EST治疗的胆总管结石病人进行电话随访,随访内容包括病人术后胆道系统临床症状以及远期并发症发生与否。结果:在172例成功进行ERCP的病人中,术后27~71个月胆总管结石的复发率为25.0%(43/172),急性胆管炎发生率为8.1%(14/172)。以上两类并发症发生与年龄无关(P>0.05)。ERCP术前存在十二指肠憩室以及术前行胆囊切除术并不影响术后并发症发生率(P>0.05)。结论:胆总管结石复发及急性胆管炎是ERCP联合EST术后的主要远期并发症。     

EST后再发结石的原因分析和治疗对策

目的探讨内窥镜括约肌切开(EST)术后再发胆管结石的原因及最佳处理策略。方法回顾性分析昆明医学院第二附属医院自1999年2月至2009年2月期间收治的EST后再发结石的96例患者的临床资料,根据再发胆管结石的大小(术前MRCP提示结石的直径大小)将其分为手术组(再发结石直径≥1.0 cm)和非手术组(结石直径1.0 cm,再次行EST),比较2种治疗方法的再发胆管结石率。结果手术组79例(82.29%),均采用胆总管切开取石、横断胆总管、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合;非手术组17例(17.71%),即再次行EST。非手术组再发胆管结石率为70.59%(12/17),明显高于手术组的2.53%(2/79),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论EST术后再发胆管结石的主要原因是十二指肠乳头切开导致Oddi括约肌舒缩功能受损,引发返流性胆管炎所致。手术治疗是EST术后再发胆管结石的最佳处理方法,效果肯定。术式以胆总管切开取石、横断胆总管、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合为首选。     

内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石697例临床分析

目的 总结内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石的疗效及并发症的处理经验。方法 回顾性总结了我院5年间经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（EST）治疗胆总管结石697例的临床资料，分析临床应用的疗效及并发症的发生情况、种类、处理及预防的措施。结果 5年间697例EST取石术成功682例，成功率97．8％，并发急性胰腺炎25例（3．6％），消化道穿孔3例（0．43％），延迟出血5例（0．72％），术后胆管炎5例（0．72％），经内科保守治愈30例，外科手术治疗4例，内镜再次处理4例。结论 内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石安全可行。熟练的内镜外科技术和丰富的开腹手术经验是完成此治疗的关键。     

内镜治疗胆总管结石的经验体会

目的: 内镜治疗胆总管结石的疗效评估. 方法: 对140例胆总管结石患者采用内镜治疗.其中10例≤8 mm结石采用内镜乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD),114例9~15mm结石采用经内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST),16例>15 m结石采用内镜下机械碎石法(EML). 结果: 本组取石成功率为97.2%,其中118例一次取净结石,18例2~3次取净结石,4例取石未成功.总并发症发生率为6.5%,其中急性胆管炎3例,急性胰腺炎6例. 结论: 内镜治疗胆总管结石是安全、有效的.     

腹腔镜联合内镜治疗肝外胆管结石610例

目的 探讨腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜联合治疗肝外胆管结石的疗效和技巧.方法 回顾性分析1997年9月至2007年1月采用腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜联合治疗610例肝外胆管结石患者的临床资料.单纯胆管结石行ERCP、EST;胆囊结石合并胆总管结石采用腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜、腹腔镜联合胆道镜、三镜联合治疗.结果 610例中成功施行589例,成功率为96.6%.住院时间7～28 d,平均13 d.无胆漏、十二指肠漏、十二指肠乳头出血、急性胆管炎等与内镜操作有关的严重并发症发生.411例随访1～3年,平均13个月,无胆管结石复发及其他并发症发生.结论 单纯胆管结石行ERCP、EST,胆囊结石合并胆总管结石采用腹腔镜联合内镜治疗,效果较好,无内镜相关并发症发生.     

胆总管结石的内镜治疗

目的总结内镜下乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy，EST）治疗胆总管结石的疗效及随访结果，分析可能导致取石失败的危险因素。方法2001年4月～2006年1月我院96例经内镜逆行胰胆管显影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography，ERCP）证实胆总管结石后行EST及内镜下取石。通过随访术后疗效．对可能影响EST取石结果的因素进行分析。结果第1次EST未取出或未取净结石15例，第1次EST结石清除率84．4％（81／96）。第1次取石失败后5例再次行EST取净结石，3例自发排石，2例服中药或其他药物后排石，术后B超或ERCP检查证实结石已经排出，总结石清除率为94．8％（91／96）。术后近期并发症10例，其中急性胰腺炎5例、明显出血3例、急性胆囊炎和（或）急性胆管炎2例。5例因并发症或结石未取净行开腹手术。单因素和多因素分析表明，胆总管结石〉1．5cm和既往有胆总管探查手术史是取石失败的危险因素。85例随访10—59个月，胆总管结石复发3例、急性胆管炎1例；19例单纯胆总管结石在EST取净结石后没有切除胆囊，随访未见异常。结论EST是治疗胆总管结石安全有效的方法。结石〉1．5cm和既往有胆总管探查手术史时，应警惕EST有取石失败的可能。对于单纯性胆总管结石，在EST清除胆总管结石后不必预防性切除胆囊。     

术中经鼻胆管胆道造影在两镜联合治疗胆囊合并胆总管结石中的应用

目的探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphineterotomy，EST）联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）治疗胆囊合并胆总管结石术中经鼻胆引流管（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage，ENBD）胆道造影的价值。方法EST处理胆总管结石并放置ENBD管，在LC术中经ENBD管行胆道造影。结果46例术中经ENBD胆道造影均成功，造影时间5—15min，平均8．2min。术中经ENBD管胆道造影发现胆囊脱落至胆总管形成胆总管继发结石4例，其中2例术中再次内镜取出结石，2例结石直径〈3mm术中未处理，术后随访未见胆管结石及胆管炎发生。43例随访6—36个月，平均22个月，未发现胆总管再发结石及胆道逆行感染。结论两镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石，术中经ENBD胆道造影可及时发现并通过术中内镜及时处理继发性胆总管结石，减少术后胆管残余结石的发生。     

十二指肠镜、腹腔镜联合治疗肝外胆管结石

目的探讨十二指肠镜联合腹腔镜治疗胆囊结石并胆管结石的临床效果。方法回顾分析7年间106例胆囊结石并胆管结石患者的临床资料。106例均先行内镜下十二指肠乳头切开(EST)取石、鼻胆引流(ENBD)然后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)。结果EST取石成功101例(95.3%);并发症包括胰腺炎(高淀粉酶血症)11例(10.4%),出血1例,急性胆管炎2例,均经对症处理治愈。全组病例无死亡,均痊愈出院。85例获平均3.1年随访,术后复发胆管结石5例(5.9%),十二指肠乳突部再狭窄1例;另发生胆管癌2例,其他原因死亡2例。结论联合EST和LC治疗肝外胆管结石是一种安全有效的微创手术方法。     

Long-term prognosis after treatment of patients with choledocholithiasis

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine the long-term prognosis of after treatment of patients with choledocholithiasis, including the recurrence of lithiasis, and to thereby determine the best treatment modality for choledocholithiasis based on its pathological entity. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Choledocholithiasis can be caused by either primary bile duct stones that originate in the bile duct or by secondary bile duct stones that have fallen out of the gallbladder. The recurrence rates vary depending on the type of choledocholithiasis. METHODS: Two-hundred thirteen outpatients who were treated for choledocholithiasis from 1982 to 1996 were selected as subjects and monitored for a period ranging from 5 to 19 years (mean, 9.6 years). The 213 patients were divided into 3 groups: 87 patients who had undergone choledocholithotomy and T-tube drainage (including the use of the laparoscopic method), 44 patients who had undergone choledochoduodenostomy, and 82 patients whose stones were removed by endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). Recurrence of lithiasis was examined for each type of treatment modality. RESULTS: Choledochoduodenostomy was performed in 44 cases for the purpose of preventing any recurrence. The recurrent rate was analyzed in 169 cases. Choledocholithiasis recurred in 17 of the 169 cases (10.1%). The remaining 152 patients that showed no recurrence of lithiasis were examined and compared. The diameter of the common bile duct measured during the initial treatment was more dilated in patients with recurrent lithiasis (16.6 +/- 5.9 mm) than in patients without any recurrence (9.8 +/- 4.9 mm; P < 0.05). Peripapillary diverticula were observed in 10 of the 17 patients with recurrent lithiasis (58.8%), and in 34 of the 152 nonrecurrent patients (22.3%), showing that diverticula were more common in recurrent cases (P < 0.05). Furthermore, while primary bile duct stones were found in 11 of the 17 cases with recurrent lithiasis (64.7%), primary stones were found in only 37 of the 152 nonrecurrent patients (24.3%), showing primary bile duct stones were also more common in recurrent patients (P < 0.05). The recurrent patients were examined by surgical procedure. Nine patients with choledocholithotomy and T-tube drainage had a recurrence (10.3%), and 8 patients in the EST group had a recurrence (9.8%). The recurrence rates for these procedures were higher than for cases with choledochoduodenostomy (recurrence rate: 0%, P < 0.05). In particular, lithiasis recurred in 5 of the 12 patients with T-tube drainage for primary bile duct stones (41.7%). CONCLUSION: Although choledocholithotomy and T-tube drainage, including open and laparoscopic surgery, is presently a common procedure for choledocholithiasis, this procedure will not necessarily prevent a recurrence of the disease. For older patients with primary bile duct stones, choledochoduodenostomy or EST is recommended.     

Long-term follow-up after endoscopic management of retained and recurrent common duct stones

Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) was attempted on 128 patients because of retained or recurrent common bile duct stones. The duct was cleared in 118 cases (92%). Early complications arose after 27 (16.5%) of 164 sphincterotomies, with haemorrhage most common. Emergency laparotomy was performed in four cases. There were four deaths within a month of EST, two of them directly attributable to EST. In seven of the 118 patients with successful EST late complications (stenosis and/or recurrent stone) appeared during a median follow-up of 57 (range 24-101) months (after less than 2 years in 6 cases). Restenosis and new stones could usually be endoscopically treated. Ascending cholangitis was not a problem, provided that the bile flow was unobstructed. EST is relatively safe, and must now be considered the procedure of choice for postcholecystectomy choledocholithiasis especially in elderly or high-risk patients. EST in young, fit patients is more controversial, and requires further detailed longitudinal analyses.     

腹腔镜联合内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床体会

目的:探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的最佳组合方式。方法:回顾分析2007年1月至2012年11月为203例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行ERCP+内镜乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)联合LC的临床资料。其中138例先行ERCP+EST取出胆总管结石,再行LC(ERCP+LC组);65例先行LC再行ERCP+EST(LC+ERCP组)。对比分析两组手术成功率、总住院时间及并发症情况。结果:两组均无穿孔、出血及重症胰腺炎等严重并发症发生。ERCP+LC组住院时间短[(7.2±2.1)d vs.(8.1±1.9)d],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ERCP+LC组术后胆管残余结石4例,发生急性轻型胰腺炎1例、胆管炎1例,并发症发生率为4.3%;低于LC+ERCP组的12.3%(P<0.05)。结论:对于胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的患者,先行ERCP+EST取石,再行LC,手术并发症较少,住院时间短,是较理想的组合方式。     

Endoscopic management of common bile duct stones leaving the gallbladder in situ. A cohort study with long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND: Obstructive jaundice caused by stones is a common disorder, mostly managed by endoscopic sphincterotomy followed by cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not clearance of the common bile duct alone is sufficient as treatment for patients with choledocholithiasis. METHODS: A cohort with 447 patients with symptomatic cholecystocholedocholithiasis, undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and if necessary sphincterotomy (ES). In 164 patients common bile duct stones were proven and treated endoscopically, without performing a subsequent cholecystectomy. All 164 patients were free of symptoms after the endoscopic intervention. This group of patients was compared with 78 patients who underwent cholecystectomy after endoscopic treatment of common bile duct stones. Patients were followed for 1-13 years after ERC and sphincterotomy results and complications were registered. RESULTS: The ages of the 164 patients in the in situ group were significantly higher than in the cholecystectomy group and the ASA classification (American Society of Anesthesiologists) was significantly higher in the in situ patients. Mean follow-up was 70.9 months. Of the in situ patients 27 (16%) returned with biliary symptoms; 12 with common bile duct stones, three with cholangitis, and one with stenosis of Vater's papilla. Eight patients returned with cholecystitis and 3 with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Thirteen patients underwent cholecystectomy and 11 were managed (also) endoscopically. Minor complications were 2 wound infections and 1 bleeding after cholecystectomy. Two patients (1%) died of abdominal sepsis due to cholecystitis. Of the patients who underwent cholecystectomy, 6 (7.6%) returned during follow-up. Three patients had common bile duct stones, 2 had cholangitis and 1 patient presented with papillostenosis. Three patients needed surgical common bile duct exploration and the other 3 were treated endoscopically. After reintervention, cardiopulmonary complications were observed in 1 patient. There was no related death. CONCLUSION: When common bile duct stones are treated successfully by endoscopic sphincterotomy and patients are free of symptoms, there is no need for routine prophylactic cholecystectomy.