胃癌根治术后复发区域的研究

目的分析胃癌根治术后复发区域及规律,初步探讨术后放疗范围。方法回顾分析2005年1月—2006年12月胃癌术后复发的220例病人的临床资料,总结复发区域与肿瘤原发部位的关系。结果胃癌原发部位不同,其术后复发区域不完全相同,22例胃底贲门部癌腹膜后淋巴结复发20例,局部复发4例;54例胃体部癌腹膜后淋巴结复发40例,局部复发4例;144例胃窦部癌腹膜后淋巴结复发110例,肝脏转移48例。结论胃癌根治术后放疗靶区应包括腹膜后淋巴结引流区。     

CT analysis of postoperative tumor recurrence patterns in periampullary cancer

BACKGROUND: We analyzed postoperative tumor recurrence in periampullary cancer on computed tomography (CT). METHODS: Forty-six patients with tumor recurrence (16 pancreas head cancers, 19 distal common bile duct cancers, and 11 ampulla of Vater cancers) of 125 patients who underwent surgery for periampullary cancer were enrolled. Recurrence was diagnosed by CT findings plus elevated CA 19-9 (n = 28) or biopsy (n = 18). Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed 156 contrast-enhanced CT scans, with 7-mm slice thickness, obtained in our institution until the initial diagnosis of tumor recurrence. The modes of recurrence were classified as local recurrence, hepatic metastasis, lymph node metastasis, peritoneal carcinomatosis, or extraabdominal metastasis. We evaluated the time of recurrence, the frequency of each mode of recurrence, and the earliest mode of recurrence. The differences in tumor recurrence for the three types of periampullary cancer were evaluated. RESULTS: Half of the recurrences occurred within 6 months after surgery and 87% occurred within 12 months after surgery. Local recurrences (67%), hepatic metastases (72%), and lymph node metastases (61%) were common modes of tumor recurrence. Pancreas head cancers recurred earlier than the other types of periampullary cancer (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Periampullary cancer tends to recur early after surgery, usually as a local recurrence, hepatic metastasis, or lymph node metastasis.     

Radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatic metastases.

Percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a promising therapeutic option for liver metastases, which may result in prolonged survival and chance for cure. Recent technological advancements provide larger coagulation volumes, allowing treatment of medium- and large-size metastases. Candidates are patients with metachronous liver metastases from colorectal or other primary cancers, in whom surgery is contraindicated and with one to four nodules each smaller than approx. 4 cm. We treated 109 patients with 172 colorectal metastases in the liver. Local control was obtained in 70.4% of lesions. Recurrence was significantly more frequent in lesions >3 cm. One major complication occurred (0.6% of sessions), a large bowel perforation requiring surgery. Seven minor complications did not require therapy. New metastases developed at follow-up in 50.4% of patients. Survival rates are 67% and 33% after 2 and 3 years, respectively; estimated median survival being 30 months. RF ablation advantages include minimal-invasiveness (no mortality, significantly lower complications), reduced costs and hospital stays compared to surgery, feasibility in non-surgical candidates, and the potential of repeated treatment if local recurrence occurs or new metastases develop.     

Radioimmunoguided surgery in recurrent colorectal cancer: the role of carcinoembryonic antigen, computerized tomography, and physical examination

From January 1986 to December 1987, 32 patients with recurrent colorectal cancer had second-look radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS system). All patients had pathologic confirmation of recurrence. The RIGS system identified 81% of recurrences, and in six patients recurrent tumor was identified only by RIGS. All patients had physical examination, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay, and computerized tomography of the abdomen and pelvis. Detection of recurrence was based on symptoms in six, elevated CEA value in 25, and physical examination in one. The CEA was elevated preoperatively in 30 patients; two false-negative results occurred in symptomatic patients who had pelvic recurrence. The median CEA value in those with liver recurrence was 30 ng/ml (range 5.2 to 298) and for pelvic recurrence 13 ng/ml (range 1.9 to 31) (P less than .05). The overall sensitivity of CT was 41% (abdomen other than liver 37%, liver 56%, and pelvis 22%). The combination of elevated CEA, symptoms, and physical findings identified 100% of recurrences. We conclude that a rising CEA remains the most accurate indicator of recurrence. CT should not be done routinely to detect recurrent colorectal cancer unless CEA is elevated or the patient is symptomatic. In our study the intraoperative use of the RIGS system aided the surgeon in identifying occult tumors.     

Computed tomographic diagnosis of rectal tumors

Perirectal spreading of rectal carcinoma is significant for their therapy. Moreover, possible metastasis of the regional lymph nodes and/or of the liver must be detected before therapy. For preoperative staging CT-investigations in 52 patients were performed. For the tumour stages pT1 and pT2 correct CT-staging was achieved in 60% of the cases. CT-information on lymphogenic metastases is not satisfactory, liver metastases were detected with a sensitivity of 72%. 56 patients were investigated after abdominosacral rectum ablation. In 34 cases no local recidivation was detected, but 3 cases of liver metastases were found, also one metastasis of the kidney. Of 22 patients with regional recurrences 5 had liver metastases. 3 cases of lymphogenic metastasis were found.     

Colorectal carcinoma in young patients: CT detection of an atypical pattern of recurrence

Colonic adenocarcinoma is an uncommon but aggressive neoplasm in patients under the age of 40. The goals of this study were to evaluate the utility of computed tomography (CT) in preoperative staging and detection of postoperative recurrences in young patients with colon cancer and to evaluate the pattern of recurrent disease. We reviewed 51 cases of adenocarcinoma in patients aged 40 years and younger. CT preoperatively staged 21 (72%) of 29 patients correctly and had a 100% positive predictive value for metastatic disease. Recurrent disease occurred in 23 (76%) of 30 nonstage D patients with at least 2 years of disease-free followup. CT accurately detected 21 (91%) of 23 cases of recurrent disease. Local recurrences were detected in 20 (87%) of 23 patients. Isolated local disease was the most frequent pattern of recurrence, seen in 17 (74%) of 23 patients. Hepatic metastases were rare and occurred in nine (13%) of 51 patients. Young patients with colon cancer have an increased prevalence of isolated local recurrences and decreased rate of hepatic metastases than the older population. In order to detect early, and therefore resectable recurrent disease, CT examinations should be obtained early and often in the postoperative period.The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army of the Department of Defense.     

射频消融联合缓释化疗粒子植入治疗结直肠癌肝转移

目的探讨超声引导射频消融联合缓释化疗粒子植入对结直肠癌肝转移的治疗效果及临床应用价值。方法对不宜手术、放疗化疗或不愿接受手术治疗的结直肠癌肝转移患者58例（89个病灶）行超声引导下射频治疗,同时植入缓释化疗粒子。本组肿瘤直径2．3～6．7cm（中位数3．3cm）,36例为单发灶,余22例为2个以上病灶;术后采用CT增强扫描为主结合彩色多普勒超声、肿瘤标记物等检查方法综合评价疗效。结果1个月后CT增强扫描显示87个病灶完全失去活性,近期有效率达97．7％。局部复发1例,肝内其他部位再发1例,而行第2次治疗。全部病例经3～18个月随访,目前存活52例,射频治疗后肿瘤缩小者行手术治疗2例,因手术并发症死亡,因脑和（或）肺广泛转移死亡4例。结论超声引导射频消融联合缓释化疗粒子植入术可作为结直肠癌肝转移的一种微创局部治疗方法,其并发症少,缓解率高,是一种安全、有效的新手段。     

介入治疗作为小肝癌综合治疗手段的临床疗效分析

目的 评价介入治疗作为小肝癌综合治疗手段的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析经病理学或细胞学证实、直径≤３ｃｍ、在治疗过程中１８例曾选用介入治疗的原发性肝癌的临床疗效。结果 全组７例手术患者后复发。２例发生远处转移。Ｋａｐｌａｎ－ｍｅｉｅｒ法计算１、２年累积生存率分别为１００％、８３．３％。结论 手术是小肝癌的首选治疗方法,切除手肿瘤复发是影响小肝癌远期疗效的重要因素,预防术后复发是延长生存期最理想的措施,亚临床复发的早期发现是提高复发后生存率的关键。介入治疗是小肝癌综合治疗方法中非手术治疗的重要手段。     

Intrabile duct metastasis from colonic adenocarcinoma without liver parenchyma involvement: contrast enhanced ultrasonography detection

It is well-known that biliary duct invasion with intraluminal growth is one of the developmental patterns of primary liver tumors, and macroscopic intrabiliary growth of liver metastases in colorectal cancer is found with high frequency. Surgical treatment is the only potential curative therapy. However, many patients die of intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic recurrence after the resection. One of the causes of high recurrence rate after resective surgery, particularly surgical margin recurrences, is the invasion of biliary ducts mainly due to intraluminal tumor growth. We describe the first recorded case of a metastasis from colorectal cancer involving solely the common hepatic biliary duct, without invasion of contiguous liver parenchyma. A correct diagnosis was obtained by means of contrast enhanced ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy.     

Surgery for non-colorectal and non-neuroendocrine liver metastases

INTRODUCTION: Hepatic resection has been shown to prolong survival in selected patients with colorectal liver metastases. Due to slow tumor growth patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases tend to have a good prognosis and benefit from chemo-embolisation and symptomatic treatment. The role of surgery in treating non-neuroendocrine and non-colorectal liver metastases is discussed controversially, due to the limited knowledge on this subject. The aim of our study was, therefore, to evaluate our own experiences with hepatic surgery for non-neuroendocrine, non-colorectal liver metastases. METHODS: A retrospective review of 72 patients (median age 60.9 years) who underwent 73 hepatic resections for non-neuroendocrine, non-colorectal liver metastases between 1980 and 2000 at a single tertial referral center was carried out. RESULTS: Hepatic resection was combined with surgery for the primary tumor in 30 cases (41.1%). Hospital mortality was 4.2%. 35 patients (47.9%) developed complications. The mean hospital stay was 17.5 days. In 64.4% of the cases a potentially curative resection was reached. Overall actuarial survival was 52.1% at 1 year, 25.3% at 3 years and 9.9% at 5 years. The respective median overall survival times were 7.1 months (gastric cancer metastases; n = 15), 4.9 months (cholangiocellular cancer metastases; n = 9), 5.6 months (gall bladder, bile duct cancer metastases; n = 8), 35.4 months (kidney cancer metastases; n = 8), 14.4 months (breast cancer metastases; n = 4), 15.3 months (pancreas and other adenocarcinoma metastases; n = 11), 49.9 months (sarcoma metastases; n = 10) and 32.9 months (other metastases; n = 7). CONCLUSIONS: In isolated hepatic metastases originating from sarcoma and hypernephroma radical resection can prolong survival. However, surgery cannot improve the prognosis in patients with liver metastases originating from the pancreas, gallbladder and the biliary tract. In selected patients with liver metastases from gastric and breast cancer long term survival seems possible after resection.     

Positron Emission Tomography for Pretreatment Staging and Posttreatment Evaluation in Cancer of the Anal Canal

Purpose In recent years, combined modality therapy (CMT) with chemotherapy and radiation has replaced surgery as the preferred treatment for cancer of the anal canal. Clinical staging with computed tomography (CT) scan alone may underestimate the extent of disease. We investigated the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2[F-18]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) in the staging and determination of response to CMT. Patients and Methods From September 1999 to August 2002, 21 patients with cancer of the anal canal were studied prospectively. All patients underwent pretreatment PET, in addition to standard clinical evaluation that included CT scanning. Follow-up PET studies were ordered one month after completion of CMT. Results Sites of metastases not observed on CT scan were identified in five of 21 patients (24%). These sites included pelvic lymph nodes (four patients) and distant omental metastasis (one patient). In another patient, PET confirmed the presence of suspected M₁ disease in the liver. Posttreatment PET imaging was less useful. Nine patients had minimal residual PET activity at the primary site on the one-month follow-up PET study, but only three of these subsequently developed local recurrence. In addition, recurrences occurred in three patients (two local, one distant) of the six who had negative posttreatment PET studies. Conclusions FDG-PET, in conjunction with CT scanning, provides additional staging information in cancer of the anal canal. This information may have implications for prognosis and radiotherapy planning. Posttreatment PET scans appear to be of little value in predicting durability of response.     

Anti-CEA immunoscintigraphy in postoperative follow-up of tumor patients. Differentiated use of various monoclonal antibody preparations

The sensitivity of immunoscintigraphy (ISC) with monoclonal antibodies (Mab) depends on the Mab type, the radiophysical properties of the isotope, the labeling method and the tumor localization. We investigated 38 studies with three different Anti-CEA Mab (In111/I131 BW 431, n = 12; I131 IMACIS-1, n = 11; Tc99m BW 431/26, n = 15) in 35 postoperative tumor patients (31 colorectal, 1 gastric, 2 breast and 1 pancreas cancer) with a total of 62 tumor manifestations. Planar ISC was used in all studies. A dual isotope technique with Tc99m-colloid was applied for imaging of liver metastases in the In111/I131 BW 431/31 and I131 IMACIS-1 studies. Whereas the global sensitivity, ranging from 64-73%, was comparable, the different physiological properties of the Mab preparations caused marked differences in the imaging capabilities of certain tumor localizations, especially in the liver. All Mab underestimated the extent of liver involvement, however, the highest regional sensitivity (75%) was found with the I131 IMACIS-1. In contrast, Mab with the highest physiological liver uptake (In111 BW 431/31, Tc99m BW 431/26) imaged liver metastases in most cases unspecifically as cold spot, yielding a sensitivity of 0-9%. No differences between the Mab were seen in the regional sensitivity with respect to lung metastases, which ranged between 33-40%. All tested Mab showed a high sensitivity in imaging local recurrences ranging between 50% for the I131 IMACIS-1 and 100% for the Tc99m BW 431/26. We conclude, that in postoperative tumor patients anti-CEA ISC with Tc99m BW 431/26 is the method of choice for the detection of local recurrences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

骨旁骨肉瘤23例临床病理分析

目的 探讨骨旁骨肉瘤的临床病理学特点,侧重于诊断和鉴别诊断。方法 回顾性分析23例骨旁骨肉瘤的临床资料,影像学表现、组织学形态及随访结果,结果 男13例,女10例,年龄范围14-52岁,平均30岁。临床多表现为下肢肿胀和/或缓慢性生长的肿块,X线显示为附着于干骺端骨皮质表面生长的广基性蘑菇状致密肿块影,部分病例于肿块和其下骨皮质间可见狭窄的透亮带,CT证实6例伴有髓内累及（26%）。部位以股骨下端后方最多见（65.2%),其次为胫骨上段（17.4%)。组织学主要由相对成熟的骨组织和镶嵌于骨组织之间的纤维母 细胞样细胞所组成,细胞间常伴有明显的胶原化,瘤细胞的异型性不明显,大部分为Broder‘sI级,少数为Ⅱ级,15例随访结果显示,10例局切后复发（66.7%),2例出现肺部转移（13%）,其中1例于多次局部复发后发生去分化。结论 骨旁骨肉瘤是一种低度恶性的骨肉瘤,特性性的X线表现有诊断意义,切除不彻底极易局部复发。     

Radiofrequency ablation of metastatic lesions from breast cancer

IntroductionBreast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women. Various studies [5], [6] have shown that surgical resection of single liver or lung metastases in patients with metastases from BC increases survival. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can be an alternative to resection in some patients when resection is not feasible.Materials and methodsFrom January 2002 to December 2008, 491 patients with liver metastases underwent US-guided percutaneous RFA. Of these patients 5 (5/491; 1%) had BC. In the same period, 32 patients with pulmonary metastases underwent CT-guided RFA. Of these patients 3 (3/32; 9%) had BC. Mean age was 61.3 years. All patients were postmenopausal and receiving polychemotherapy according to international guidelines. Inclusion criteria for RFA treatment of metastases from BC applied are identical or in some cases more restrictive than those reported in the literature.ResultsThere were no deaths or severe complications and no treatment failures. Disease free and overall median survival were respectively 7.65 and 25.7 months after US-guided RFA and 13.4 and 34.8 months after CT-guided RFA. During follow-up (mean follow-up 26 months, range 4–63 months) 5/8 (62.5%) patients exhibited recurrence: 3/5 (60%) had local recurrence and 2/5 (40%) had non-local recurrence; 4/5 patients with recurrence were re-treated.DiscussionThe authors' experience confirms that RFA is an effective, safe and repeatable technique in the treatment of metastases from BC. Metastatic recurrence rate confirms that metastatic BC is a disease which requires a multidisciplinary approach and that the role of chemotherapy is indisputable. Effects on survival are promising but further confirmation is needed through prospective randomized studies.     

Ultrasound in the follow-up of young patients with malignant ovarian tumors after conservative surgery.

Ultrasound examinations were performed us a step in the follow-up of 62 patients previously treated with conservative surgery for malignant ovarian tumors. With a minimal follow-up period of 36 months (range 36-129) 12 recurrences of disease were observed in nine patients. When compared to other routine follow-up procedures, ultrasound examination proved to be the most effective procedure in the monitoring of these patients, correctly detecting ten recurrences. Physical and gynecological examinations detected seven, tumor marker measurements detected six and chest X-rays detected one. Ultrasound examination was 83% sensitive, 99% specific and 99% accurate in the detection of recurrent disease. In four recurrences leading to death, the diameters of the tumors at first detection were 25, 50, 50 and 100 mm, significantly higher (p = 0.03) than in seven recurrences followed by complete response of the tumor (range 15-35 mm, median 30 mm). Ultrasound appears to be superior to physical and gynecological examination in early detection of recurrence; considering that smaller burdens of tumor at the time of recurrence seem to imply a better prognosis, ultrasound should be considered us a useful additional procedure in the follow-up of these patients.     

The role of endocrine therapies in reducing risk of recurrence in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.

Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer is increasingly considered a chronic disease, as there remains an ongoing risk of local and distant relapse for years after diagnosis. While early recurrence risk peaks 2-3 years post diagnosis, the majority of breast cancer recurrences and deaths occur following 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen. Aromatase inhibitors have achieved greater relative reductions in recurrence risk than tamoxifen alone and are now widely recommended as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Although both anastrozole and letrozole have demonstrated superior disease-free survival compared with tamoxifen, letrozole to date offers the greatest significant reduction in the risk of distant metastases in patients with hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Anastrozole and exemestane also reduce local and distant recurrence risk in the "switch setting" following 2-3 years of tamoxifen. Extended adjuvant letrozole, given after 5 years of tamoxifen, significantly reduces local and distant recurrence as well as mortality in patients with node-positive disease. Specialist nurses and nurse practitioners facilitate informed choice for breast cancer patients through explaining treatment options and side effects; they thus need an understanding of which treatment strategies reduce recurrence risk, especially the risk of distant metastases.     

Ⅰ-Ⅱa期宫颈癌患者术后近期复发相关因素研究

目的探讨Ⅰ-Ⅱa期宫颈癌患者术后近期复发相关因素。方法选取手术治疗的Ⅰ-Ⅱa期(FIGO分期)宫颈癌患者430例。其中180例有完整病史资料和随访资料的患者的预后因素进行了回顾性分析。结果单因素生存分析结果显示:临床分期、肿瘤≥4 cm、>2/3宫颈纤维肌壁浸润、淋巴结阳性和脉管癌栓患者预后较差,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。化疗组、放疗组和同期化放疗+化疗2年复发率分别为23.1%、26.4%和78.2%,显著高于无辅助治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);同期化放疗组2年复发率13.1%,与无辅助治疗组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);辅助治疗四组中,同期化放疗组2年复发率最低,但是远处转移率高于局部复发率。结论 >2/3宫颈纤维肌壁浸润、腹主动脉旁或者髂总淋巴结转移是Ⅰ-Ⅱa期宫颈癌术后近期复发的最重要因素。术后辅以同期化放疗可有效降低局部复发率,但减少远处转移需进一步改进。     

乳腺癌保乳手术后局部复发因素的分析

目的:探讨乳腺癌患者行保乳手术治疗后局部复发的相关因素。方法:收集2002年3月—2010年3月行保乳手术治疗的356例乳腺癌患者的临床及随访资料,分析年龄、淋巴结转移、肿瘤直径、人表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)、雌激素受体(ER)/孕激素受体(PR)与术后肿瘤局部复发的相关性。结果:356例患者的中位随访时间为53(9~120)个月;其中14例(4.3%)患者出现同侧乳房局部复发,16例(4.9%)出现远处转移;5年无远处转移生存率为95.4%,5年总体生存率为99.1%,5年无病生存率为82.3%;乳腺癌患者行保乳治疗手术后2~3年是肿瘤局部复发的高峰时期,单因素以及多因素分析发现,患者的年龄、淋巴结转移及HER-2是肿瘤局部复发的独立危险因素。结论:淋巴结转移以及HER-2与乳腺癌患者行保乳手术后的局部复发相关。     

Therapy of local recurrence after colorectal cancer

A prospective study was undertaken of the incidence, symptoms, diagnostic measures and therapy of local recurrence of colorectal carcinoma following radical surgical management. 69 (16%) out of 434 patients developed recurrence of the tumour, which was local in 51 patients (12%). Half of the latter group was symptom free at the time of diagnosis. 45 out of the 51 patients were treated by surgery, a radical operation being feasible in 25 cases. 60% of these have survived for at least 30 months. The operative mortality was very low, with only one death, although extensive surgery was necessary in most of the cases. The preliminary results of this study support the hypothesis that a postoperative follow-up programme for patients with colorectal cancer leads to early detection of local recurrence and improves the chance of cure by surgical treatment.     

Operator Evaluation of Ultrasound Fusion Imaging Usefulness in the Percutaneous Ablation of Hepatic Malignancies: A Prospective Study

The purpose of the work described here was to evaluate the use of ultrasound fusion imaging (US-FI) in percutaneous ablation of hepatic malignancies with respect to its global usefulness, improvement of conspicuity, confidence increment, needle route changes, and time savings. Thirty-four hepatic tumors (28 hepatocellular carcinomas, 6 metastases) were prospectively ablated in 16 consecutive patients (64 ± 11 y, 75% males), first simulating B-mode-only planning and then synchronizing computed tomography/magnetic resonance images with US and proceeding to needle insertion and tumor ablation under US-FI guidance. Surveys were administered to the operators to evaluate their perception of US-FI advantages. First treatment and local recurrence were also compared. US-FI was judged useful in 91% of cases and more useful when the tumor was not conspicuous in B-mode (p < 0.001), in particular for ablation of local recurrences (p = 0.021). Forty-one percent of tumors were undetectable at B-mode evaluation, and 93% of them were completely ablated under US-FI guidance. The confidence of the operator was highly increased by US-FI in 68% of cases. In 71% of cases, the radiologist saved time using US-FI, especially in treatment of local recurrences (p = 0.024). In conclusion, US-FI significantly increases the detection of target tumors, improves the confidence of the operator and is a time-saving method, especially in the treatment of local recurrences.