慢性肾衰竭维持性腹膜透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化危险因素

目的探讨慢性肾衰竭维持性腹膜透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化病因及干预治疗的方法。方法将入选的46例慢性肾衰竭维持性腹膜透析患者随机分为两组：a组（常规腹透液治疗组）与b组（低钙腹透液治疗组）,观察治疗84周前后心脏瓣膜钙化及血生化指标的变化。结果a组患者84周后发生二尖瓣钙化4例,二尖瓣返流1例,二尖瓣面积减少致狭窄1例,主动脉瓣钙化5例,主动脉瓣返流1例;b组84周后仅发现二尖瓣钙化1例,主动脉钙化1例。瓣膜钙化发生率与患者血钙、血磷水平、钙磷乘积及PTH（全段甲状旁腺激素）相关。结论慢性肾衰竭维持性腹透患者心脏瓣膜钙化相当常见,高钙、高磷血症、高PTH为心脏瓣膜钙化的危险因素。低钙透析液能显著减少维持性腹透患者心脏瓣膜钙化风险。     

老年人退行性心脏瓣膜病166例超声心动图分析

目的探讨老年人退行性心脏瓣膜病的超声心动图特点。方法采用美国HP5500及飞凡彩色多普勒超声诊断仪，观察166例老年退行性心脏瓣膜病患者的心脏结构及心功能变化。结果单纯主动脉瓣膜钙化者93例（56．0％），单纯二尖瓣钙化18例（10．8％），主动脉瓣和二尖瓣联合钙化为55例（33．1％）；左房扩大116例（69．9％），左心室舒张功能减退142例（85．5％）；136例导致心脏瓣膜功能障碍，其中主动脉瓣返流70例，占42．2％，主动脉瓣狭窄23例，占13．9％，二尖瓣返流20例，占12．0％，二尖瓣狭窄8例，占4．8％，主动脉瓣返流＋主动脉瓣狭窄10例，占6．0％，二尖瓣返流＋二尖瓣狭窄5例，占3．0％。瓣膜功能障碍检出率最高为主动脉关闭不全（42．2％），其次为主动脉瓣狭窄（13．9％），发病率最低为二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全（3．0％）。结论老年人退行性心脏瓣膜病缺乏特异的临床表现，随着年龄的增加，联合瓣膜钙化比例增加，瓣膜功能障碍中主动脉瓣关闭不全比例最高，左房扩大的比例也增加。     

感染性心内膜炎患者瓣膜返流的预后意义

多普勒超声是检出和定量感染性心内膜炎患者瓣膜返流的敏感方法。瓣膜返流可致心衰。本文报道在不伴临床心衰的心内膜炎患者中多普勒超声侧瓣膜返流的预后意义。患者和方法在65例临床确诊的感染性心内膜炎患者中,16例入院时因伴心衰而予剔除。49例均为住院患者,男37例,女12例,年龄48±15岁。病变部位为:主动脉瓣17例,二尖瓣22例,三尖瓣6例,二尖瓣加主动脉瓣4例。33例自身瓣膜心内膜炎,其中主动脉瓣8例,二尖瓣15例,三尖瓣6例,     

老年心脏钙化综合征

动脉粥样硬化高发区的老年人心脏常有钙化沉积物,最常见的沉积部位为心外膜冠状动脉、二尖瓣瓣环区域、主动脉瓣瓣叶和左室乳头肌。上述部位钙化可加重冠状动脉狭窄和导致二尖瓣返流和/或二尖瓣狭窄、主动脉瓣狭窄和/或返流及乳头肌功能障碍,从而出现相应的临床表现,由于老年人心脏钙化与冠状动脉粥样硬化常常存在于同一心脏而且心脏钙化综合征的易患因素与冠状动脉粥样硬化的易患因素相同,故有理由认为二者的病因相同。     

经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术(PBMV)100例经验体会

我院采用Inoue单球囊法对100例风心病二尖瓣狭窄患者施行了PBMV治疗.患者中24例合并有轻度二尖瓣关闭不全,16例有轻度主动脉狭窄或关闭不全.术后患者血液动力学显著改善:左心房压从25.3±8.8降到12.4±6.3mmHg,跨二尖瓣压差17.1±7.1降至3.5±3.4mmHg,二尖瓣口面积从1.04±0.26扩大到2.08±0.32cm~2,心功能从2.8±0.5提高到1.3±0.5级.96%病例有双侧或单侧融合的二尖瓣双界被裂开.主要并发症有急性心包填塞(4例),严重二尖瓣返流(6例)和房间隔分流(4例).心包填塞主要是房间隔穿刺失误所致,严重二尖瓣返流多发生在瓣膜和融合的交界有明显钙化以及瓣下结构融合的病例,房间隔分流多为 二尖瓣扩张不理想所致.对于二尖瓣结构较好的患者,PBMV并不明显加重其原已存在的二尖瓣返流和主动脉瓣轻度病变.因此,掌握好房间隔穿刺技术、有效降低左心房压和选择好无明显瓣膜(尤其是瓣交界)钙化和瓣下严重融合的病例,是PBMV成功和减少严重并发症发生的重要保证.     

老年血液透析患者心脏瓣膜病变与P-选择素、瘦素的相关性分析

目的 研究老年血液透析(HD)患者心脏瓣膜病变与P-选择素(PS)、瘦素的相关性.方法 使用彩色超声诊断仪检测124例老年维持性HD患者的心脏瓣膜病变情况,将其分为病变组与无病变组,比较两组的C反应蛋白(CRP)、PS和瘦素.结果 病变组82例中,主动脉钙化62例,二尖瓣钙化52例;无病变组42例.病变组CRP、PS和瘦素明显高于无病变组(P均<0.01).结论 维持性HD患者的心脏瓣膜病变以钙化为主,其钙化与CRP、PS和瘦素显著相关.     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者心脏损害的彩色多普勒超声心动图研究

本文应用彩色多普勒超声心动图、心电图，X线照像对40例慢性肾功能衰竭（简称CRF）患者的心脏进行了检查及心功能测定。并选择了对照组，结果发现心脏受损38例（95％），心电图，X线的检出率分别为67％，44％，超声心动图发现CRF患者心脏损害以心脏扩大肥厚为主，伴有心包、瓣膜病变。21削（52．5％）被检出瓣膜有返流，其中双瓣返流占15％，三瓣返流占7．5％。（正常组只1例二尖瓣返流）心功能受损较晚，相当一部分病人心排血量是增加的，而左室舒张功能受损早于收缩功能。     

老年腹膜透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化的危险因素

目的探讨维持性腹膜透析的老年患者心脏主动脉瓣和二尖瓣钙化发病可能的危险因素。方法对48例老年腹透患者采用超声心动图检查心脏瓣膜钙化情况同时搜集患者的生化结果以及透析相关指标,应用Logistic回归分析主动脉瓣和二尖瓣钙化的危险因素。结果在入选的48例老年透析患者中,28例存在主动脉瓣或二尖瓣钙化,主动脉瓣钙化27例,二尖瓣钙化12例,其中包括主动脉和二尖瓣双瓣膜钙化11例,多因素Logistic回归分析表明,钙磷乘积(OR=2.718,P=0.014)、前白蛋白(OR=0.809,P=0.006)与主动脉瓣钙化独立相关,年龄(OR=1.447,P=0.016)、钙磷乘积(OR=3.675,P=0.003)、高密度脂蛋白(OR=5.898,P=0.020)、糖尿病史(OR=3.830,P=0.017)与二尖瓣钙化独立相关。结论老年腹透患者心脏瓣膜钙化发病率高,其中以主动脉瓣钙化更多见,钙磷乘积、低前白蛋白血症是主动脉瓣钙化的独立危险因素,年龄、钙磷乘积、高密度脂蛋白、糖尿病史是二尖瓣钙化的独立危险因素。     

老年退行性心脏瓣膜病的临床相关因素分析

目的:探讨老年退行性心脏瓣膜病(SDVHD)的易患因素和临床表现。方法:对118例SDVHD患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:随着年龄增高,SDVHD的检出率逐步增高,60～69岁为19．3％,70～79岁36．8％,80 ～90岁54．5％,≥90岁100％;其病变程度亦加重,并发症增多。其临床改变为:主动脉瓣环或瓣膜钙化占47．5％, 二尖瓣或瓣环钙化24．6％,主动脉瓣二尖瓣同时有钙化32．2％,主动脉瓣伴三尖瓣钙化1．7％。61．0％患者有心功能不全。结论:增龄是SDVHD易患因素,瓣膜环或瓣膜钙化的部位以主动脉瓣最高,其次为二尖瓣。     

高龄2型糖尿病心脏瓣膜钙化患者的临床情况

目的了解高龄(≥80岁)糖尿病(DM)心脏瓣膜钙化患者的临床情况。方法回顾分析调查94例高龄2型(T2DM)患者中患有心脏瓣膜钙化的临床情况。结果 94例高龄T2DM患者中,32例(34.0%)有心脏瓣膜钙化,其中单纯主动脉瓣钙化21例,二尖瓣钙化7例,二尖瓣及主动脉瓣联合钙化4例。高龄T2DM心脏瓣膜钙化组与心脏瓣膜非钙化组相比,合并冠心病、高血压、脑梗死的比例明显升高(P0.05),空腹C肽及餐后2 h C肽明显高于非心脏瓣膜钙化组(P0.05)。结论高龄T2DM心脏瓣膜钙化发生率高,合并冠心病、高血压、脑梗死更明显,同时与C肽浓度有一定的关系。     

Presence of a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve among patients having combined mitral and aortic valve replacement

Although bicuspid aortic valve occurs in an estimated 1% of adults and mitral valve prolapse in an estimated 5% of adults, occurrence of the 2 in the same patient is infrequent. During examination of operatively excised aortic and mitral valves because of dysfunction (stenosis and/or regurgitation), we encountered 16 patients who had congenitally bicuspid aortic valves associated with various types of dysfunctioning mitral valves. Eleven of the 16 patients had aortic stenosis (AS): 5 of them also had mitral stenosis, of rheumatic origin in 4 and secondary to mitral annular calcium in 1; the other 6 with aortic stenosis had pure mitral regurgitation (MR) secondary to mitral valve prolapse in 3, to ischemia in 2, and to unclear origin in 1. Of the 5 patients with pure aortic regurgitation, each also had pure mitral regurgitation: in 1 secondary to mitral valve prolapse and in 4 secondary to infective endocarditis. In conclusion, various types of mitral dysfunction severe enough to warrant mitral valve replacement occur in patients with bicuspid aortic valves. A proper search for mitral valve dysfunction in patients with bicuspid aortic valves appears warranted.     

Assessment of rheumatic mitral valve disease. Value of echocardiography in patients clinically suspected of predominant stenosis.

The value of echocardiography as compared with cardiac catheterisation was evaluated prospectively in 33 consecutive patients clinically suspected of predominant mitral stenosis. Patients with clinical signs of accompanying mitral regurgitation, no matter how severe, and patients with clinical findings indicating insignificant aortic valve disease were included. Critical mitral stenosis was defined by a valve area of less than or equal to 1 cm2. Severe mitral regurgitation was diagnosed by echocardiography on the basis of left ventricular dilatation (more than 3.2 cm/m2 at end-diastole) if not explained otherwise. Significant aortic valve disease was suspected in cases with aortic valve deformity and left ventricular dilatation or hypertrophy as defined by echocardiography. Mitral valve area by echocardiography correlated well with mitral valve area calculated from catheterisation data and a good interobserver correlation was found for echocardiographic measurement. Mitral stenosis, critical or non-critical, may mask significant coexistent valve lesions; echocardiography failed to discover severe mitral regurgitation requiring valve replacement in two patients with non-critical stenosis, and significant aortic regurgitation needing valve replacement was underestimated in one patient with critical mitral stenosis. A correct echocardiographic classification with respect to surgery, however, was obtained in: (1) all patients with clinically pure mitral stenosis (nine patients), and (2) all patients with combined mitral stenosis and regurgitation when either critical stenosis or severe regurgitation was found at echocardiography (12 patients). It thus appears that two out of three patients with mitral valve disease in whom the clinical findings indicate predominant stenosis can be correctly evaluated with the echocardiogram.     

Clinical and necropsy observations early after simultaneous replacement of the mitral and aortic valves

Clinical and necropsy findings are described in 54 patients, aged 25 to 83 years (mean 53), who died within 60 days of simultaneous replacements of both mitral and aortic valves. The patients were separated into 4 groups on the basis of the presence of stenosis (with or without associated regurgitation) or pure regurgitation of each valve: 30 patients (56%) had combined mitral and aortic valve stenosis; 12 patients (22%) had mitral stenosis and pure aortic regurgitation; 8 patients (15%) had pure regurgitation of both valves; and 4 patients (7%) had pure aortic regurgitation and mitral stenosis. Necropsy examination in the 54 patients disclosed a high frequency (48%) of anatomic evidence of interference to poppet or disc movement in either the mitral or aortic valve position or both. Anatomic evidence of interference to movement of a poppet or disc in the aortic valve position was twice as common as anatomic evidence of interference to poppet or disc movement in the mitral position. Interference to poppet movement is attributable to the prosthesis's being too large for the ascending aorta or left ventricular cavity in which it resided. The ascending aorta is infrequently enlarged in patients with combined mitral and aortic valve dysfunction irrespective of whether the aortic valve is stenotic or purely regurgitant. Likewise, the left ventricular cavity is usually not dilated in patients with combined mitral and aortic valve stenosis, the most common indication for replacement of both left-sided cardiac valves. Of the 54 patients, 12 (22%) had 1 mechanical and 1 bioprosthesis inserted. It is recommended that both substitute valves should be mechanical prostheses or both should be bioprostheses.     

Comparison of cardiac catheterization and Doppler echocardiography in the decision to operate in aortic and mitral valve disease

Clinical decisions utilizing either Doppler echocardiographic or cardiac catheterization data were compared in adult patients with isolated or combined aortic and mitral valve disease. A clinical decision to operate, not operate or remain uncertain was made by experienced cardiologists given either Doppler echocardiographic or cardiac catheterization data. A prospective evaluation was performed on 189 consecutive patients (mean age 67 years) with valvular heart disease who were being considered for surgical treatment on the basis of clinical information. All patients underwent cardiac catheterization and detailed Doppler echocardiographic examination. Three sets of two cardiologist decision makers who did not know patient identity were given clinical information in combination with either Doppler echocardiographic or cardiac catheterization data. The combination of Doppler echocardiographic and clinical data was considered inadequate for clinical decision making in 21% of patients with aortic and 5% of patients with mitral valve disease. The combination of cardiac catheterization and clinical data was considered inadequate in 2% of patients with aortic and 2% of patients with mitral valve disease. Among the remaining patients, the cardiologists using echocardiographic or angiographic data were in agreement on the decision to operate or not operate in 113 (76% overall). When the data were analyzed by specific valve lesion, decisions based on Doppler echocardiography or catheterization were in agreement in 92%, 90%, 83% and 69%, respectively, of patients with aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation. Differences in cardiac output determination, estimation of valvular regurgitation and information concerning coronary anatomy were the main reasons for different clinical management decisions. These results suggest that for most adult patients with aortic or mitral valve disease, alone or in combination, Doppler echocardiographic data enable the clinician to make the same decision reached with catheterization data.     

Doppler and echocardiographic features of normal and dysfunctioning bioprosthetic valves

Echocardiographic and Doppler studies were performed on 183 clinically normal and 58 severely dysfunctioning bioprosthetic mitral, aortic and tricuspid valves. The valve dysfunction resulted from spontaneous cusp degeneration in 49 instances and from paravalvular regurgitation in 9. The pulsed Doppler study demonstrated regurgitant flow in 36 (92%) of 39 regurgitant valves and 8 (90%) of 9 paravalvular regurgitant valves. Diagnostic echocardiographic features were present in only 51 and 10% of the patients, respectively. Although the Doppler regurgitant jet was peripheral in seven of the nine patients with paravalvular regurgitation, it was not possible to differentiate these patients from those who had valve degeneration and cusp tear at the periphery of the valve ring. Eight patients presented with a musical holosystolic murmur of mitral insufficiency. In all eight there was a characteristic honking intonation on the audio signal and a striated shuddering appearance on the video Doppler signal. Ten stenotic mitral bioprosthetic valves (less than or equal to 1.1 cm2 valve orifice) were identified by Doppler study. Diagnostic echocardiographic features were present in only two of these patients. The Doppler-derived valve orifice dimension correlated well (r = 0.83) with cardiac catheterization values. Fourteen asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients had echocardiographically thickened mitral cusps (greater than or equal to 3 mm). These patients had a significantly (p less than 0.0001) smaller valve area as compared with normal control valves, and during 4 to 24 months of follow-up, five of these patients developed severe valve regurgitation or stenosis. Doppler ultrasound is more sensitive than echocardiography in diagnosing bioprosthetic valve stenosis and regurgitation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

大动脉炎对心脏瓣膜的影响

目的：研究评价２９０ 例住院大动脉炎患者的心脏瓣膜功能,以了解大动脉炎对心脏瓣膜的影响。　　方法：回顾性研究２９０例大动脉炎住院患者的病历。根据超声心动图报告了解心脏瓣膜功能。并结合临床表现如心脏杂音、脉压、心功能情况及Ｘ线胸片和数字减影血管造影等检查对心脏瓣膜功能进行综合判断。　　结果：２９０ 例大动脉炎患者中,４２例（１４．５％ ）患有主动脉瓣关闭不全,均为头臂型或广泛型大动脉病例,其中１９例（６．６％ ）有主动脉根部扩张,中到大量反流２１例（７．２％ ）。二尖瓣关闭不全２４ 例（８．３％ ）,其中中到大量反流者为６例（２．１％ ）。轻度肺动脉瓣和三尖瓣关闭不全分别为９例（３．１％ ）和１３例（４．５％ ）。　　结论：大动脉炎可以影响主动脉瓣及其他心脏瓣膜的功能,表现为心脏瓣膜关闭不全,其中主动脉瓣关闭不全可能系大动脉炎直接侵犯所致,而其他瓣膜关闭不全可能系继发损害     

Features of patients with severe mitral stenosis with respect to atrial rhythm. Atrial fibrillation in predominant and tight mitral stenosis.

The aim of this study was to assess the features of patients with severe mitral stenosis in relation to atrial rhythm. Six hundred and fifty patients (pts) with severe mitral stenosis (MS) (valve area less than or equal to 1.5 cm2) who underwent percutaneous balloon commissurotomy (n = 600) or surgery (n = 50) were classified into 3 groups according to their atrial rhythm (AR): group A: sinus rhythm (SR) (n = 379), group B: SR with episodes of transient atrial fibrillation (AF) (n = 65), group C: permanent AF (n = 206). Uni- and multivariate analysis of clinical, echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters with respect to the atrial rhythm was performed. Some parameters were comparable in all 3 groups: sex, pulmonary, right and left atrial pressures, mitral valve area, incidence of associated aortic valve disease. Nine parameters were different: mean age, NYHA class III or IV, previous commissurotomy, previous embolism, cardiac index, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, left atrium diameter, mitral calcification. Multivariate analysis, identified age, left atrial diameter and presence of mitral calcification as independent predictors of atrial fibrillation. Transoesophageal echocardiography was performed in 167 cases. A spontaneous echo contrast was recorded in 106 cases (63.5%) and was significantly correlated with a history of embolism and or left atrial thrombi detected by echocardiography. Atrial fibrillation, size of left atrium, severity of mitral stenosis and cardiac index were found to be independent predictive factors of spontaneous echo contrast.     

Morphologic features of the normal and abnormal mitral valve

Anatomic and functional features of the normal and abnormal mitral valve are reviewed. Of 1,010 personally studied necropsy patients with severe (functional class III or IV, New York Heart Association) cardiac dysfunction from primary valvular heart disease, 434 (43%) had mitral stenosis (MS) with or without mitral regurgitation (MR): unassociated with aortic valve stenosis or regurgitation or with tricuspid valve stenosis in 189 (44%) patients, and associated with aortic stenosis in 152 (35%), with pure (no element of stenosis) aortic regurgitation in 65 (15%) patients, and with tricuspid valve stenosis with or without aortic valve stenosis in 28 (6%) patients. The origin of MS was rheumatic in all 434 patients. Of the 1,010 necropsy patients, 165 (16%) had pure MR (papillary muscle dysfunction excluded): unassociated with aortic valve stenosis or regurgitation or with tricuspid valve stenosis in 97 (59%) patients, and associated with pure aortic regurgitation in 45 (27%) and with aortic valve stenosis in 23 (14%) patients. When associated with dysfunction of the aortic valve, pure MR was usually rheumatic in origin, but when unassociated with aortic valve dysfunction it was usually nonrheumatic in origin. Review of operatively excised mitral valves in patients with pure MR unassociated with aortic valve dysfunction disclosed mitral valve prolapse (most likely an inherent congenital defect) as the most common cause of MR. Excluding the patients with MR from coronary heart disease (papillary muscle dysfunction), mitral prolapse was the cause of MR in 60 (88%) of the other 68 patients, and a rheumatic origin was responsible in only 3 of the 68 patients, all 68 of whom were greater than 30 years of age. Mitral anular calcification in persons aged greater than 65 years is usually associated with calcific deposits in the aortic valve cusps and in the coronary arteries. Because calcium in each of these 3 sites is common in older individuals residing in the Western World, it is most reasonable to view mitral anular calcification in older individuals as a manifestation of atherosclerosis. Mitral anular calcium appears to be extremely uncommon in persons with total serum cholesterol levels less than 150 mg/dl. Mitral anular calcium may produce mild MR and, if the deposits are heavy enough, MS.