经直肠高频彩色多普勒超声诊断直肠肛管周围脓肿的研究

目的探讨经直肠高频彩色多普勒超声诊断直肠肛管周围脓肿的声像图特点及术前定位的临床应用价值。方法应用7-10 MHz的高频双平面探头,对88例直肠肛周脓肿患者进行经直肠彩色多普勒超声(简称腔内超声)检查,并应用常规腹部3.5 MHz探头在体表肛门周围超声(简称肛周超声),观察声像图特征,分析对比这两种超声方法对肛周脓肿的诊断、内口判断的准确性。结果本组病人腔内超声与肛周超声对脓肿是否形成及脓肿内口的判定均有显著性差异(P0.05),腔内超声对脓肿形成诊断率达98.8%,对脓肿内口的判断准确率达95%,均高于肛周超声;此两种超声方法观察到的肛周脓肿声像学特点无明显差异。结论经直肠高频彩色多普勒超声是对肛周脓肿更为有效的影像学诊断方法,对脓肿的观察、定位具有良好的直观性,有助于临床上更好地确定治疗方案。     

MRI for evaluation of perianal inflammation

Background: We describe the value of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in six distinct clinical settings often encountered in cases of perirectal inflammatory disease. Methods: MRI was performed on six patients with known perianal inflammatory disease; the number, anatomic extent, location, and signal intensities of various lesions and their associated complications were assessed. Results: MRI is a noninvasive technique that is useful in the diagnosis and management of perirectal inflammatory disease. Conclusions: In patients with known fistulas, MRI may determine the lesion's anatomic extent, localize unsuspected fistulas, and confirm or exclude the inflammation of the fistulous tract(s). Information obtained by MRI examination may, in turn, be used to determine treatment of patients with perirectal inflammatory lesions and can be a useful adjunct in following results of therapy.     

超声诊断肛门直肠周围脓肿

目的 探讨超声诊断肛门直肠周围脓肿的价值。方法 应用经腔内端式探头和(或)高频探头检查肛门直肠周围脓肿47例，根据病变发生的解剖部位、声像图特征进行超声分型。结果 应用腔内或高频探头检查肛管和直肠近端时，发现肛门直肠周围脓肿41例，脓肿与瘘管表现为无回声区或低回声与混合回声区，脓腔内无血流信号，炎性增生区可见彩色血流信号，内瘘口表现为黏膜连续性中断或局限膨隆度改变。结论 应用腔内端式超声探头和(或)高频探头检查肛门直肠周围脓肿，能够区分脓肿和肛周组织结构的关系，分辨多数肛瘘内外口所处的位置，可为临床治疗方法的选择提供必要的诊断依据。     

Endorectal ultrasonographic staging of rectal carcinoma

Endorectal ultrasonography is a valuable imaging method for examination of the rectum and perirectal tissues. We assessed 50 patients with known rectal carcinoma prospectively by using a 7.0-MHz endorectal transducer to determine the depth of invasion of the rectal wall by tumor and the presence of lymphadenopathy. Tumors were staged by using the Astler-Coller modification of the Dukes staging system, and the results were compared with histologic staging of the surgical specimen. Ultrasonography had an accuracy of 80%, a sensitivity of 92%, and a specificity of 76% for detection of invasion of the perirectal fat. Ultrasonography was sensitive in the detection of perirectal lymphadenopathy but was not specific in distinguishing benign from malignant nodes.     

彩色多普勒超声在直肠周围脓肿中的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在直肠周围脓肿中的诊断价值。方法经直肠超声探头和高频探头检查直肠周围脓肿72例,观察其声像图特征,根据病变发生的解剖部位、声像图特征进行超声分型,并与手术病理结果对照。结果彩色多普勒超声诊断与手术病理结果符合率为99%。直肠周围脓肿及瘘管声像图表现为低回声、无回声或混合回声区,病灶区域未探及明显血流信号,病灶周缘区扫查可发现瘘管、瘘管的数目及瘘口位置。结论彩色多普勒超声检查能够区分脓肿与周围组织的关系,查明瘘管的数目及瘘口位置,能为临床治疗方法的选择提供更多、更可靠的信息。     

Benign and malignant tumors of the rectum and perirectal region

Although most rectal masses are histologically characterized as adenocarcinomas, the rectum and perirectal region can be affected by a wide variety of tumors and tumor-like conditions that can mimic the symptoms caused by rectal adenocarcinoma, including mucosal or submucosal rectal tumors such as lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, leiomyosarcoma, neuroendocrine tumor, hemangioma, and melanoma, as well as tumors of the perirectal region such as developmental cyst, neurogenic tumor, osseous tumor, and other miscellaneous conditions. As a group, tumors of the rectum are considerably different from the group of tumors that arise in the perirectal region: they are most often neoplastic, symptomatic, and malignant, whereas tumors arising in the perirectal region are most commonly congenital, asymptomatic, and benign. Proctoscopy with biopsy is the most important method for the diagnosis of rectal tumors, but this procedure cannot determine the precise intramural extension of a rectal tumor and cannot accurately distinguish submucosal and intramural tumors from extramural tumors. Cross-sectional imaging, especially transrectal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, allows evaluation of the entire bowel wall thickness and the perirectal tissues, helping further characterize these tumors. Recognition of the existence of these masses and their key clinical and imaging features is crucial for clinicians to accurately diagnose and appropriately manage these conditions.     

直肠腔内超声对直肠及其周围疾病的诊断价值

目的：探讨直肠腔内超声对直肠及其周围疾病的诊断价值。方法：采用Ａｌｏｋａ－６５０、Ａｌｏｋａ－１２００超声仪附带７．５ＭＨｚ直肠双平面探头,对１１２例指诊与临床初步诊断为直肠疾病患者（其中直肠肿瘤８８例,直肠或肛门周围脓肿２４例）进行直肠腔内超声检查,并与手术病理或／和临床最后诊断对比观察。结果：直肠超声对直肠壁及其周围疾病的诊断准确性高达９８％（１１０／／１１２）,明显高于指诊与临床初步诊断的８９％（１００／１１２）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本文资料也同时显示直肠腔内超声对直肠癌的诊断准确率也高达９７％（７４／７６）,但指诊与临床初诊对直肠癌诊断却有高达１４％（１２／８８）的假阳性。结论：直肠腔内超声对直肠壁及其周围疾病有很高的鉴别与定性能力。     

Endorectal sonographic appearances of rectal MALT lymphoma, its response to therapy, and local recurrence

Endorectal sonography may significantly help to evaluate rectal lymphoma. We report the sonographic findings in a case of rectal non-Hodgkin's MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma, including the monitoring of response to therapy and confirmation of recurrence, in a 45-year-old man. On endorectal sonography of the rectal wall, the mucosa was markedly thickened to 1.1 cm and was diffusely hypoechoic and risen into multiple polypoid folds. The submucosa and muscularis propria appeared normal. Multiple lymph nodes were visualized in the perirectal fat; they were homogeneously hypoechoic, were round or oval, and ranged from 1.0 cm to 2.6 cm. Endoscopic biopsies revealed a grade I non-Hodgkin's MALT lymphoma. Following chemotherapy, endorectal sonography showed that the surface of the rectal mucosa had a smoother appearance and near-normal thickness, but lymph nodes, although smaller, remained visible in the perirectal fat. Four months later, endorectal sonography demonstrated a local relapse of disease, with significant thickening of the rectal mucosa and multiple lymph nodes visible in the perirectal fat. Following high-dose chemotherapy for the recurrence, endorectal sonography demonstrated a near-normal appearance of the rectal mucosa.     

Drainage of deep pelvic abscesses using therapeutic echo endoscopy

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of endosonographically guided transrectal aspiration and drainage by plastic stent of deep pelvic abscesses, using a therapeutic echo endoscope device. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 2000 and June 2001, 12 patients (nine men, three women, mean age 67 years) were treated for a perirectal or a pelvic abscess using an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) technique. The drainage of these fluid collections was performed under EUS guidance, using therapeutic EUS scopes with a large working channel. RESULTS: No major complication occurred during this study. Transrectal stent insertion succeeded in nine patients. In three patients, only aspiration was possible. Among the nine patients in whom a stent was successfully introduced into the fluid collection, complete drainage without relapse was achieved in eight patients (mean follow-up 10.6 months, range 6-14 months). The stent was removed endoscopically after 3 to 6 months. Drainage was incomplete in one patient (with a large abscess, diameter > 8 cm), who subsequently underwent surgical drainage. However, two out of the three patients in whom aspiration alone was performed developed a recurrence of the abscess and required surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: EUS-guided drainage of deep pelvic abscesses could offer an alternative treatment to surgery in the management of these postoperative complications.     

经直肠双平面腔内超声诊断肛周脓肿的应用价值

目的探讨经直肠双平面腔内超声诊断肛周脓肿的应用价值。方法利用经直肠双平面超声诊断、区分肛周脓肿的不同时期及病理类型,将手术治疗并经病理证实的87例肛周脓肿的病理诊断结果与术前超声检查结果对照,计算超声对肛周脓肿分期、分型的诊断符合率。结果超声声像图表现显示肛周脓肿分为3个时期和5种类型,经直肠双平面超声对脓肿分期的诊断符合率为97.7%(85/87),对脓肿分型的诊断符合率为98.8%(86/87)。结论应用经直肠双平面超声能准确区分肛周脓肿病理时期及病理类型,为临床选择治疗方式提供准确的信息。     

Transrectal and transperineal sonography during guided intrauterine procedures.

Transrectal sonography was used to provide intraoperative guidance for dilatation and curettage and placement of intrauterine tandem apparatus in 20 patients in whom the external cervical os could not be visualized adequately. Transrectal sonography was found to be useful in providing guidance for these procedures and at the same time helped avoid uterine perforation. This method also was used during cerclage placement in two patients who had undergone several conizations. Transperineal sonography was used in three patients whose area of abnormality was best approached transperineally. These cases included transvaginal biopsy of a metastatic trophoblastic tumor and one guided aspiration of a perirectal abscess after pelvic exenteration. The potential advantages and pitfalls in the intraoperative use of transrectal and transperineal sonography for guided intrauterine procedures are discussed and illustrated.     

Endoluminal ultrasonic scanning in the evaluation of rectal cancer: A preliminary report of 13 cases

In 13 patients with a verified tumor of the rectum, endoluminal ultrasonic scanning was performed to evaluate the degree of tumor infiltration in the muscular wall and the perirectal tissue. In 11 cases the degree of tumor infiltration found by ultrasonic scanning was in complete accordance with the histopathologic finding. In 2 cases the examination was incomplete because the ultrasonic probe could not pass the tumor. We believe that endoluminal ultrasonic scanning with further development of the equipment will be a valuable additional diagnostic tool in the evaluation of gastrointestinal tract tumors. It will make it possible to decide whether local excision of the tumor is possible, based on the diagnostic procedure.     

原发性肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤影像学诊断

目的探讨原发性肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤（AMM）的CT和MRI诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经组织病理学证实的AMM7例,其中男3例,女4例。6例行CT检查,1例行MRI检查。结果AMM表现明显蕈伞型肿块充满肠腔不伴肠梗阻（n=5）,肠壁明显增厚（n=2）;3例伴肠周脂肪浸润,其中1例延伸至骶前间隙;5例伴淋巴结转移,其中1例淋巴结直径〉3cm。CT平扫示肿块呈稍低密度影,轻度强化2例、中度强化4例;AMM及其转移灶在MRIT1WI均呈高信号,T2WI为低信号。抑脂T1WI能更好的显示病灶范围及转移灶。结论肛门直肠部AMM可表现为腔内较大蕈伞型肿块,虽充满肠腔,但不伴肠梗阻,同样具转移淋巴结转移及明显肠周脂肪浸润。MRI对鉴别黑色素性AMM有提示价值。     

Endorectal ultrasound in infectious colitis may predict development of chronic colitis.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In a previous study, we have shown that rectal endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) could be used to differentiate ulcerative colitis from Crohn's disease by demonstrating the presence of pathological lymph nodes around the rectum and sigmoid colon which were characteristic of ulcerative colitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the endosonographic features of infectious colitis and their potential clinical relevance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out rectal endosonography in 17 patients with infectious colitis of various etiologies. Wall features and perirectal lymph nodes were documented systematically. RESULTS: In 15 patients no pathological lymph nodes were seen and the EUS wall features were also normal. In two patients where EUS showed pathological lymph nodes, follow-up confirmed ulcerative colitis several weeks later. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study suggests that, in patients with infectious colitis, EUS may be able to suggest the diagnosis of associated ulcerative colitis; further studies with larger patient numbers are necessary.     

Retroperitoneal lipomatosis — Report of two cases with an unusual distribution

Two cases of retroperitoneal lipomatosis with an unusual distribution are reported. In the first case the fat was confined to the perirectal soft tissues and the sigmoid mesentery, whereas in the second case it was peripancreatic and extended into the small bowel mesentery. The lipomatous nature of these retroperitoneal masses was suggested by the lucency of the fat on the plain abdominal roentgenograms. These cases were studied prior to the availability of computed tomography, so that the diagnoses were confirmed by surgical exploration, which may have been avoided by this currently available noninvasive technique.     

Comparison of the CHROMagar™ KPC,Remel Spectra™ CRE,and a direct ertapenem disk method for the detection of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae from perirectal swabs

In a comparison of 3 agar plate methods, we found that a novel chromogenic medium, Remel Spectra™ CRE, had the best overall sensitivity (97.8%) when compared to the CHROMagar™ KPC (76.6%) and a direct ertapenem disk method (83.0%) for the detection of bla_KPC-positive Enterobacteriaceae from perirectal swabs.     

Endorectal sonography.

Endorectal sonography is a technique that has been developed recently to visualize the rectal wall and perirectal tissues with a high degree of clarity. Studies utilizing endorectal sonography in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma have reported an accuracy of between 67 and 92% in the visualization of the depth of tumor invasion in the rectal wall. This surpasses the accuracy reported for digital exam and other preoperative imaging methods such as CT and MRI. Perirectal lymphadenopathy is also well visualized by this method and guided biopsy of perirectal nodes has been reported. Precise preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma by endorectal sonography is an important technique that can: (1) improve surgical planning, (2) provide prognosis in nonsurgical candidates, and (3) select patients suitable for local excision therapy.     

CT of internal hernia through a defect of the perirectal fossa

We report a case of internal hernia due to a peritoneal defect of the perirectal fossa. This condition is extremely rare and has been reported in the literature only once. This is the first independent case report. CT findings as well as the differential diagnosis of the condition are discussed.     

Test characteristics of perirectal and rectal swab compared to stool sample for detection of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in the gastrointestinal tract

Among 63 patients enrolled in a prospective cohort study of gut colonization with fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli, the sensitivity of perirectal swab compared to stool sample was 90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70 to 99%) and the specificity was 100% (95% CI, 91 to 100%). For rectal swab, the sensitivity was 90% (95% CI, 68 to 99%) and the specificity was 100% (95% CI, 91 to 100%).     

Subcutaneous emphysema of the lower extremity of abdominal origin

Three cases of subcutaneous emphysema of the lower extremity due to abdominal disease are reported. These were due to (a) perforation of the sigmoid, (b) perirectal abscess, and (c) nontraumatic metastatic gas gangrene due to emphysematous cholecystitis. The mechanisms and anatomical pathways are discussed.