瓮安汉族人群ABO血型分布调查

[目的]了解贵州瓮安汉族人群ABO血型分布特征. [方法]用玻片法检测2572名汉族人群ABO血型,并与南方其他5个汉族人群的ABO血型分布进行比较. [结果]瓮安汉族人群ABO血型分布符合Hardy-Wein-berg平衡(x2=0.72,P>0.05).其ABO血型分布特征为O>A>B>AB,A、B、O的基因频率P、q、r分别为0.188 5、0.144 5和0.667 0(r>P>q).该人群中男女ABO血型分布差异无统计学意义(x2=0.98,P>0.05),但和岳阳、湘西、怀化、南充和黔南等汉族人群间ABO血型分布比较差异有统计学意义(x2=178.58,P<0.05). [结论]瓮安汉族的O型频率具有典型的南方人群ABO血型分布特征;不同地域的汉族ABO血型分布不同.     

郴州地区汉族人群ABO、Rh血型系统及其基因频率分布

目的了解郴州地区汉族人群ABO、Rh血型系统分布、基因频率分布情况。方法用凝集法对3 862例汉族人员进行ABO、Rh血型检测,计算ABO、Rh血型基因频率。结果郴州地区汉族人群ABO血型及其基因频率分布情况为：A型：31.46%（1 215/3 862）;B型：24.24%（936/3 862）;O型：36.10%（1 394/3 862）;AB型：8.21%（317/3 862）;p（A）为0.2228;q（B）为0.1778;r（O）为0.5994,男、女性之间ABO及Rh血型分布差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论郴州地区汉族人群ABO、Rh血型及其基因频率分布与北方地区有差异,O基因频率较高,具有典型南方人群的结构特征。     

信阳地区无偿献血人群ABO及Rh血型分布调查

目的了解信阳地区人群的血型分布,为无偿献血工作顺利开展提供科学依据,满足临床用血需要。方法用部颁标准进行ABO血型和Rh(D)血型检测,数据采用SPSS11.00软件统计,观察值与期望值之间采用χ2检验。结果信阳地区血型分布B>O>A>AB,基因频率r>q>p。结论信阳地区虽地处中原,但血型分布与北方人群血型分布明显不同,而与南方的血型基因频率相近;Rh血型的比例符合汉族人群的血型分布。     

济南市无偿献血人群ABO血型及与Rh血型分布研究

目的 研究济南市无偿献血人群中ABO、Rh血型的分布特点,并分析其ABO、Rh抗原表现型及基因频率,是否符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。方法 对山东省血液中心采集的282 413份无偿献血样本采用血型血清学方法进行ABO、Rh血型检测,利用血型群体遗传学研究方法进行描述性分析。结果 2015—2017年无偿献血者282 413人,ABO表现型特征分布为B>O>A>AB;ABO基因频率为r>q>p,期望值和观察值符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律;不同性别、汉族和少数民族间ABO血型分布差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;Rh（+）中的ABO血型构成比与Rh（-）中的ABO血型构成比、汉族Rh（-）献血人群表现型与ABO血型表现型、Rh（-）献血人群表现型与ABO血型表现型差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。共确认Rh（-）1 802名,占0.64%（含少数民族和重复献血者）,多表现为ccdee>Ccdee>ccdEe>CCdee>CcdEe>ccdEE>CCdEe,cde单倍型频率最高。无偿献血者中汉族266 498名,Rh（-）1 015名,占0.38%;RhD抗原在ABO血型系统中分布为B>O>A>AB,Rh血型表现型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。结论 济南市ABO血型与Rh血型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律,两者间无相关性,是独立遗传的两个不同的血型系统。     

商丘地区无偿献血人群中ABO、Rh抗原分布

目的了解商丘地区无偿献血人群中ABO血型及Rh血型抗原分布情况,为辖区献血管理及稀有血库建立等提供参考。方法 2016年8月—2017年3月选择商丘市无偿献血者26 044名,调查人群ABO、Rh抗原表现及基因频率。结果26 044名无偿献血者ABO血型系统基因频率r>p>q,分别为0.545、0.236和0.218,表型特征O>A>B>AB,分别占30.78%、30.11%、27.35%和11.76%;检出RhD阴性98例,检出率为0.38%,基因频率D和d分别为0.939和0.061;RhD阴性表型分型中,以ccdee和Ccdee为主,分别占53.06%和36.73%;RhD阳性和阴性献血者中,ABO血型构成差异比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 Rh血型在ABO血型系统中均匀分布,在遗传上相互独立。     

吉林延边朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布和基因频率调查

摘要:目的 检测并分析延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布特征和基因频率。方法 有效调查延边地区人群1416人,朝鲜族724人(男288人;女436人),汉族691人(男338人;女353人),指端或耳垂采血,抗A抗B标准血清玻片凝集法检测受检者的ABO血型。结果 延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布表现型频率结果均为B>O>A>AB,基因频率结果均为r>q>p,民族指数分别为0.6517和0.8600。结论 延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布特点为均具有较高的B型血频率,民族指数均小于1,具有相似的ABO血型分布特征及典型的北方人群结构特征。     

3434名医学生ABO血型分布调查

[目的]调查贵州某医高专学生ABO血型分布特征。[方法]采用玻片凝集法检测3434名医学生的ABO血型,对6个专业学生和人数大于50的民族的ABO血型数据进行统计分析。[结果]汉、布依、侗、苗、土家、彝和仡佬族等7个民族和6个专业学生的ABO血型分布特点为O﹥A﹥B﹥AB,基因频率分布特点是r﹥p﹥q。均具有较高的O型频率。[结论]结果提示:(1)该校学生ABO血型具有南方人的血型分布特征;(2)可能与他们的性格有一定关系。     

中国56个民族ABO血型分布

目的了解中国56个民族ABO血型分布特点。方法收集中国56个民族437篇国内外发表的ABO血型资料并进行统计分析。结果除部分云南少数民族有较高的A型频率外,大多南方民族有较高的O型频率;北方民族中B型频率高者居多,O型频率高者较少。结论结果提示56个民族ABO血型分布特点与其地域分布有相关性。     

豫北地区无偿献血者ABO和Rh血型抗原分布调查

摘要:目的　调查豫北地区无偿献血者ABO、Rh抗原分布状况,便于解决临床用血供需平衡。方法　采用血型群体遗传学研究方法,调查247 658名无偿献血人群ABO、Rh抗原表型及其基因频率,计算单倍型频率和预期值,观察ABO表型观察值与预期值、Rh阴性献血者ABO血型分布是否符合Hardy-Weinberg群体基因平衡。结果　无偿献血人群中ABO表型特征O＞B＞A＞AB,基因频率r＞q＞p,期望值和观察值符合Hardy-Weinberg群体基因平衡定律;Rh（D）阴性占0.13%,多表现为ccdee和Ccdee表型,单倍型频率cde最高,男性和女性之间ABO血型分布差异无统计学意义,ABO血型抗原分布和Rh表型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg群体基因平衡。结论　豫北地区ABO血型与Rh血型分布符合群体遗传学中的Hardy-Weinberg平衡,对合理制定采供血计划、招募无偿献血者、血液储备和建立稀有血型库均具有重要参考价值。     

克拉玛依市独山子区孕妇ABO和Rh血型分布调查

目的了解克拉玛依市独山子区人口较多的汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族、回族、蒙古族五个民族的孕妇ABO血型和Rh血型分布情况,以便于做好孕前检查和预防工作。方法选择2010年1月—2012年8月在独山子石化医院妇产科门诊和西宁路社区卫生服务中心产前检查的孕妇2 823名,进行ABO血型鉴定和Rh血型抗D筛选。Rh阴性者用抗人球蛋白法进行确认。结果 2 823名孕妇中,A型595名,占21.08%;B型1 023名,占36.24%;O型929名,占32.91%;AB型276名,占9.78%。五个民族孕妇ABO血型分布特点:汉族B型占41.46%,O型占34.87%,A型占14.02%,AB型占9.65%;维吾尔族B型占38.05%,A型占29.27%,O型占22.56%,AB型占10.12%;哈萨克族O型占39.58%,B型占27.97%,A型占21.64%,AB型占10.82%;回族O型占39.72%,B型占29.44%,A型占22.50%,AB型占8.34%;蒙古族O型占38.57%,B型占32.50%,A型占19.29%,AB型占9.64%。共筛出Rh阳性65名,其中汉族4名,维吾尔族38名,哈萨克族14名,回族4名,蒙古族5名。结论独山子区孕妇ABO血型、Rh血型分布存在民族差异。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.