胆囊扭转临床分析（附5例报告）

目的探讨胆囊扭转的临床表现，早期诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析本院2000年2月—2009年5月经手术证实5例胆囊扭转的临床资料。结果5例胆囊扭转虽治愈出院，但术前均未明确诊断。结论胆囊扭转无特殊的临床表现，术前确诊困难，早期手术治疗愈后较好，但在以右上腹突发疼痛为主的老年患者中，不能满足现有诊断，应想到胆囊扭转，以提高临床诊治水平。     

胆囊腺肌增生症的诊治分析

目的 探讨胆囊腺肌增生症的临床特点及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1992-2007年收治的33例胆囊腺肌增生症的临床资料.结果 33例患者中弥漫型14例(42%),节段型10例(30%),局限型9例(27%).合并胆囊结石21例(64%),合并胆囊炎11例(33%).临床症状无特征性表现,以上腹疼痛、进食后不适、恶心呕吐为主.术前临床确诊4例,影像学确诊2例.28例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,3例行开腹胆囊切除术,1例同时行胆总管探查、T管引流术,1例同时行肝血管瘤切除术.术后病理诊断均为胆囊腺肌增生症.结论 胆囊腺肌增生症常合并胆囊结石、胆囊炎,临床表现不具特异性,术前确诊依赖于影像学检查.该病有潜在恶性变可能,胆囊切除术为有效的治疗方法.     

残余胆囊合并胆系结石的诊治和预防

目的探讨残余胆囊合并胆系结石的病因、诊治及预防,以减少此并发症的发生。方法回顾性分析本院收治的17例残余胆囊合并胆系结石的临床资料。结果大多数病例术前获得正确的临床诊断;17例均行再次手术治疗,术后症状消失,疗效满意。结论根据临床表现和影像学检查,该病能获得正确诊断;再次手术是惟一治疗手段;首次手术中认清胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者的解剖关系是预防的关键。     

残余胆囊合并胆系结石13例分析

目的 提高对胆囊切除术后残余胆囊合并胆系结石的认识,做出正确诊断和治疗.方法 回顾分析13例残余胆囊合并胆系结石的临床表现、影像学和病理学检查,以及外科治疗情况.结果 大多数病例获得正确的临床诊断.13例均获得手术切除,术后恢复良好.结论 根据临床表现和影像学检查,该病能获得正确诊断.再次手术切除是治愈该病的惟一手段.     

胆囊管结石的诊断和腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的处理策略

目的 探讨胆囊管结石的诊断和腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管结石的处理技术要点.方法 回顾2006年10月至2011年12月在我院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的102例胆囊管结石患者的临床资料,并对其诊断方法、手术处理方法和治疗效果进行分析.结果 术前经影像学诊断胆囊管结石39例(38.2％),所有病例均经手术证实胆囊管结石.101例顺利完成腹腔镜下手术,1例(0.98％)中转开腹.35例行术中经胆囊管胆道镜探查,其中3例发现胆总管结石并用网篮取出结石.本组术后未发生胆管损伤、出血、胆漏.1例发现胆总管残余结石,经非手术治疗成功结石.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应仔细探查胆囊管以防止胆囊管结石的遗漏.灵活运用腹腔镜的处理技巧及术中胆道镜,腹腔镜胆囊管结石手术是安全可行的.     

4 胆囊管残株结石的诊断和治疗:附22例报告

目的探讨胆囊管残株结石的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析18年间收治的22例胆囊管残株结石患者的临床资料。结果22例中18例行ERCP确诊6例,MRCP确诊12例;另4例因胆总管结石进行胆总管探查术时发现残留胆囊管过长且有结石,术中胆道造影证实为胆囊管残株结石。全部患者经再次手术治疗获得痊愈,术后随访3年以上,效果满意。结论胆囊管残株结石与第1次手术密切有关,MRCP和ERCP是其最有价值的诊断方法。再次手术难度大,手术应谨慎。     

石灰质胆汁综合征1例报告并文献复习

背景与目的：石灰质胆汁是指胆囊内胆汁呈现白色或灰色石灰样糊状或固体状,亦称钙乳胆汁,其成分主要包含碳酸钙盐或草酸钙盐,临床上少有这种胆汁表现。由石灰质胆汁导致的胆囊炎及胆管炎,可统称为石灰质胆汁综合征（LBS）,该类患者多数并无特异性临床表现。术前影像学诊断较为困难,多数在术后剖开胆囊后确诊,目前国内少有相关病例报道。本文报告1例LBS患者的诊治经过,并结合相关文献报道,对本病特点,形成机制等进行分析、总结,以期对临床工作提供经验和借鉴。方法：回顾性分析山东省日照市中医医院2023年4月收治的1例LBS患者临床资料,结合国内外文献对该病的临床特点、影像学诊断及形成机制进行分析总结。结果：患者为56岁女性,因上腹痛1个月入院。腹部CT见胆囊腔内及胆囊管内多发高密度影,胆囊壁局部增厚,胆总管直径正常,肝内外胆管无扩张。临床诊断胆囊结石伴胆囊炎,常规术前准备后行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术,术毕剖开胆囊见囊腔内充满白色糊状物质,并于胆囊颈部及胆囊管处见白色结石。术后病理学诊断：慢性胆囊炎伴腺肌瘤样增生。结论：LBS是一种罕见的临床疾病,术前主要依靠腹部X线平片或CT扫描协助诊断,病因尚不明确,其形成机...     

十二指肠镜在胆囊切除术后的应用

目的 通过分析124例胆囊切除术后综合(PCS)征临床资料，探讨PCS的病因和诊断方法以及评价ERCP的诊断价值。方法 对124例临床诊断为PCS的患者行B超、胃镜或上消化道钡餐检查，以明确病因。结果124 例患者插管，成功率93．5％，胆管结石68例，胆管扩张47例，胆管狭窄26例，胆囊管残留过长及残余小胆囊11例，十二指肠乳头憩室内或憩室旁开口11例，胆道未见异常23例，非胆道疾病15例。结论 PCS最为常见的病因为胆管结石和胆管狭窄，其他较为少见原因包括十二指肠憩室、Oddi括约肌运动功能障碍、胆囊管残留过长、残余小胆囊及非胆道疾病等。ERCP是明确PCS病因较为理想和可靠的方法，如结合B超、胃镜检查以及上消化道钡餐，可对PCS的病因作出较为全面的诊断。     

游离胆囊一例报道

病人 :女 ,73岁。因反复发作右上腹痛 3年入院。体检 :一般情况可 ,右上腹压痛 ,未扪及胆囊 ,余无异常发现。B型超声提示胆囊炎并结石。入院诊断 :作者单位 :5 5 3 5 2 9　贵州省盘江煤电集团 (公司 )总医院土城分院外科慢性结石性胆囊炎。行胆囊切除术治疗。术中见胆囊大小 7cm× 3cm ,除胆囊管部进入肝十二指肠韧带外 ,余部不与肝脏相连 ,无系膜组织 ,完全游离 ,体底部与胃窦、十二指肠球部粘连。顺利切除胆囊 ,术后 8d拆线出院。胆囊变异少见 ,游离胆囊则罕见。游离胆囊易发生扭转、坏死。本例因并发结石 ,炎症反复发作 ,与胃、十二指肠…     

十二指肠镜在胆囊切除术后的应用

目的　通过分析 12 4例胆囊切除术后综合 (PCS)征临床资料 ,探讨PCS的病因和诊断方法以及评价ERCP的诊断价值。方法　对 12 4例临床诊断为PCS的患者行B超、胃镜或上消化道钡餐检查 ,以明确病因。结果　 12 4例患者插管 ,成功率 93 5 % ,胆管结石 6 8例 ,胆管扩张 4 7例 ,胆管狭窄2 6例 ,胆囊管残留过长及残余小胆囊 11例 ,十二指肠乳头憩室内或憩室旁开口 11例 ,胆道未见异常2 3例 ,非胆道疾病 15例。结论　PCS最为常见的病因为胆管结石和胆管狭窄 ,其他较为少见原因包括十二指肠憩室、Oddi括约肌运动功能障碍、胆囊管残留过长、残余小胆囊及非胆道疾病等。ERCP是明确PCS病因较为理想和可靠的方法 ,如结合B超、胃镜检查以及上消化道钡餐 ,可对PCS的病因作出较为全面的诊断     

Gallbladder volvulus: report of two original cases and review of the literature

Gallbladder volvulus is defined as the rotation of the gallbladder on its mesentery along the axis of the cystic duct and cystic artery. It is an unusual and rare occurrence with a predilection for women in their seventh or eight decades of life. Only about 300 cases have been reported in the literature ranging from ages 2 to 100 years old. The etiology of gallbladder volvulus remains speculative; however, the presence of a redundant mesentery is a prerequisite for torsion. Gall-bladder volvulus leads to occlusive obstruction of biliary drainage and blood flow. With early diagnosis and surgical intervention, the disease maintains a low mortality of approximately 5 per cent. We present two original cases of acute gallbladder volvulus successfully treated with cholecystectomy, as well as a review of the literature.     

Uncommon cause of acute abdomen: volvulus of gallbladder with necrosis. Case report and review of literature

Gallbladder volvulus is a rare condition which can mimic an acute cholecystitis. This condition is characterized from a rotation of the gallbladder on its mesentery along the axis of the cystic duct and cystic artery. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult. This is an acute surgical emergency that must be treated with immediate detorsion and cholecystectomy. We report a case of acute gallbladder torsion in an elderly man and review the clinical aspects of the disease in the context of the available literature.     

The diagnostic dilemma of a gallbladder volvulus: An unusual case report and review of the literature

Introduction and importanceA gallbladder volvulus is a rare medical condition requiring emergency surgery. There are 500 cases reported in the literature, and only 10 % have ever been diagnosed preoperatively. Gallbladder volvulus occurs when the gallbladder torts around the cystic duct and cystic artery resulting in occlusion of both structures and consequently, ischemia of the gallbladder. The diagnosis is challenging because the symptoms mimic cholecystitis without distinct radiological features specific for a volvulus.Case presentationIn this article, we report the case of a 77-year-old female who underwent ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and cholescintigraphy, which all reported features of cholecystitis. She underwent a cholecystectomy on admission day 5 because of refractory pain despite treatment with intravenous antibiotics. Intraoperatively, she was discovered to have complete gallbladder torsion with gangrene. Post-operatively, she had immediate and complete resolution of pain, and made a rapid recovery.Clinical discussionWe review the available literature to determine radiological characteristics specific to a gallbladder volvulus. Patients without cholelithiasis and incomplete filling of the gallbladder in a nuclear medicine scan should be evaluated for gallbladder volvulus.ConclusionThrough this report, we suggest a high index of suspicion for gallbladder volvulus in elderly female patients with signs and symptoms of acalculous cholecystitis that have no resolution in symptoms with conservative management.     

Laparoscopic Treatment for Torsion of the Gallbladder in a 7-year-old Female

A 7-year-old girl was diagnosed with viral enteritis and was admitted to our hospital. Sudden right upper quadrant tenderness appeared 2 days after admission. Ultrasonography revealed a large thick-walled cystic gallbladder and an inflammation-induced hyperechoic cystic duct. The long axis of the gallbladder was in a horizontal rather than a vertical alignment. Computed tomography demonstrated a markedly enlarged gallbladder with a slightly thickened wall and an enhanced twisted cystic pedicle. The diagnosis of gallbladder torsion led to laparoscopic detorsion and cholecystectomy. The gallbladder was gangrenous and was rotated counterclockwise with the attachment of the mesentery to the inferior surface of the liver. Although it occurs more rarely in children than in adults, torsion of the gallbladder must be considered in the differential diagnosis of an acute abdomen. Early diagnosis and immediate laparoscopic intervention can help to achieve an excellent patient outcome.     

Diagnosis and Laparoscopic Approach to Gallbladder Torsion and Cholelithiasis

Torsion of the gallbladder is common in elderly women. Different causes have been proposed for this rare condition. The presence of a long mesentery and loss of visceral fat are the main causes for the development of torsion. Patients present with a sudden, acute pain in the right upper quadrant, suggesting cholecystitis. Different imaging methods have shown particular findings, but the diagnosis is still complex. Today, just a few cases have been reported in the literature. The treatment for this condition consists of surgical detorsion and cholecystectomy. Gall-bladder torsion is a very rare entity and should be suspected when these clinical findings are present.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder volvulus

Torsion of the gallbladder is a rare entity. Approximately 300 cases have been reported since it was first described in 1898 by Wendel (Ann. Surg. 1898; 27:199). The condition occurs most often in the elderly. Although the etiology is unknown, a constant finding is the presence of the gallbladder on a mobile mesentery (floating gallbladder). Torsion, or volvulus, of the gallbladder occurs when this gallbladder twists axially, with subsequent occlusion of bile and/or blood flow.We present a case of gallbladder volvulus diagnosed and treated laparoscopically. This is the first reported laparoscopic cholecystectomy for volvulus of the gallbladder.     

David Van Mauden (± 1538-± 1597), “Sworn Medical Doctor and Surgical Prelector of Antwerp”, and his Book on Anatomy

Torsion of the gallbladder is a rare disease. It is simply defined as a rotation of the gallbladder on its mesentery along the axis of the cystic duct and cystic artery.

The aetiology is unknown. However, several factors are postulated as playing causative roles. The disease symptoms mimic acute cholecystisis.

The current value of radiological imaging is limited, but clinically, volvulus of the gallbladder is an acute surgical situation. It may be treated and diagnosed by a laparoscopic approach.     

Torsion of the Gallbladder Diagnosed by Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography

Torsion of the gallbladder is a rare entity that is difficult to diagnose preoperatively, the principal differential diagnosis being cholecystitis. The condition occurs most often in the elderly. Although its etiology is unknown, the presence of a redundant mesentery is a prerequisite for torsion. Computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography can provide important diagnostic clues. Torsion of the gallbladder occurs when it twists axially, with subsequent occlusion of bile or blood flow. Therefore, prompt surgical treatment is necessary in order to prevent necrosis and perforation. In the present study, we report a case of torsion of the gallbladder diagnosed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. This condition was successfully treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Wandering gallbladder

A wandering gallbladder typically is attached to surrounding structures only by the cystic duct and its mesentery. Its characteristic propensity for torsion places it at risk for necrosis. A 70-year-old woman admitted to our hospital was found to have a wandering gallbladder. The possible clinical implications of this finding are discussed.     

Gallbladder torsion showing a “whirl sign” on a multidetector computed tomography scan

An 82-year-old woman presented with a 5-day history of right upper quadrant pain. A physical examination showed a palpable tender mass in the right upper quadrant with Murphy's sign. The contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scan clearly showed the twisted pedicle of the cystic duct and gallbladder mesentery on the right side of the gallbladder, thus showing a “whirl sign,” and a definitive diagnosis of gallbladder torsion was made. The patient underwent a cholecystectomy, resulting in a favorable outcome. Therefore, the whirl sign on MDCT imaging can be a key to making a definitive diagnosis of gallbladder torsion.