Predicting conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely performed in patients with acute cholecystitis. However, the rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy remains higher when compared with patients with chronic cholecystitis. Preoperative clinical or laboratory parameters that could predict the need for conversion may assist the surgeon in preoperative or intraoperative decision making. This could have cost-saving implications. METHODS: A retrospective review of 46 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis was performed. Records were assessed for preoperative clinical, laboratory and radiographic parameters on admission. Temperature and laboratory parameters were also recorded prior to surgery after an initial period of hospitalization that included intravenous antibiotics. The effect of admission and preoperative parameters as well as the trend in these parameters prior to surgery upon the rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy was assessed. RESULTS: Ten patients (22%) required conversion to open cholecystectomy. Conversion was required more often in males (43%) when compared with females (4%) (p=0.003). Conversion rate was 30% in patients with increased wall thickness by ultrasound compared with 12% for patients without wall thickening (p=ns). No admission or preoperative laboratory values predicted conversion. The trend in the patient's temperature (p=0.0003) and serum LDH value (p=0.043) predicted the need for conversion to open surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative prediction of the need for open cholecystectomy remains elusive. Male patients and patients with rising temperature and LDH levels while on intravenous antibiotics require conversion at increased frequency. However, the benefits of laparoscopic cholecystectomy warrant an attempt at laparoscopic removal in most patients with acute cholecystitis.     

老年患者急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术与开腹式胆囊切除术的疗效比较

【摘要】〓目的〓比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)与开腹式胆囊切除术(OC)治疗老年患者急性胆囊炎的安全性和有效性。方法〓选择从2007年1月至2012年12月收治的年龄超过70岁急性胆囊炎患者76例,分别采用LC(34例)与OC(42例)治疗。观察两组的手术时间、术中失血、术后住院时间和术后并发症。结果〓两组患者手术均顺利完成胆囊切除术,且LC组无中转开腹的病例。LC组的手术时间为95.2±19.7 min,OC组的手术时间为86.8±21.2 min,两者差异无统计学意义;LC组术中失血>500 mL的有2例(5.9%),OC组术中失血>500 mL的有8例(19.0%)(P<0.05);LC组的术后住院时间明显少于OC组(P<0.01)。总共有24例患者在术后出现了并发症(31.6%),其中LC组的术后并发症明显少于OC组(P<0.05)。结论〓急性胆囊炎老年患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗能缩短术后住院时间和减少术后并发症发生率。     

Delayed laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis with severe fibrotic adhesions

Background  Conversion rate to open surgery is higher for patients with acute cholecystitis than in those without acute cholecystitis. We attempted to develop a laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy to decrease this conversion rate. Methods  From 2000 to 2005, laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis was performed in 60 patients (22 women, 38 men). Patients were divided into two groups: group A (2000 to 2002, n = 22) and group B (2003 to 2005, n = 38). When significant difficulty was encountered dissecting the gallbladder from its bed, we incised the gallbladder wall leaving the posterior wall and cauterizing the remnant mucosa (subtotal cholecystectomy, SC-1). When dissection of the gall bladder neck and triangle of Calot was difficult, the neck of the gallbladder was sutured despite clipping (SC-2). Results  Mean duration from onset of symptoms to operation was 55.3 ± 52.0 days. SC-1 was performed in 8 patients in group A and 18 patients in group B. SC-2 was performed in three patients in Group B. Conversion rate was 18.1% (4/22) in group A and 0% (0/38) in group B, compared to 0.4% (1/221) for patients without acute cholecystitis. No complications were associated with ablated gallbladder mucosa. Conclusion  Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy offers safe and effective treatment for acute cholecystitis. The conversion rate in group B is decreased by avoiding hazardous dissection of the cystic duct.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎的比较分析

目的探讨胆囊炎急性发作时,实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗的时间早晚对手术特点、手术技巧及手术结果的影响。方法对最近1年中我院54例急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术的过程、结果进行回顾性对照分析。结果54例中急性发作后48 h内40例行急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术,手术时间短,无转开腹者;48 h后者手术时间长,3例转开腹,中转率为21.43%（3/14）。结论急性胆囊炎急诊施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术是有益的和必要的。     

Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a prospective randomized trial

Background: The role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is not yet clearly established. The aim of this prospective randomized study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis and to compare the results with delayed cholecystectomy.Methods: Between January 2001 and November 2002, 40 patients with a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis were assigned randomly to early laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 24 h of admission (early group, n = 20) or to initial conservative treatment followed by delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 6 to 12 weeks later (delayed group, n = 20).Results: There was no significant difference in the conversion rates (early, 25% vs delayed, 25%), operating times (early, 104 min vs delayed, 93 min), postoperative analgesia requirements (early, 5.3 days vs delayed, 4.8 days), or postoperative complications (early, 15% vs delayed, 20%). However, the early group had significantly more blood loss (228 vs 114 ml) and shorter hospital stay (4.1 vs 10.1 days).Conclusions: Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is safe and feasible, offering the additional benefit of a shorter hospital stay. It should be offered to patients with acute cholecystitis, provided the surgery is performed within 72 to 96 h of the onset of symptoms.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术93例体会

目的总结腹腔镜下处理急性胆囊炎的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2003年5月-2005年5月93例急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜手术治疗的临床资料，其中15例术前确诊胆总管结石而先行内镜逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography，ERCP）联合内镜括约肌切开（endoscopic sphincterotomy，EST）取石，6例疑似胆道结石者行术中胆道造影。均于48h内完成LC。结果91例（97．8％）手术成功，2例（2．2％）中转开腹。手术时间35—160min，平均65min。术后胆囊管残端漏3例（3．2％），胆道残余结石3例（3．2％），经开腹手术结合ERCP、EST、鼻胆管引流（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage，ENBD）治愈，全组无医源性损伤。结论选择性应用ERCP和EST，腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎是安全可行的，但中转开腹及并发症的发生率高。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在急性胆囊炎中的应用

目的评价急性胆囊炎中应用腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的方法和疗效. 方法回顾分析1998年8月～2003年8月LC治疗急性胆囊炎201例. 结果本组均于入院24 h内行LC.完成LC 192例(95.52%),中转开腹9例.手术时间40～150 min,平均85 min.随访2～12个月,无并发症. 结论急性胆囊炎中应用LC难度大、变异多,但只要严格掌握手术适应证和手术技巧,在基层医院开展LC是可行的.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

The application of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap. C) for acute cholecystitis (AC) remains controversial from the viewpoint of its higher rate of morbidity, and conversion to open surgery, in spite of the worldwide acceptance of Lap. C as the gold standard for the treatment of patients with symptomatic gallbladder diseases. The conversion rate has been reported to decrease with experience. Local and overall complication rates were shown to correlate with the time delay between the onset of acute symptoms and the operation. Although percutaneous gallbladder drainage (PGBD) has been reported to be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of AC, it should be limited to high-risk groups such as elderly or critically ill patients. Early cholecystectomy within 4 days from the onset is strongly recommended to minimize surgical complications and to increase the chance of a successful laparoscopic approach. Received: April 29, 2002 / Accepted: May 30, 2002 Offprint requests to: S. Kitano     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

Summary Because laparoscopic cholecystectomy reduces hospitalization time and postoperative disability, it is being offered to an increasing number of patients with symptomatic gallstones. Nevertheless, acute cholecystitis is still considered by many surgeons to be a relative contraindication. Our standard approach has been to perform laparoscopy on all patients considered candidates for cholecystectomy. From June 1990 to October 1991, the authors personally performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy on 110 patients, 29 (26%) of whom had pathologically confirmed acute cholecystitis. Of these, nine had evidence of gangrene, perforation, or abscess formation. It was necessary to convert to open cholecystectomy in four (14%) patients. In each, inflammation or dense adhesions precluded the performance of a safe operation. The hepatorenal space was drained in 12 (41%) and cystic dust cholangiograms were performed selectively. The mean operating time was 108 min. There were no intraoperative complications. One patient developed a prolonged postoperative paralytic ileus and two patients were noted to have postoperative common duct stones. There were no deaths. The average postoperative stay for laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 2.6 days. We conclude that the advantages of laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely and effectively extended to the majority of patients with acute cholecystitis.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术最佳手时机的选择

目的 探讨急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的手术时机.方法 回顾性分析我院2005年1月～2013年1月间,402例急性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的病例资料;按发病到施行手术时间分为4组：72h内为A组（262例）,72h ～ 96h为B组（28例）,96h ～1周为C组（72例）,1周～2周为D组（40例）;通过比较4组间手术时间、出血量、术后住院时间、总住院时间、中转率和并发症发生率的差异,分析最佳手术时机.统计学采用单因素方差分析、LSD-t检验分析、Pearson Chi-Square检验或连续校正或Fisher确切概率.结果 成功施行LC340例,中转开腹62例;发生并发症20例.A、B、C、D组手术时间分别为（40.2±10.3）、（44.1 ±11.7）、（75.4±12.4）、（112±11.9） min,A、B组无统计学差异（P=0.331）,与C、D组有统计学差异（P=0.000）;出血量分别为（21.8 ±10.4）、（22.7±10.8）、（55.6±13.2）、（108.9±21.5）ml,A、B组无统计学差异（P=0.423）,与C、D组有统计学差异（P=0.000）;术后住院时间分别为（4.1±1.3）、（4.4±1.6）、（4.8±2.1）、（4.8±2.3）d,无统计学差异（P=0.873）;总住院时间分别为（7.1±1.4）、（7.5±1.9）、（11.2±1.9）、（16.7 ±2.1）d,A、B组无统计学差异（P =0.416）,与C、D组有统计学差异（P=0.000）;中转率分别为15.3％、17.9％、15.3％、15.0％,无统计学差异（P=0.987）;并发症发生率3.1％、7.1％、6.9％、12.5％,无统计学差异（P=0.261）.结论 急性胆囊炎发病96h内施行LC为最佳时机,手术时间及总住院时间较短,出血量较少.     

Urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the management of acute cholecystitis: timing does not influence conversion rate

Background The optimal treatment of acute cholecystitis is urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Most reports suggest that a delay of 72 or 96 h from onset of symptoms leads to a higher conversion rate. This study assessed the conversion rate in relation to the timing of urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Methods During a 12 month period, 112 patients received laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis at a tertiary care university hospital in central Taiwan. Data were collected prospectively. Results The overall conversion rate was 3.6% (4/112). Of 62 procedures performed within 72 h from onset of symptoms, 2 were converted, as compared with 2 of 50 procedures after 72 h. Of 76 procedures performed within 96 h from onset of symptoms, 3 were converted, as compared with 1 of 36 procedures after 96 h. There were no mortalities or common bile duct injuries. Conclusions The conversion rate for urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy among patients with acute cholecystitis can be as low as 3.6%. The timing of urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy has no impact on the conversion rate.     

Operative timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in a Japanese institute

Background and Objectives:

In patients with acute cholecystitis who cannot undergo early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (within 72 hours), 6 weeks to 12 weeks after onset is widely considered the optimal timing for delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, there has been no clear consensus about it. We aimed to determine optimal timing for delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis.

Methods:

Medical records of 100 patients who underwent standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided into group 1, patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 72 hours of onset; group 2, between 4 days to 14 days; group 3, between 3 weeks to 6 weeks; group 4, >6 weeks.

Results:

No significant differences existed between groups in conversion rate to open surgery, operation time, blood loss, or postoperative morbidity, and hospital stay. However, total hospital stay in groups 1 and 2 was significantly shorter than that in groups 3 and 4 (P<.01). In addition, the total hospital stay in group 3 was also significantly shorter than that in group 4 (P<.01).

Conclusions:

Best timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis may be within 72 hours, and the delayed timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients who cannot undergo early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is probably as soon as possible after they can tolerate laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

高龄老人急性结石性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术治疗经验

目的探讨高龄老人急性结石性胆囊炎(acute calculous cholecystitis,ACC)的手术指征、时机和技巧,以期提高其腹腔镜手术治疗效果。方法收集首都医科大学北京电力医院普外科2013年7月至2016年11月收治的43例高龄老人(≥80岁)ACC病人的临床资料,平均年龄为(83.5±2.7)岁,根据其是否具有手术指征,分为手术组和非手术组,对其并存病、实验室检查、手术时机(术前发病时间、体温、血白细胞计数及中性粒细胞比例、高敏C反应蛋白)、手术效果(手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数)、术后并发症和治疗效果进行分析。结果 43例高龄老人ACC病人手术组17例,其中腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)13例(最大年龄88岁,成功率100%),开腹胆囊切除术(open cholecystectomy,OC)4例,非手术组26例。手术组较非手术组疗效显著提高(P=0.003),LC组治愈率(92.3%)显著高于OC组(75.0%)。手术时机对手术效果无显著影响(P0.05),但对术后并发症有一定影响。结论高龄老人ACC病人LC是安全可行的,关键是掌握手术指征和时机、熟练掌握腹腔镜手术技巧,同时加强围手术期治疗,以期进一步提高其治疗效果和安全性。     

急性坏疽性胆囊炎的“冷分离”腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨急性坏疽性胆囊炎时"冷分离"腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性以及手术技巧。方法回顾性分析河南科技大学第一附属医院普外科41例急性坏疽性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。术中采用分离钳剥离、配合吸引器刮吸的"冷分离"技术切除胆囊。结果 39例完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术,2例中转开腹手术,手术中转率为4.9%。手术时间为(70.37±13.35)min,术中无肝胆管损伤,术后无胆囊床渗血或胆漏发生。术后并发切口感染2例,切口血清肿1例,下肢浅静脉血栓形成1例,右下肺感染1例,均治愈出院。本组前12例平均手术时间为(86.67±11.69)min;后29例平均手术时间为(63.55±6.23)min,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论急性坏疽性胆囊炎行"冷分离"腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全可行,分离钳和吸引器相结合的"冷分离"技术是手术成功的有效方法。     

Immediate laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: no need to wait

BACKGROUND: Early, within 72 hours, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for acute chlolecystitis (AC) is the standard of care. We reviewed our experience with immediate (within 24 hours) LC for AC to determine whether this also was safe. METHODS: Group 1, those patients who had LC for AC within 24 hours was compared with group 2, those who had LC for AC after 24 hours. RESULTS: Of 253 consecutive patients, 132 were in group 1 and 121 were in group 2. There were no differences in group 1 versus group 2 in demographics, clinical severity of disease, mean operating time (92 minutes versus 95 minutes, P =.2), conversion (9% versus 6%, P = .3), and complications (7% versus 9%, P = .5). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that the timing of LC for AC was not associated with longer than average operating times. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate LC for AC is safe and has become our standard of practice.     

急性结石性胆囊炎经腹腔镜胆囊切除术68例临床分析

目的探讨急性结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)患者的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2007-12—2011-12通过LC治疗68例急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果 68例患者中,67例顺利完成LC,其中1例中转剖腹,术后病理证实为肝门部胆管癌,合并结石性、化脓性胆囊炎,2例患者发病72 h后出现胆汁渗漏,经治疗痊愈。2例术后第2天腹腔引流管引流出胆汁样液体,量为200～300 mL,经治疗2周后无液体引出拔出引流管,顺利出院。结论急性结石性胆囊炎明确诊断后,患者应尽早施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术中操作困难者应及时中转开腹。尽量减少或避免急性结石性胆囊炎LC手术并发症的发生,显著减轻患者痛苦。     

Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: A safe procedure

Acute cholecystitis is increasingly managed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Some reports have shown conversion and complication rates that are increased in comparison to elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study reviews the combined experience of two hospitals where the intention was to perform early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. A total of 152 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis (evidence of acute inflammation clinically and pathologically) were identified. Conversion to open cholecystectomy was required in 14 cases (9%) in the total series. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed within 2 days of admission in 76% (115 of 152) of patients. Conversion was significantly less likely in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 2 days of admission (4 of 115) compared to those undergoing surgery beyond 2 days (10 of 37; P <0.0001). Eleven patients (7%) had postoperative complications; however, there were no cases of injury to the biliary system and no perioperative deaths. This series shows that laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed safely in patients with acute cholecystitis and suggests that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is preferable to delaying surgery. Although the conversion rate to open surgery is higher than for elective cholecystectomy, the majority of patients (91 %) still derive the well-recognized benefits of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an acceptable approach to acute cholecystitis for the experienced laparoscopic surgeon.     

腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的临床疗效及对机体炎症反应的影响。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年6月收治的117例急性结石性胆囊炎的临床资料,根据手术方式分为腹腔镜组(61例)和开腹组(56例),采用SPSS17.0软件对所有临床数据进行统计学分析,两组患者术前术后各项指标、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VSA)及炎症相关指标等计量资料以( ±s)表示,采用独立t检验;全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)发生率及并发症发生率等组间比较采用χ²检验,均以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果腹腔镜组患者手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量、肛门首次排气时间、VSA评分、下床活动时间、恢复饮食时间以及平均住院时间均明显优于开腹组(均P<0.05);两组患者术后并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。腹腔镜组患者术后1 d、3 d、5 d的血清中C－反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素－6(IL－6)水平和7 d内全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)发生率均明显低于开腹组(P<0.05)。 结论腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性结石性胆囊炎是安全可行的,具有手术时间短、术中出血少、术后恢复快及炎症反应轻的优势,值得在临床中进一步推广应用。     

Early minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: Recently, techniques using fine-caliber instruments (2 or 3 mm in diameter) for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, called minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy (MLC), were reported to be superior to conventional LC (CLC, using 5 mm instruments) in postoperative course and cosmetic outcome. However, the use of MLC to date has been largely restricted to uncomplicated situations. Since CLC has been proved to be a safe and efficient technique for acute cholecystitis especially if conducted early, this study tests the feasibility and safety of MLC for acute cholecystitis. METHODS: Sixty-nine consecutive patients with acute cholecystitis were prospectively randomized to minilaparoscopic (n = 38) or conventional laparoscopic (n = 31) cholecystectomy, and the operations were conducted within 2 days of admission whenever possible. Despite different operative techniques, both groups of patients received identical preoperative preparation, evaluation and postoperative care. The two groups were compared for patient characteristics, results of laboratory tests, predictive score for LC difficulties, operative time, operative complications, hospitalization days and need for meperidine injection for wound pain. RESULTS: The conversion rate was 7.9% (3 of 38) for the MLC group and 6.5% (2 of 31) for the CLC group. Nine patients in the MLC group and 7 in the CLC group had concomitant choledocholithiasis and underwent endoscopic stone retrieval before operation. The age, sex, predictive score for LC difficulties, preoperative leukocyte count, length of hospital stay and requirement of intramuscular meperidine injections were similar for both groups of patients, while, the operative times were marginally longer in the MLC group (113.8 +/- 30.8 versus 98.2 +/- 33.2 minutes, P = 0.056). No major complications occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis by MLC are as good as those of CLC if the operation is performed early, with obvious smaller incisions and minimal complications. MLC is a safe and effective procedure for patients with acute cholecystitis, and has an acceptable low conversion rate.     

A comparison of laparoscopic and open treatment of acute cholecystitis

Summary A retrospective review of 200 patients with acute cholecystitis, half of whom underwent open cholecystectomy and half of whom underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, was performed. The two groups were compared for demographic characteristics, operative course, cost of intervention, and surgical outcome. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis was accomplished with an acceptable morbidity and provided an earlier release from the hospital and return to normal activities with a significant economic savings as compared to the traditional open approach.