国人Creutzfeldt—Jakob病PrP基因表达变化的研究

目的探讨国人朊病毒病PrP基因变异与临床病理变化的关系及同欧亚病例的对比。方法取5例散发型Creutzfeldt－Jakob病（CJD）患者静脉血提取DNA，以多聚酶联反应（PCR）扩增PrP基因，用7种限制性内切酶酶切密码子102、105、129、145、178、180、200、219和232位点及DNA序列测定，并设14例非CJD痴呆和16例健康人为对照。结果发现3组中各1例具密码子129多态性，为缬氨酸／甲硫氨酸杂合子，其余均为甲硫氨酸纯合子，无缬氨酸129纯合子。结论国人CJD患者PrP基因变异及其相关的临床特征与欧洲患者不同。     

散发性克-雅病PrP基因129密码子基因型与临床表型14例研究

目的：探讨散发性克－雅病（Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,CJD)PrP基因129位点密码子基因型与临床表型的关系。方法：对14例散发性CJD患者进行PrP基因129例密码子的检测，并与临床表现进行了分析。结果：（1）根据诊断标准，14例散发性CJD中8例诊断为肯定CJD，6例诊断为很可能CJD。（2）8例诊断肯定CJD组中，PrP基因129例位点密码子为甲硫氨酸纯合型6例，甲充氨酸／缬氨酸2例，6例诊断很可能CJD组的PrP基因129密码子均为甲硫氨酸纯合型。（3）12例PrP基因129位点为甲硫氨酸纯合型的患者以认知障碍起病8例，共济失调1例；视觉障碍2例；肌阵挛1例，病程最长20个月，最短2．5个月，病程中有癫痫5例，肌阵挛6周，视觉障碍6例。7例有典型周期性同步放电（PSD）脑电改变。（4）2例甲硫氨酸／缬氨型患者均以共济失调起病。2个月后才出现痴呆，病理程分析为16个月和20个月，均无典型的PSD。（2）本组散发性CJDPrP基因129位点密码子甲硫氨酸／甲硫氨酸，甲硫氨酸／缬氨酸，分布比例与日本相同，但与西方不同，而且没有缬氨酸纯合型。     

颅脑眼手术后的Creutzfeldt-Jakob病

目的　探讨医源性Creutzfeldt Jakob病 (CJD)的发病与手术间隔时间、临床表现、基因表达、异常朊蛋白 (prionprotein ,PrP)沉积和实验动物传递。方法　颅脑眼手术后 1～ 4年发生肌阵挛、痴呆并经脑活检证实的 3例CJD病人 ,2例行PrP免疫组化染色 ,1例行PrP基因检测和实验动物传递。结果　 2例脑内发现了异常PrP沉积 ,1例PrP基因密码子 12 9为甲硫氨酸 ,缬氨酸杂合子型 ,实验鼠传递成功。结论　颅脑手术后CJD ,其潜伏期明显短于眼部手术 ,PrP沉积均为突触型 ,即使 12 9M/V多态性的脑组织匀浆 ,通过昆明鼠传递也能获得成功。医疗实践中宜警惕本组疾病 ,防止医源性传播。     

散发性Creutzfeldt-Jakob病23例临床分析

目的为提高散发性Creutzfeldt-Jakob病(Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease,CJD)的临床诊断水平,对目前应用的诊断指标进行评价。方法对23例CJD的临床表现、脑电图、影像学、脑脊液、组织病理、基因、免疫组化、14-3-3蛋白等临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果(1)23例中10例为确定CJD,10例很可能CJD,3例为可能CJD。(2)83%为亚急性发病,首发症状按出现频率依次为认知障碍,走路不稳,视力障碍及精神症状。所有病人晚期均发展为去皮层状态。(3)22例脑电图均有中到重度广泛异常EEG改变,11例出现典型的周期性尖慢复合波(PSWCs)。(4)检测19例脑脊液14-3-3蛋白,16例阳性,3例阴性。(5)PrP基因129位点密码子检测,14例中有12例为甲硫氨酸/甲硫氨酸(Met/Met)纯合子,2例为甲硫氨酸/缬氨酸(Met/Val)杂合子。(6)8例头颅MRI显示双基底节区异常信号。(7)10例病理检查发现,有不同程度的海绵状变性和神经细胞脱失。可见异常PrP沉积。结论(1)国人EEG典型改变-PSWCs诊断CJD的灵敏度及特异度均低于西方。(2)14-3-3蛋白对诊断sCJD敏感度和特异度均高。在没有脑活检的前提下,是确诊CJD的指标之一。(3)病理检查证实,在人脑组织中有prpSc沉积仍是确诊CJD的不可替代的指标。     

脑脊液14-3-3蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶对Creutzfeldt-Jakob病的诊断价值

目的探讨脑脊液14-3-3蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)对Creutzfeldt-Jakob病(CJD)的诊断价值。方法采用capture assay方法及酶联免疫吸附法分别定量检测14例CJD患者(CJD组)、10例其他痴呆患者(OD组)及12例非痴呆患者(ND组)脑脊液14-3-3蛋白和NSE的含量,并进行特异性和敏感性分析。结果脑脊液中14-3-3蛋白含量CJD组为40.0ng/ml,OD组为2.65ng/ml,ND组为3.10ng/ml;NSE含量CJD组为(48.43±30.39)ng/ml,OD组为(14.00±11.52)ng/ml,ND组为(20.50±25.67)ng/ml;CJD组脑脊液中14-3-3蛋白及NSE含量明显高于OD组及ND组(均P<0.01)。以脑脊液14-3-3蛋白≥9ng/ml为分界值时,其对CJD诊断的敏感性为86.7%,特异性为86.4%;以NSE≥24ng/ml为分界值时,其敏感性为78.6%,特异性为77.3%;当以14-3-3>9ng/ml及NSE>24ng/ml为分界值,对CJD诊断的敏感性、特异性分别为90%、92.9%。结论脑脊液14-3-3蛋白对CJD的诊断价值高于NSE,两者联合将提高对CJD诊断的敏感性和特异性。     

Alzheimer病患者血清和脑脊液中IL-6及sIL-6R水平的研究

目的　探讨Alzheimer病 (AD)患者血清和脑脊液 (CSF)中白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )及白细胞介素 6受体 (sIL 6R)水平的变化。方法　采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)分别对 11例AD患者、13例血管性痴呆 (VD)患者及 13例正常对照者 (NC)血清和CSF中IL 6及sIL 6R水平进行了检测。结果　 (1)CSF中IL 6和sIL 6R水平各组检测的阳性率均较高 ,依次为AD >VD >NC ,痴呆两组与对照组比较均有显著性差异 (均P <0 .0 1)。 (2 )痴呆两组患者血清sIL 6R的阳性率明显高于对照组 (均P <0 .0 1)。 (3)CSF中IL 6和sIL 6R水平存在显著正相关 (r=0 .75 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,与MMSE量表得分呈负相关 (r =- 0 .6 9,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　CSF中IL 6水平与痴呆严重程度有关 ,检测CSF中IL 6更能反映痴呆患者的免疫炎性改变 ,不仅为AD的慢性免疫炎症机制提供了理论依据 ,也将为AD的诊断和治疗提供新的途径     

阿尔茨海默病患者血清和脑脊液中白细胞介素-6及白细胞介素-6受体水平的研究

目的 :探讨阿尔茨海默病 (AD)病因及发病机制。方法 :采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验分别对AD患者血清和脑脊液(CSF)中白细胞介素 6(IL 6)及白细胞介素 6受体 (sIL 6R)水平进行检测。结果 :①AD组和血管性痴呆 (VD)组CSF中IL 6含量和阳性率明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5和P <0 0 1) ;血清和CSF中sIL 6R含量和阳性率明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1和P <0 0 5 )。②AD患者CSF中IL 6和sIL 6R水平存在显著正相关 (r =0 75 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,与MMSE量表得分呈负相关 (r =-0 69,P <0 0 5 )。结论 :CSF中IL 6可能主要来源中枢神经系统的自身合成 ,并与痴呆的严重程度有关。检测CSF中IL 6与sIL 6R可为痴呆诊断提供依据。     

朊蛋白基因多态性与老年性痴呆的相关性研究

目的探讨朊蛋白基因(PRNP)129密码子多态性与老年性痴呆(AD)发病的相关性。方法采用病例-对照研究方法,以PCR-RFLP方法检测驻京部队干休所60例晚发AD(LOAD)患者与92例健康老年对照的PRNP129密码子基因、ApoEε4等位基因多态性。结果驻京部队干休所汉族老年人群中PRNP129密码子甲硫氨酸纯合(MM)基因型频率为94.08%,甲硫氨酸缬氨酸杂合(MV)基因型频率为5.92%,未发现缬氨酸纯合(VV)型。ApoEε4等位基因分层前后,MM基因型发生LOAD的风险性差异无统计学意义。PRNP129密码子MM型不是LOAD的独立危险因素(OR=3.27,95%CI=0.402～26.605)。结论东亚人群与欧洲人群PRNP129密码子多态性分布不同。PRNP129密码子MM基因型携带者发生LOAD的风险无显著增高,提示MM基因型不参与LOAD发病。     

血管性痴呆患者血浆、脑脊液Ang、AVP、NSE含量的变化及其临床意义

目的　了解血管性痴呆 (VD)患者血浆、脑脊液 (CSF)中血管紧张素 (Ang )、精氨酸加压素 (AVP)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)的质量浓度变化及临床意义。方法　运用简易精神状态量表 (MMSE)、P3 0 0潜伏期 (P3 0 0 PL)、Hachinski缺血量表 (HIS)和社会功能活动调查 (FAQ)评定患者认知功能 ,用放射免疫分析法(RIA)测定血浆、CSF中 Ang 、AVP质量浓度 ,用双抗体免疫夹心法 (ELASA)测定血浆、CSF中 NSE质量浓度。结果　VD组血浆、CSF中 Ang 质量浓度显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,CSF中 Ang 质量浓度亦显著高于脑梗死 (CI)恢复期 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,血浆 AVP质量浓度无显著变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,CSF中 AVP质量浓度显著降低 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,血浆、CSF中 NSE质量浓度同对照组比较明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;直线相关分析 :VD组血浆与CSF中 Ang 、AVP质量浓度变化无显著相关 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,血浆与 CSF中 NSE质量浓度变化呈直线正相关(P <0 .0 1 )。结论　脑内 AVP、Ang 在 VD发病中可能起重要作用 ,CSF中 AVP、Ang 质量浓度变化与认知功能密切相关 ;脑内 NSE质量浓度变化与缺血性脑损害的严重程度密切相关 ,但不能作为反映认知功能的生化指标。     

急性脑梗死患者血清S100β及NSE水平与血管性痴呆的相关性研究

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者血清星形胶质源性蛋白(S100β)及神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平与血管性痴呆(VD)的关系及预测价值。方法收集132例急性脑梗死患者和60例健康体检者(健康对照组),采用ELISA法检测血清中S100β、NSE水平。根据脑梗死发作3个月的简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)评分将其分为非VD组和VD组,采用Logistic回归分析S100β、NSE与VD发病的相关性,ROC曲线分析S100β、NSE水平对VD的早期预测价值。结果与健康对照组比较,脑梗死VD组和非VD组患者血清中S100β、NSE水平明显升高(P 0.05),且VD组明显高于非VD组(P 0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,高S100β和高NSE是脑梗死后VD的独立危险因素; S100β、NSE预测脑梗死后VD的灵敏度、特异性和准确度分别为75.86%、60.19%、63.64%和68.97%、79.61%、77.27%,两者联合后的灵敏度、特异性和准确率分别为72.41%、90.29%、86.36%。结论血清中高水平S100β和NSE是脑梗死后VD的独立危险因素,S100β和NSE联合诊断对预测脑梗死后VD的发生具有潜在临床价值。     

14-3-3 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100 protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

We explored simultaneously 14-3-3 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and one astroglial protein, S-100, recently proposed as Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD) markers, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 129 patients with suspected CJD. Cutoff values for NSE and S-100 were established at 25 and 2.5 ng/ml, respectively. The highest sensitivity was observed for S-100 (94.2%) followed by 14-3-3 (89.8%) and NSE (79.7%), while the highest specificity in CJD diagnosis was obtained with 14-3-3 protein (100%) as compared with NSE (91.5%) and S-100 (85.4%). No influence of sex, genotype at codon 129 of the prion protein gene, time between sampling, and death or disease duration has been found. Based on 90 cases initially referred as 'probable' or 'possible' CJD, with 14-3-3, NSE, or S-100 we could correctly discriminate between 'CJD' or 'non-CJD' categories in 94.4, 86.5, and 90% of the cases, respectively. When limited to 'possible CJD' cases, diagnosis based on one of the three CSF proteins was accurate in 98, 90.7 and 87.3%, respectively. In view of the fact that the CSF 14-3-3 protein test alone has the highest specificity and good sensitivity, it appears that there is no additional advantage at the moment to include NSE and/or S-100 protein in the exploration of clinically suspected CJD cases.     

Molecular analysis of PRNP gene in Polish population and in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

In our study we have examined allelic variation of codon 129 among the Polish population as well as Polish and Dutch CJD cases. The open reading frame of the PrP gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR product was digested with Nsp I and Mae II endonucleases and separated by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and, finally, sequenced by the Sanger dideoxy-mediated chain-termination method. To obtain population data we have screened 109 unrelated Polish adults. There were 45% of methionine homozygotes, 16% of valine homozygotes and 3% of heterozygotes. Among Polish CJD cases, 75% were methionine homozygous, 12.5% were valine homozygous and 12.5% were heterozygous, whereas among Dutch CJD cases it was 29% of Met/Met and 71% of Met/Val genotypes.     

Influence of timing on CSF tests value for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnosis

BACKGROUND : The analysis of markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is useful in the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). However, the time at which the study of these markers is most sensitive remains controversal. OBJECTIVE : To assess the influence of time of sampling on the value of CSF tests in the diagnosis of sCJD. METHOD : In the framework of a multinational European study, we studied the results of 14-3-3, S100b, neurone specific enolase (NSE) and tau protein in 833 CSF samples from sCJD patients at different stages of disease and in 66 sequentially repeated lumbar punctures (LP). RESULTS : 14-3-3 and tau protein tended to increase in sensitivity from onset (88%, 81%) to the advanced stage (91%, 90%). This was significant only in the methionine-valine (MV) heterozygous group of patients at codon 129. The absolute levels of S100b (p < 0.05), NSE and tau protein increased in the last stage of disease. High levels of tau protein, NSE and S100b were associated with shorter survival times (p < 0.01). Sixty-six sCJD patients underwent repeated LP. These sCJD patients were younger, had longer disease durations and were more frequently MV at codon 129 (p < 0.001) than the whole group. 14-3-3 sensitivity increased from 64% to 82% in the second LP (p = 0.025) and 88% sCJD patients had at least one positive result. CONCLUSIONS : Sensitivity and absolute levels of CJD markers increased with disease progression and were modulated by the codon 129 genotype. Early negative results should be inter-preted with caution, especially in young patients or those who are MV at codon 129.     

Elevation of neuron-specific enolase in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of early stage Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with early stage Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). METHODS: The levels of NSE in serum and CSF were examined in 6 cases with CJD patients. The levels of NSE in CSF were measured in 8 age matched control patients with other neurological diseases and the levels of serum NSE were also measured in another 8 age matched control patients with other neurological diseases. The groups of 8 age matched control patients consisted of 1 same patient and 7 different patients in the 2 control groups both for serum and CSF. RESULTS: The level of serum NSE in CJD (17.3 +/- 7.0 ng/ml, mean +/- SD) was significantly higher than that of controls (6.5 +/- 1.6) (P < 0.02) as was the case in CSF (79.3 +/- 53.3 ng/ml) vs (9.6 +/- 2.9) (P < 0.03). CONCLUSION: Although mean NSE levels of CJD were higher in CSF than in the serum, there still is a case with higher serum NSE level than CSF. These results suggest that the mechanism of elevation of serum NSE may not be a simple leakage from CSF, and that the measurement of serum NSE level may be useful for diagnosis of early stage CJD.     

Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in human genetic transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

The 14-3-3 protein test has been shown to support the clinical diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) when associated with an adequate clinical context, and a high differential potential for the diagnosis of sporadic CJD has been attributed to other cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins such as tau protein, S100b and neuron specific enolase (NSE). So far there has been only limited information available about biochemical markers in genetic transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (gTSE), although they represent 10–15% of human TSEs. In this study, we analyzed CSF of 174 patients with gTSEs for 14-3-3 (n = 166), tau protein (n = 78), S100b (n = 46) and NSE (n = 50). Levels of brain-derived proteins in CSF varied in different forms of gTSE. Biomarkers were found positive in the majority of gCJD (81%) and insert gTSE (69%), while they were negative in most cases of fatal familial insomnia (13%) and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (10%). Disease duration and codon 129 genotype influence the findings in a different way than in sporadic CJD.     

Report on the first Chinese family with Gerstmann‐Sträussler‐Scheinker disease manifesting the codon 102 mutation in the prion protein gene

The authors found a female patient aged 33‐years with dementia and cerebellar ataxia rapidly progressing for a year. EEG tracings were abnormal but without features of typical CJD. The patient died 13 months after the onset of illness. Biopsy of her cerebral cortex showed moderate spongiform changes, neuronal loss and gliosis. Numerous deposits of eosinophilic substance amorphous or in the shape of Kuru plaques were disclosed in the cerebral cortex. All deposits stained strongly with monoclonal 3F4 antibody to human prion protein. Genetic studies disclosed the Pro to Leu point mutation at codon 102 with a 102 Leu‐129 Met in the PrP gene. Codon 129 was heterozygous for Met/Val, and codon 219 was homozygous for Glu/Glu. It was established; moreover, that the patient’s grandfather had a similar disease and died at age 48 and the patient’s brother died after a 10‐year long neurological disease diagnosed as hereditary cerebellar ataxia. On the basis of clinical, neuropathological and genetic findings, the authors diagnosed the Gerstmann‐Sträussler‐Scheinker disease, a familial prion disease with an autosomal dominant character. This is the first report on this disease in China.     

Use of 14-3-3 and other brain-specific proteins in CSF in the diagnosis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

OBJECTIVES: The detection of the protein 14-3-3 in the CSF has been shown to be a reliable and sensitive marker for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Other brain-specific proteins such as neuron specific enolase (NSE), S-100b, and tau protein have also been reported to be increased in the CSF of patients with sporadic CJD. In 1996 a variant of CJD (vCJD) was described which is likely to be causally linked to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. This study reports and compares the findings of CSF brain specific protein analysis in 45 patients with vCJD and in 34 control patients. METHODS: The CSF from 45 patients with vCJD and 34 controls were investigated for the presence of 14-3-3 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting with chemiluminescent detection. Tau protein, S-100b, and NSE concentrations in CSF were measured using enzyme immunoassays. RESULTS: Protein 14-3-3 was detected in the CSF of 22/45 patients with vCJD and in 3/34 controls. The mean concentrations of NSE, S-100b, and tau protein in CSF were significantly raised in patients with vCJD compared with controls. The positive predictive value of CSF 14-3-3 was 86% and the negative predictive value was 63%. These values are lower than those reported for sporadic CJD. An increased CSF tau had a positive predictive value of 93% and a negative predictive value of 81%. The combination of CSF 14-3-3 and/or increased CSF tau had a positive predictive value of 91% and a negative predictive value of 84%. CONCLUSIONS: CSF protein 14-3-3 is not as useful a marker for vCJD as it is for sporadic CJD. Increased concentration of CSF tau was found to be a sensitive marker of vCJD but as concentrations may be increased in many forms of non-CJD dementia, this may limit its usefulness as a diagnostic test.     

Decreased beta-amyloid1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

OBJECTIVES: Decreased levels of Abeta1-42 are found in CSF of patients with AD. Because early stages of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and AD share several clinical features, we investigated Abeta1-42 levels in CSF of these groups, inferring that this might give additional help in differentiating patients with CJD from AD patients. METHODS: We investigated 27 patients with CJD, 14 patients with AD, 19 patients with other dementias, and 20 nondemented controls (NDC) for Abeta1-42 in CSF. Twenty-four of the 27 CJD patients were neuropathologically verified. All the neuropathologically verified patients presented with a type 1 prion protein pattern. CJD patients were all homozygous for methionine at codon 129. Except in five CJD patients, no beta-amyloid plaques were seen. Additionally, APOE status was determined in patients with CJD. RESULTS: Levels of Abeta1-42 in CSF were decreased in patients with AD as well as in CJD. Levels of Abeta1-42 in CSF of patients with CJD and AD were significantly different from the other dementia and NDC groups. There was no substantial difference between the CJD and AD groups (p = 0.66). Decreased levels of Abeta1-42 did not correlate with the APOE epsilon4 load in patients with CJD. CONCLUSION: Low levels of Abeta1-42 in CSF do not exclude a diagnosis of CJD. Decreased levels of Abeta1-42 in CSF can occur without beta-amyloid plaque formation in the brain. However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon must be elucidated.