杀鼠灵毒饵睛次性饱和投毒法灭鼠效果观察

杀鼠灵毒饵灭鼠一次性采用连续投毒３～１０ｄ的方法进行，根据青海省格尔木地区低温、干燥的气候特点，本试验首次使用０．０２５％小麦粘附杀鼠灵毒饵一次性饱和投毒法灭鼠，室内每间房屋（１５ｍ＾２）投毒饵３堆（每堆３０ｇ）；粮库、饮食场所、办公区、居民区等地采用毒饵盒投放；室外采用砖砌毒饵站，每２０ｍ投放一毒饵站，每站１００～１５０ｇ，在鼠类活动频繁、密度高的地方可投放２００～３００ｇ。用鼠迹方块法和鼠迹九     

多功能毒鼠器杀灭家栖鼠类效果观察

近年来,杀灭家栖鼠类的方法很多,如毒鼠盒、毒鼠屋、毒饵站等毒鼠器械,在实际的灭鼠工作中已有应用。在应用中,有利于毒饵的长期保存,防止其他有益动物和鸟类误食、不污染环境、灭鼠效果理想,长期存放可巩固灭鼠效果。但其功能单一识能投放毒饵）、不利于毒饵更换、做工粗糙和影响环境美观等不足。本次实验采用的多功能毒鼠器既具备了其他毒鼠设备的优点,同时也弥补了不足。我们于２００１年２月２２日至３月１４日进行了多功能毒鼠器杀灭家栖鼠类的实验,结果如下。1 材料与方法1．１ 试验器械多功能毒鼠器,系咸阳环保卫生防疫制品…     

碳酸氢铵实验室杀灭钉螺效果观察

目的观察碳酸氢铵不同用量、方法和时间实验室杀灭钉螺效果。方法碳酸氢铵分别以干粉集中点投放、撒干粉、兑水喷洒3种方式施药,碳铵剂量100、200、300、400、500 g/m2,同时设0 g/m2对照,每组投放钉螺1 000只,然后地膜覆盖。试验后1、3、7、10、20、25、30、35、40、45 d各取出100只钉螺鉴别死活。浸杀法碳铵剂量0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1、2、3、4、5、7、10 g/L,同时设0 g/m2对照,每剂量组投放钉螺1 000只,试后1～10 d,每天各组取钉螺100只鉴别死活。结果碳铵集中点投放法1～3 d各组钉螺死亡87%～100%、干粉撒为83%～100%、兑水喷洒法为85%～100%,3种方法 7～45 d均为100%。浸杀法3 g/L剂量及以上,48 h钉螺死亡均为100%,2 g/L剂量仅10 d时达到100%。结论碳铵100～500 g/m2集中点投放、兑水喷洒、干粉撒覆盖和浸杀法2 g/L及以上用量均有很好的灭螺效果。     

乌鲁木齐县粮油加工厂灭鼠效果观察

乌鲁木齐县粮油加工厂位于乌鲁木齐市北郊 ,占地面积5 1480 m2 ,年生产加工能力 5万余吨 ,储存能力 4万吨 ,其加工原料有小麦、玉米、油菜等 ,6 0 %的原料为露天打垛存放。多年来该厂灭鼠措施不当 ,鼠害破坏极为严重。 1991年为配合乌鲁木齐县全县灭鼠 ,对该厂进行了鼠种和密度等摸底调查后 ,制定了灭鼠技术指导方案。1　内容与方法1.1　鼠种及密度调查 :使用中号铁板鼠夹 ,以水果、香肠为诱饵。采用夹日法 ,室内每 15 m2 布一夹 ,露天粮垛、墙根每 5～15 m布一夹。鼠密度调查采用粉迹法按标准房间每 15 m2 布粉 2块 ,粮垛、墙根每 5～ 15 m…     

杀鼠灵毒饵营区灭鼠效果观察

结合部队创建卫生先进单位,营造良好环境,笔者于1997年5月采用杀鼠灵毒饵对某部营区进行较大规模的灭鼠效果观察,结果如下。1 材料与方法1.1 材料 2％杀鼠灵母粉,系军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所提供。呈粉状,不易溶于水,诱饵为新鲜玉米馇和大米各占50％。1.2 毒饵配制 现场选用两个生境类似的部队营区分为试验区和对照区。营区周围主要有农田、菜地及猪圈等;褐家鼠为优势种,小家鼠次之。取79份诱饵(玉米馇、大米)将1.5％植物油做粘着剂,加适量糖,搅拌均匀后加本品杀鼠灵1份,再充分拌匀即成0.025％玉米馇、大米混合杀鼠灵毒饵。     

南澎列岛现场应用灭鼠防霉毒饵的试验研究

目的 验证灭鼠防霉毒饵的现场防霉和灭鼠效果，为南澎列岛的灭鼠和巩固灭鼠成果探索经验。方法 摄食性试验采用饵消耗法；防霉效果观察选择具代表性试验点，各投等量防霉饵和基饵大米，连续观察至全部霉变；现场灭鼠采取饱和投毒法，灭效评价采用饵消耗法和粉迹法。结果 防霉饵的消耗率为53．40％，摄食系数为1．15。对照组大米在野外的战壕、灌丛、草地等试验点，经2－3d暴露后85％霉变，4d后100％霉变。防霉饵经4d暴露后，均未霉变，至5－6d后有少数霉变，7－11d全部霉变；在野外沙滩和室内，对照组大米保持5－7d不霉变，防霉饵则保持2周以上。饵消耗法和粉迹法灭鼠率分别达97．87％和97．67％。结论 南澎列岛鼠种群对防霉饵的接受性好，防霉毒饵的防霉效果显，灭鼠效果高，且有利于巩固灭鼠成果。     

2004年首例SARS病例环境鼠害及鼠中SARS-CoV基因分析

目的　为了了解2 0 0 4年首发SARS病例周围环境鼠害及鼠类是否存在SARS CoV特异基因,研究探索鼠类作为SARS的媒介或来源的可能性。方法　应用环境鼠迹目测法与鼠笼诱法调查鼠密度方法和应用巢式RT PCR检测鼠样本中特异SARS CoV基因,扩增阳性产物测序,并应用DNASTAR软件分析比较。结果　首例病人居住工作的LJ花园LB楼及其周边楼宇环境鼠害较严重,重点检查首层楼房天花板、配电房等重点场所共5 0间,鼠迹阳性率为2 6 % ;检查住宅楼周围外环境累计2 0 0 0m ,发现鼠迹6 2处;鼠笼诱阳性率7.9% ;用RT PCR检测病例周围环境15只家鼠和2 4只臭鼠句鼠青的肺组织和肛拭子,其中6只黄胸鼠肺组织中有3只阳性,一只肛拭子阳性,其余为阴性;扩增阳性产物基因核苷酸序列与SARS目的基因序列的同源性为95 %及96 %。结论　2 0 0 4年首例SARS病例生活工作周围环境鼠侵害严重,捕获鼠类中也发现SARS CoV特异基因。     

氯硝柳胺缓释杀蚴控制急性血吸虫病4年效果观察

云南高山峡谷型血吸虫病重流行区的钉螺孳生环境复杂 ,灭螺困难 ,疫情难以控制。我们从 1997年开始采用玉米芯浸泡氯硝柳胺缓释大面积投放杀蚴 ,结果报告如下。1　试区概况选择洱源县山丘型高山峡谷亚型的血吸虫病重流行区乔后镇炼铁乡的 2 6个自然村作为观察区。观察区 2 6个自然村 ,10 48户 ,人口 5 35 5人 ,耕地 480 .2 4hm2 。观察区现有钉螺面积 15 4万 m2 ,有螺框出现率 0 .5 2 %～ 33.6 6 % ,活螺平均密度 0 .0 6～ 2 .15只 /框 (每框 0 .1m2 ,下同 ) ,钉螺自然感染率为 0 .0 3%～ 4.74% ,阳性螺平均密度 0 .0 0 1～ 0 .5 5 6只 /框…     

实验条件下几种灭鼠剂对草原兔尾鼠的杀灭效果

草原兔尾鼠是新疆荒漠草原所特有的害鼠之一,作者在开展城市灭鼠工作的同时,用5种常用的灭鼠剂,对本所人工驯化的草原兔尾鼠进行了适口性和毒杀试验。每一试验组试鼠10～40只,雌雄各半,每5只同性鼠为一个饲养笼。对照组10只,雌雄各半。毒饵用新鲜小麦配制。在实验室条件下用0．005％和0．01％4敌隆、0．01％氯敌鼠钠盐、0．05％和0．1％敌鼠钠盐、0．035％和0．07％杀鼠迷、0．5％和1％甘氟5种灭鼠剂,配制成毒饵喂食草原兔尾鼠。分1天量和3天量两组,毒杀效果依次为甘氟＞敌鼠钠盐＞杀鼠迷＞溴敌隆＞氯敌鼠钠盐。灭鼠剂适口性逐次为溴敌隆＞氯敌鼠钠盐＞杀鼠迷＞敌鼠钠盐＞甘氟。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂杀螺效果研究

目的　评价 2 5 %氯硝柳胺悬浮剂 ( SCN)的实验室和现场杀螺效果。方法　采用实验室及现场浸杀和喷洒法进行 SCN杀螺试验 ,同时以 5 0 %氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂 ( WPN)和清水做对照试验。结果　室内浸杀 :SCN2 4h L C50 为 0 .0 474m g/ L;WPN L C50 为 0 .0 947mg/ L;二者间杀螺率差异有非常显著性 ( P<0 .0 1)。室内喷洒 :用 SCN 0 .2 5、0 .5 0、1.0 0、2 .0 0 g/ ( L· m2 )各浓度组杀螺率均高于对应的 WPN各浓度组的杀螺率。现场浸杀 :用 SCN 2 mg/ L (有效浓度 0 .5 mg/ L ) ,对投放的螺袋内钉螺和沟内泥土中筛取钉螺的杀螺率均高于 WPN 2 mg/ L (有效浓度 1.0 mg/ L )浸杀。现场喷洒也同样显示 2 g/ ( L· m2 ) SCN杀螺率高于 2 g/ ( L· m2 ) WPN的杀螺率。结论　2 mg/ L或 2 g/ ( L· m2 ) SCN浸杀或喷洒 ,其杀螺率高于 2 mg/ L或 2 g/ ( L· m2 ) WPN ;SCN是一种高效、价廉、使用方便的新剂型 ;建议在进一步扩大试验的基础上 ,进行现场推广使用     

C型肉毒杀鼠素和敌鼠钠盐毒饵杀灭啮齿动物的效果比较

本次试验采用Ｃ型肉毒杀鼠素和敌鼠钠盐毒饵对有栖鼠类和野外小型啮齿动物进行杀灭效果比较。室内选２００个房间分两个杀灭区,分放两种毒饵,野外选面积２６公顷,以天然屏幕分两个杀灭区,分放两种毒饵。室内用方块法调查灭效,杀鼠素毒饵灭效９２．８１％,敌鼠钠盐毒饵灭效９０．１８％,九格法调查,杀鼠素毒饵灭效９０．６８５,敌鼠钠盐毒饵灭效９０．１２％,Ｐ〉０．０５。     

云南山区密达利灭螺效果和鱼毒性观察

目的观察云南高原血吸虫流行区密达利杀螺效果和鱼毒性。方法室内采用密达利不同浓度组浸杀、喷洒灭螺,现场选鱼塘周围有钉螺孳生的各类环境灭螺,同时观察对鱼的毒性。结果室内试验设清水对照和密达利2．5、5、10、15、20、50、100g／m37个浓度组,浸杀法第7天钉螺死亡率分别为2．00％、58．00％、68．00％、66．00％、76．00％、82．00％、90．00％、96．00％,喷洒法第7天钉螺死亡率分别为2．00％、66．00％、78．00％、80．00％、84．00％、88．00％、90．00％、90．00％,密达利浸杀法和喷洒法各浓度组随时间的延长和浓度的增加,钉螺死亡率上升。现场灭螺剂量5—10g,灭螺后7、15、30d钉螺死亡率为52．28％、76．98％、71．89％,活螺框出现率分别下降了29．93％、52．37％、57．01％,活螺平均密度分别下降了51．50％、76．72％、71．03％。室内鱼毒性试验（厂家推荐剂量2．5—5g/m2或g／m3）,鱼死亡率与清水组比较没有统计学差别（x。=0．11,P〉0．05）,现场试验鱼没有死亡,也没有其他的水生生物死亡。结论密达利灭螺能有效降低活螺密度,对鱼类等水生物安全性高,在鱼塘及周围的有螺环境有使用价值。     

Warfarin-induced artery calcification is accelerated by growth and vitamin D

The present studies demonstrate that growth and vitamin D treatment enhance the extent of artery calcification in rats given sufficient doses of Warfarin to inhibit gamma-carboxylation of matrix Gla protein, a calcification inhibitor known to be expressed by smooth muscle cells and macrophages in the artery wall. The first series of experiments examined the influence of age and growth status on artery calcification in Warfarin-treated rats. Treatment for 2 weeks with Warfarin caused massive focal calcification of the artery media in 20-day-old rats and less extensive focal calcification in 42-day-old rats. In contrast, no artery calcification could be detected in 10-month-old adult rats even after 4 weeks of Warfarin treatment. To directly examine the importance of growth to Warfarin-induced artery calcification in animals of the same age, 20-day-old rats were fed for 2 weeks either an ad libitum diet or a 6-g/d restricted diet that maintains weight but prevents growth. Concurrent treatment of both dietary groups with Warfarin produced massive focal calcification of the artery media in the ad libitum-fed rats but no detectable artery calcification in the restricted-diet, growth-inhibited group. Although the explanation for the association between artery calcification and growth status cannot be determined from the present study, there was a relationship between higher serum phosphate and susceptibility to artery calcification, with 30% higher levels of serum phosphate in young, ad libitum-fed rats compared with either of the groups that was resistant to Warfarin-induced artery calcification, ie, the 10-month-old rats and the restricted-diet, growth-inhibited young rats. This observation suggests that increased susceptibility to Warfarin-induced artery calcification could be related to higher serum phosphate levels. The second set of experiments examined the possible synergy between vitamin D and Warfarin in artery calcification. High doses of vitamin D are known to cause calcification of the artery media in as little as 3 to 4 days. High doses of the vitamin K antagonist Warfarin are also known to cause calcification of the artery media, but at treatment times of 2 weeks or longer yet not at 1 week. In the current study, we investigated the synergy between these 2 treatments and found that concurrent Warfarin administration dramatically increased the extent of calcification in the media of vitamin D-treated rats at 3 and 4 days. There was a close parallel between the effect of vitamin D dose on artery calcification and the effect of vitamin D dose on the elevation of serum calcium, which suggests that vitamin D may induce artery calcification through its effect on serum calcium. Because Warfarin treatment had no effect on the elevation in serum calcium produced by vitamin D, the synergy between Warfarin and vitamin D is probably best explained by the hypothesis that Warfarin inhibits the activity of matrix Gla protein as a calcification inhibitor. High levels of matrix Gla protein are found at sites of artery calcification in rats treated with vitamin D plus Warfarin, and chemical analysis showed that the protein that accumulated was indeed not gamma-carboxylated. These observations indicate that although the gamma-carboxyglutamate residues of matrix Gla protein are apparently required for its function as a calcification inhibitor, they are not required for its accumulation at calcification sites.     

Influence of Dietary Protein Concentration and Quality on Response to Erythropoietin in the Polycythaemic Rat

S ummary . The effects were examined of dietary protein concentration and quality on the response of polycythaemic hypertransfused rats to 6 units of human urinary erythropoietin. Rats were either starved or fed one of 14 different diets. Four protein sources were used, having a quality gradient from 100 to about 24. Two proteins—casein and wheat gluten—were used at five different levels of concentration (5–25%) in the diet. The response of rats maintained on the standard diet (Purina rat chow, 23.4% protein/g) was taken as the normal standard. The response to erythropoietin was 25% of normal in starved rats and 35% of normal in rats put on a protein-free diet. When 10% protein in the diet was obtained by using high biological value proteins (egg yolk or casein) the response to erythropoietin was normal. When the same concentration was achieved by using low biological value proteins (wheat gluten or corn protein) the response to erythropoietin was undistinguishable from that of rats put on the protein-free diet. When rats were maintained on diets with different concentrations of casein (5–25%) a normal response was observed when protein concentration was 10% with no further changes at higher concentrations. When rats were fed diets with different wheat gluten concentrations (5–25%) the response to erythropoietin was subnormal. These data suggest that the ability of rats to respond normally to erythropoietin is dependent on a continuous dietary intake of proteins at levels which are dependent on their biological values.     

黄果茄植物提取物的灭螺效果及对鱼类和大鼠急性毒性试验研究

目的 掌握和了解黄果茄植物提取物（SX）对钉螺的杀灭效果和对鱼类以及大鼠的急性毒性作用。方法 进行了常规的灭螺试验和鱼类急性毒性试验以及大鼠急性经口毒性试验。结果 SX浓度为4．32mg/L时浸泡湖北钉螺,24h死亡率为96．7％,48h死亡率达100％;SX对鱼类稀有Ju鲫的急性毒性试验,在0．27mg/L浓度中,24h的死亡率为0,在17＝28mg/L浓度中,24h死亡率为100％;SX对稀有Ju鲫的LC50为2．02mg/L,95%的可信限为1．33－3．06mg/L。对大鼠急性经口毒性的绝对致死剂量为2150mg/kg体重,LD50为794mg/kg体重,95％可信限为584－1080mg/kg体重。结论 SX具有较好的灭螺效果,但对鱼类稀有Ju鲫有中等毒性作用,对大鼠的作用属低毒类。     

Prevention of the toxic action of tumor necrosis factor by cyclooxygenase inhibitor and leukopenia

The interactions between leukopenia induced by vinblastine and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin on the toxicity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were studied. When indomethacin was injected 60 min before the administration of recombinant TNF, it provided significant protection against rapid killing by TNF; leukopenia also prevented the toxic action of TNF. However, their inhibition of the activity of TNF was not sufficient, and 17-25% of the rats died within 48 hr following TNF administration. Every rat that received peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) died within 24 hr following the administration of TNF. On the other hand, administration of indomethacin to the rats in leukopenia prevented the toxic action of TNF completely, and all rats lived for 48 hr and showed no changes, compared to normal rats, in hematocrit, plasma transaminase, and body temperature. From these findings, the toxic action of TNF seems to result from increases in synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) and activation of PMNLs.     

噻虫啉治疗继发性泡型包虫病的实验研究

目的通过观察不同浓度噻虫啉(Thia)对棘球蚴的杀伤作用,评价噻虫啉应用于治疗多房棘球蚴病的效果,旨在探索噻虫啉开发为抗包虫病先导化合物的潜能。方法体外实验中以不同浓度噻虫啉作用于多房棘球蚴原头节,以0.1%伊红染色评价原头节存活情况,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察原头节超微结构改变。体内实验将继发性感染多房棘球蚴小鼠分为3组:模型组、阿苯达唑组(ABZ, 100 mg/kg)、Thia组(20 mg/kg),以未感染小鼠作为空白对照组。经药物灌胃治疗4 w后,分离小鼠脾脏和包虫囊肿称取重量,计算脾脏指数和抑囊率,HE染色后观察囊肿形态学改变。此外,从体外(LO2和HepG2细胞)和体内(Balb/c小鼠)评价噻虫啉毒性。结果 40μg/mL噻虫啉在体外即表现出对原头节的杀伤作用,并导致原头节体表及内部结构破坏。体内药物治疗4 w后,小鼠脾脏指数较模型组增高(P<0.05),包虫囊肿重量较模型组减轻(P<0.05)。包虫囊肿病理显示Thia组未见生发层结构。噻虫啉浓度低于80μg/mL无明显细胞毒性,20 mg/kg噻虫啉无明显的体内肝肾毒性。结论噻虫啉在...     

密达杀灭钉螺效果的研究

目的评价密达不同剂型杀灭钉螺效果,有关因素的影响以及对非靶水生物的毒性.方法分别采用泥盘接触法、烧杯浸杀法和斑马鱼实验法,观察密达5种剂型杀灭钉螺效果,了解泥土湿度和温度对密达杀螺作用的影响,测定密达2种剂型的急性鱼毒.结果施药后5 d和7 d,5种剂型杀螺效果均有明显差异,其中75%可湿性粉剂的生物活性最高,泥盘接触法3 d、5 d和7 d的LC 50分别为3.93 g/m2、0.91 g/m2和0.69 g/m2;实验表明密达杀钉螺效果有随泥土湿度和温度提高而增强的趋势;密达10%沙粒剂和75%可湿性粉剂24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h对斑马鱼的LD50均＞10mg/L.结论密达各剂型对钉螺均具有不同程度的杀灭作用,其中以75%可湿性粉剂杀螺效果最好;湿度和温度对密达杀螺效果影响较大,实际使用时须掌握条件;密达为一类低毒杀螺剂,适用于水产养殖地区及其它特定环境的灭螺处理.