关节镜下同时修复重建前交叉韧带合并半月板损伤

目的　探讨关节镜下同时修复重建前交叉韧带 (ACL)合并半月板损伤的临床效果。方法　 4 8例患者全部在关节镜下完成ACL、半月板损伤的修复重建术。术前临床症状、体征包括 :膝关节行走痛 4 1例 ,膝关节不稳定感 36例 ,关节交锁史 8例 ,Lachman试验阳性 4 5例 ,前抽屉试验阳性 38例 ,外侧轴移试验阳性 2 4例。半月板损伤采用系列导管下特制长缝合针由内向外缝合法修复 ;ACL损伤修复采用半腱肌、股薄肌 ,闭合拉出微型钢板法重建 ,术后采用康复治疗。　结果　本组随访 13～ 6 5个月 ,平均 2 7个月。 1例剧烈活动后膝关节胀痛 ,2例活动受限 2 0° ,其余关节功能正常。Lyshlom膝关节评分 ,术前 5 8± 9,术后 95± 5 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论　关节镜下同时修复重建ACL、半月板损伤的疗效显著 ,值得推广。     

关节镜下重建膝关节新鲜与陈旧前交叉韧带训练伤疗效对比分析

目的比较部队官兵体能训练所致膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤手术时机对疗效的影响。方法关节镜下对平均病程(5±0.8)周27例新鲜组和平均病程(76±10.5)周19例陈旧组ACL损伤,均以半腱肌和股薄肌为替代物进行手术重建。结果按Lysholm评分,新鲜组和陈旧组ACL损伤的优良率分别为92.5%和78.9%,两组比较差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论体能训练所致膝关节交叉韧带损伤早期关节镜手术重建的疗效优于晚期重建。     

关节镜下双股半腱肌重建前交叉韧带

前交叉韧带（ＡＣＬ）损伤是常见膝部损伤，有关诊断、关节镜下修复重建的问题已引起临床界的重视〔１、２〕。采用我科自行研制的配套器械行双股半腱肌关节镜下重建ＡＣＬ手术，临床治疗５０例前交叉韧带损伤患者，随访资料完整３９例，取得满意的临床效果。１资料与方法...     

应用半腱肌、股薄肌和髌韧带在关节镜下重建前交叉韧带65例

目的 探讨应用髌韧带（bone-patellar tendon-bone,BTB)和半腱肌、股薄肌（bone-ham-string-bone,BHB)在关节镜下修复前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤的临床疗效。手术要点及关节功能改善情况。方法 在膝关节镜直视下,选用自体BTB和BHB行ACL竽建手术65例,其中BTB重建30例,BHB重建31例,股四头肌腱重建4例,结果 随访时间1个月-3年,手术前Lachman和Piveot shift试验从阳性转为阴性,按日本骨科学会膝关节疗效评定标准,优48例,良7例,可10例,本组病人2个月后均恢复原来日常活动,半年后恢复体育活动,结论 应用BTB、BHB在关节镜下修复ACL损伤,术中等长点的选择是手术关键,坚强固定是早期康复训练的前提。     

关节镜下钮扣钢板固定四股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带

目的 探讨关节镜下钮扣钢板固定四股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带的治疗效果。方法 关节镜下四股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带20例。术前MRI证实膝关节前交叉韧带断裂,术中关节镜下均证实膝关节前交叉韧带断裂,四股半腱肌重建者用钮扣钢板固定。结果 平均随访7个月,无1例打软腿,假交锁症状消失,关节痛消失。X线见内固定物与术后一致,无移位。Lysholm膝关节功能评分：术前平均54.5,随访评分95.6。结论 关节镜下四股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带临床效果好,并发症少,手术时间短。     

膝关节镜下同种异体髌骨-髌腱-胫骨移植物重建交叉韧带41例

目的探讨应用同种异体髌骨-髌腱-胫骨(B-PT-B)移植物在关节镜监视下重建膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)、后交叉韧带(PCL)的体会及疗效观察。方法对32例ACL断裂、6例PCL断裂、3例ACL及PCL同时断裂共41例43个膝关节的患者,在关节镜下应用由山西骨组织库提供的同种异体B-PT-B移植物(包括新鲜及经辐射两种材料)进行膝关节交叉韧带重建,同时处理合并伤,观察手术前后生化、免疫学指标的变化及全身及膝关节局部反应,定期检查康复锻炼、关节功能等情况,应用Lysholm评分进行功能评定。结果除1例于术后10d因急性化脓性扁桃体炎致患膝感染(经关节腔冲洗、应用抗生素后治愈),其余患者均未见排异反应及感染发生。38例获得随访,时间4-40个月,所有患膝关节屈伸活动度正常,无膝前区疼痛;6例患者体检有弱阳性或阳性体征,其中2例ACL及PCL均重建者术后抽屉试验阳性需再次行紧缩及后外侧结构重建手术,1例ACL重建者于术后2个月爬山跌倒致重建ACL部分撕裂伤而行紧缩术。术后Lyaholm评分为(92.20±2.14)分,与术前(57.63±7.14)分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论应用同种异体B-PT-B在关节镜下重建膝关节ACL、PCL有良好的手术疗效,可避免自体移植物取材后造成的并发症;同种异体B-PT-B移植物是重建ACL、PCL理想的替代材料。     

异体移植解剖重建前交叉韧带的疗效观察

目的观察前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤后应用深低温冷冻保存的异体骨-ACL-骨钮扣钢板固定法重建ACL后2～4年的中期临床疗效,探讨解剖重建ACL的可行性和必然性。方法自1999年9月至2002年10月,对15例应用深低温冷冻保存的异体骨-ACL-骨钮扣钢板固定法重建ACE的单侧膝关节ACL损伤患者进行回顾分析。平均随访36．9个月,对中期的肌力恢复程度、活动度、Lachman试验、轴移试验、Lysholm评分及X线片隧道扩大现象进行对比研究。结果大腿周径与健侧相差(0．976±0,119)cm。伸膝受限＜3°12例。屈曲受限＜5°13例。Lachman试验均阴性。Lysholm评分从术前(66．2±4．6)分提高至术后(89．4±3．2)分。X线片所显示的隧道无扩大现象。结论关节镜引导下应用深低温冷冻保存的异体骨-ACL-骨钮扣钢板固定法重建ACL,可以使ACL同时达到等长重建和解剖重建。在重建ACL方面,骨-ACL-骨更有利于ACL的功能恢复。     

海军飞行员关节镜下重建前交叉韧带的医学鉴定

目的 介绍海军飞行员前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤患者采用自体4股半腱肌腱+股薄肌腱重建ACL的手术方法 及远期疗效. 方法 关节镜下以自体4股半腱肌腱+股薄肌腱为ACL重建替代物,保留少许ACL残端作为定位标志物,对11例ACL损伤飞行员行重建术. 结果 术后11例飞行员膝关节活动度均恢复至正常范围,无韧带撞击现象,前抽屉试验阴性,Lachman试验均小于I度.Lysholm评分由术前的平均49.1分提高到术后的平均87.5分,差异具有显著性意义(t=8.335,P<0.01).膝关节功能优良率术前与术后比较,差异具有显著性意义(X<'2>=6.793,P<0.01).11例飞行员中8例飞行合格,2例飞行暂不合格,1例飞行不合格. 结论 关节镜下自体4股半腱肌腱+股薄肌腱重建ACL是恢复膝关节稳定性较好的方法 ,关节镜下重建ACL是ACL损伤飞行员较为理想的手术方式,其创伤较小、卧床时间短、远期疗效较好.     

急性膝关节前交叉韧带不完全损伤关节镜下诊治方法选择

目的探讨急性膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)不完全损伤的关节镜下诊断意义和早期临床治疗方案的选择。方法1999年8月-2003年10月收治急性膝关节ACL不完全损伤37例,所有患者均早期行关节镜检查确诊,其中关节镜下射频皱缩术后保守治疗8例,Ⅰ期行ACL加强手术19例,Ⅰ期行ACL重建手术10例,随诊10~23个月,并行临床效果评定。结果获随诊患者34例(92%),治疗康复6个月膝关节Lysholm评分,从术前(43.6±5.2)分提高到(91.8±2.3)分,与术前比较有显著提高(P<0.01)。结论急性膝关节ACL不完全损伤应早期首选关节镜检查以明确诊断,确定损伤程度,选择合理的临床治疗方案;Ⅰ期镜下修复或重建ACL,对早期恢复膝关节稳定有重要的临床意义。     

前交叉韧带部分断裂的诊治

目的 :探讨前交叉韧带 (anteriorcruciateligament,ACL)部分断裂的诊断方法和治疗方式。方法 :2 0 0 0年 3月～ 2 0 0 2年 6月收治ACL部分断裂患者 2 4例 ,其中 7例以前内束断裂为主 ,17例以后外束断裂为主。所有病例均经关节镜检查确诊 ,其中行关节镜下ACL重建者 16例。结合症状、体征和MRI进行诊断 ,并比较前内束断裂和后外束断裂临床表现的差异。术后随访 9～ 13个月 ,平均 11个月。对手术前后膝关节Lysholm评分结果进行统计分析。结果 :本组病例出现关节不稳的 ,ACL前内束断裂者占 2 8 6 % ,后外束断裂者占 98 2 % ;体检前抽屉试验 (ADT)、Lachman试验和轴移试验 (PST)阳性率 ,前内束断裂者分别为 71 4 %、14 3%和 0 ;后外束断裂者分别为 17 6 %、98 2 %和 76 5 %。ACL重建术后Lysholm评分平均为 93 4 7± 2 6 2 ,较术前 (6 3 5 3± 8 11)明显提高(P <0 0 1)。结论 :ACL部分断裂根据损伤部位的不同临床表现也存在差异。后外束断裂者出现关节不稳较前内束常见 ,前内束断裂主要表现为前抽屉试验阳性 ,而后外束断裂常表现为Lachman试验和轴移试验阳性。对于伴有关节不稳的 ,手术重建ACL效果良好。     

Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction using a bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft: a technical note

This article describes an original arthroscopic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction technique using a bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft. A rectangular patellar bone block, with a double strand patellar tendon, and a double tibial bone block is harvested. The femoral anteromedial tunnel is made using an all-inside technique by the anteromedial portal. The femoral posterolateral (PL) tunnel is created with an outside-in technique, with a 30° divergence between both tunnels. A single tibial tunnel is drilled, the graft is then passed through the tibial tunnel, and the bundles are separately tensioned and fixed with three bioabsorbable interference screws. The femoral AM bone block is fixed by the anteromedial portal, the tibial bone block is then fixed in an oblique manner in order to mimic the ACL orientation with the knee at 30° of flexion. The femoral PL bone block is fixed at the end with the knee in full extension.     

One-stage anatomic double-bundle anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the autogenous hamstring tendons

This is the first report of an anatomic double-bundle ACL and PCL reconstruction procedure with the autogenous hamstring tendons. We prepare two pairs of the doubled tendon grafts, to which a polyester tape and an Endobutton-CL are attached using our original technique at the tibial and femoral ends, respectively. Under arthroscopic and fluoroscopic observations, two tibial tunnels for PCL reconstruction are created so that they pass through the posteromedial and anterolateral bundle attachments, respectively. Then, we create two tibial tunnels for anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction so that each tunnel axis is aimed at a targeted point on the femoral condyle. Using the outside-in technique, two femoral tunnels for PCL reconstruction are created so that the tunnel outlets are located at the center of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundle attachments. Then, two femoral tunnels for anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction are created with the trans-tibial tunnel technique. After the two grafts have been placed for PCL reconstruction, the two grafts are placed for ACL reconstruction. After all the femoral graft ends are fixed, the knee joint is reduced to the full extension position, and then, the four tibial tape portions are simultaneously fixed with the turn-buckle stapling technique.     

ACL reconstruction with semitendinosus tendon autograft without detachment of its tibial insertion: a histologic study in a rabbit model

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histologic changes that occur between 3 and 12 weeks in an intra-articular, semitendinosus autograft, which was harvested without detachment of its tibial insertion and was placed through tibial and femoral drill holes, in a rabbit model. About 30 New Zealand white rabbits underwent ACL replacement using a semitendinosus tendon autograft. The normal ACL was transected at its femoral and tibial insertions. The tendon graft was harvested without detachment of its tibial insertion and its free end was secured with sutures. The graft was then passed through one tibial and one femoral tunnel and secured at the lateral femoral condyle. All animals were divided into three groups and were killed at 3, 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. Nine more animals underwent ACL reconstruction using a free semitendinosus tendon autograft. These animals were used as controls. The intra-articular portion of the graft and the interface between the bone tunnel and the graft was evaluated postoperatively for gross morphology and histological appearance. Results of this study showed that in a rabbit model the semitendinosus tendon autograft retained its viability when harvested without detachment of its peripheral insertion. On contrary, at the control group, necrosis of the graft was observed 3 weeks after surgery and progressively revascularization and maturation occurred 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. Retaining the tibial insertion of the semitendinosus autograft seems to preserves its viability and bypasses the stages of avascular necrosis and revascularization that occurs with the use of a free tendon autograft.     

Arthroscopic evaluation of ACL grafts reconstructed with the anatomical two-bundle technique using hamstring tendon autograft

This article describes second-look arthroscopic evaluation of the transplanted grafts after anatomical two-bundle ACL reconstruction, which had been performed between December 2000 and March 2004. Using two double-looped semitendinosus tendon grafts via separate femoral and tibial tunnels in the anatomical ACL footprints, 65 patients (mean age of 24 years) underwent anatomical two-bundle ACL reconstruction. The evaluation was performed for those who had undergone the procedure 5–29 months (mean 16.5) previously, with emphasis on graft tension and the presence of graft damage by meticulous probing. None of the anteromedial (AM) grafts showed rupture, while 11% of the posterolateral (PL) grafts showed substantial damage around the femoral tunnel aperture. Both the AM and PL grafts were evaluated as lax without apparent graft rupture in 9% of the knees. These results suggest that the currently performed anatomical two-bundle ACL reconstruction and postoperative regimen still remain to be improved to achieve better postoperative graft morphology.     

How to avoid the risk of intraoperative cartilage damage in anatomic four tunnel double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Double bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is technically demanding. In order to create four anatomical anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bone tunnels many surgeons adopt new ways of tibial and femoral bone tunnel drilling. From surgical experience, these technical changes might increase the risk for intraoperative pitfalls. An intraoperative articular cartilage damage to the medial femoral condyle or the medial tibial plateau could be disastrous for the patient. It may be caused by an insufficient anteromedial portal technique for femoral AM and PL bone tunnel drilling or flat tibial AM or PL bone tunnel reaming. Potential pitfalls may be avoided by small modifications to the surgical technique. In this present technical note, a sequence of surgical steps are described, which may help to avoid articular cartilage damage to the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial plateau in anatomical four tunnel DB ACL reconstruction.     

MR evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon. Preliminary experience

PURPOSE: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions are becoming increasingly frequent, and MRI has been shown to be the best imaging modality for the non-invasive assessment of surgical outcome. Use of the quadriceps tendon as a biological replacement for injured cruciate ligament is a recent innovation. This study evaluated by MRI the results of anterior cruciate reconstruction in 27 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic reconstruction with homologous quadriceps tendon. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MRI was carried out on 27 patients who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the middle third of the homolateral quadriceps tendon. The examinations were performed on two MRI units: a permanent 0.2-Tesla dedicated magnet (Artoscan, Esaote Italy) and whole-body 1.5-Tesla superconducting magnet (Signa, GE Medical Systems Milwaukee, Winsconsin USA). Axial, sagittal and coronal images were acquired with SE, GE and STIR fat suppression sequences. The examinations were performed 1, 3, and 6 months post-operatively in 16 patients, and 1 and 3 post-operatively in 11 patients. The same arthroscopic surgical technique was employed in all patients, with 20 cases of tibial mono-tunnel femoral semi-tunnel, and 7 cases with tibial bi-tunnel technique. All patients were assessed by arthrometric and clinical tests after surgery. Bioabsorbable interference screws were used for tibial fixation in all patients and metallic interference screws were used for femoral graft fixation in 8 patients. RESULTS: In all cases MRI correctly visualised the tunnel positions, the articular portion and the bone-portion of the graft inside the tibial and femoral tunnels. The absence of paramagnetic artefacts in the tibia allowed complete visualisation on the axial, sagittal and coronal MRI images with optimal spatial and contrast resolutions. In 6 cases, the presence of metal residues from the surgical cutter prevented correct evaluation of femoral tunnel content. No new graft or articular lesions were found. In 18/27 cases peri-focal marrow edema around the tibial tunnel had disappeared 3 months after surgery. The process of synovial incorporation was judged to be correct in all cases. DISCUSSION: The use of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the quadriceps tendon is a important innovation given the size of the harvested material and the possibility of completely filling the osseous tunnels, without interposition of synovial proliferation or fluid collection between tendon and bone, as confirmed by MRI. Furthermore, the use of non-metallic screws allows MRI evaluation of tunnel content and oedema in the spongy bone around the tunnel. The study of the double tibial tunnel requires specific obliqueness in the coronal plane scans. CONCLUSIONS: This arthroscopic technique for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction allows thorough MRI evaluation of all portions of the transplant, and in particular those coursing within the tibia and femur. The absence of bone oedema around the tunnels and synovial proliferation within the tunnels may be predictive of faster healing and complete bone incorporation of the grafts.     

Intraoperative evaluation of anteroposterior and rotational stabilities in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: lower femoral tunnel placed single-bundle versus double-bundle reconstruction

Twenty-six patients with anteroposterior (AP) laxity of the knee, associated with torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), were prospectively randomized for arthroscopic lower femoral tunnel placed single- or double-bundle reconstruction using hamstring tendons. We evaluated AP and rotational stabilities under regular loads (a 100-N anterior load and a 1.5-N m external–internal load) before and after ACL reconstruction, comparing single- and double-bundle reconstruction with our original device for applying quantitative tibial rotation and the navigation system intraoperatively. No significant differences were found between the two groups in AP displacement and total range of tibial rotation at 30° and 60° of knee flexion. We found that a lower femoral tunnel placed single-bundle reconstruction reproduced AP and rotational stability as well as double-bundle reconstruction after reconstruction intraoperatively.     

Arthroscopic double bundle ACL reconstruction using a bone patellar tendon bone—gracilis tendon composite autograft: a technical note

The authors devised an alternative arthroscopic double bundle ACL reconstruction technique using a bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB)–gracilis tendon composite autograft. One tibial and two femoral tunnels were used to reconstruct two bundles of anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) [an anteromedial bundle (AM) and a post-erolateral bundle (PL)]. BTBB was fixed in the tunnels produced on the isometric points of the tibia and femur using the conventional technique. The gracilis tendon was then fixed in a PL tunnel produced using the outside-in technique. The authors consider that the devised technique based on a combination of autogenous bone patellar bone graft and gracilis tendon, can minimize tunnel widening post-operatively, allow easier revision should the reconstructed ACL fail, and also provides an alternative means of restoring rotation stability.     

Tunnel widening following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring autograft: a comparison between double cross-pin and suspensory graft fixation

Femoral and tibial tunnel widening following ACL reconstruction using hamstring autograft has been described. Greater tunnel widening has been reported with suspensory fixation systems. We hypothesized that greater tunnel widening will be observed in patients whose hamstring autograft was fixated using a cortical, suspensory system, compared to double cross-pin fixation on the femur. We performed clinical and radiographic evaluation on 46 patients at minimum 2 years after primary ACL reconstruction. We measured subjective and objective outcomes including KT-1000 and AP, lateral radiographs. A musculoskeletal radiologist, independent of the surgical team, measured tunnel width, while correcting for magnification, at the widest point and at 1 cm away from tibial and femoral tunnel apertures. Patients in the suspensory graft fixation group exhibited significantly greater absolute change and greater percent change in femoral tunnel diameter compared to patients with double cross-pin fixation (P ≤ 0.05). This difference was noted on both AP and lateral radiographs and at both measurement sites. There was no significant difference between groups for tibial tunnel widening, IKDC subjective scores or KT-1000 side to side differences. There was significantly more femoral tunnel widening associated with the use of the endobutton suspensory fixation system compared to the use of double cross-pins for fixation within the tunnel.     

Anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

A careful review of the literature suggests that a significant number of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have less than optimal results. Although overall outcomes of ACL reconstruction are favourable, there remains considerable room for improvement. Anatomically, the ACL consists of two major functional bundles, the anteromedial and the posterolateral bundle. Biomechanically, both bundles contribute significantly to the anterior and the rotational stability of the knee. Therefore, anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction techniques may further improve the outcomes in ACL surgery. Our preferred technique for arthroscopic double-bundle ACL reconstruction includes the use of two femoral and two tibial tunnels to restore both the anteromedial and the posterolateral bundle of the ACL and their anatomical footprints at their tibial and femoral insertion site. We use two tibialis anterior tendon allografts for the restoration of the two ACL bundles. Clinical long-term outcome studies may focus on the evaluation of functional outcomes, restoration of anterior and rotational knee stability, and the risk of degenerative osteoarthritis of the knee joint following anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction versus single-bundle ACL reconstruction.