中老年心血管病三级预防的研究进展

1中老年心血管病干预的模式中老年心血管病一级和二级预防的干预措施包括:①治疗性生活方式改变(TherapeuticLifeStyleChanges,TLSC);②他汀类降胆固醇药物;③血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂;④β阻断剂;⑤抗栓防栓(抗血小板和抗凝血酶)。荟萃分析表明,降压治疗可降低38%的轻中度高血压病人的卒中发生率,而仅能降低16%的冠心病的发病率。因此,控制血压对于预防脑血管病变最重要;降脂对预防冠状动脉病变非常重要;而治疗糖尿病和戒烟对于预防下肢动脉病变非常关键。一个病人往往存在多重危险因素,不同的危险因素存在着相互关系,需要多种手段干预…     

乳腺癌三级预防研究

乳腺癌是我国妇女常见的恶性肿瘤之一，占恶性肿瘤的7％-10％，且发病率逐年上升，其中40％的患者由于发现较晚，生命维持不到5年，每年有4万余名妇女死于乳腺癌，提示预防比治疗更重要。发达国家科学研究和癌症防治实践证明，建立癌症的三级预防网络是最根本的系统预防措施。     

糖尿病的三级预防

1 糖尿病一级预防1.1 目的 是对糖尿病易感人群及已有糖尿病潜在表现的人群有针对性地通过改变和减少不利的环境,行为因素(不好的习惯),采取非药物或药物预防措施,最大限度减少糖尿病发生。1.2 Ⅱ型糖尿病的一级预防 Ⅱ型糖尿病占糖尿病总人数的90％以上,其病因和发病机制也比较复杂。预防的措施各个地区根据自己处在不同的环境和条件,自行选择,如通过电视、糖尿病有关知识的书刊、报纸、广播、录像、糖尿病知识讲座和咨询活动,对高危人群办学习班开展群众性糖尿病知识     

高脂血症的三级预防

高脂血症是指血浆中胆固醇和/或TG水平升高。由于血脂在血中以脂蛋白形式运输,实际上高脂血症也可以认为是高脂蛋白血症(HLP)。近年来,以逐渐认识到血浆中HDL-C降低也是一种血脂代谢紊乱。因而,有人建议采用异常脂蛋白血症全面准确反映血脂代谢紊乱状态。由于高脂血症使用时间长且简明通俗,所以仍然广泛沿用。高脂血症是一类较常见的疾病。在中国,每年大约有260万人死于心脑血管疾病,每天大约有7000人死于心脑血管疾病,每12秒就有一人死于心脑血管疾病。而心脑血管疾病最重要的危险因素是高血压、高胆固醇、糖尿病、肥胖和吸烟。卫生部…     

浅谈冠心病的三级预防

1 一级预防是根本 近90年来世界各国耗费了大量的人力、物力,开展了冠心病的病因、病理、流行病学及临床治疗研究,证明动脉硬化是多种因素作用的结果,并已证明有许多因素是冠心病的危险因素。而采取一定的方法,控制和改变冠心病的危险因素,使没有冠心病的人及早预防冠心病的发生,这就是冠心病的一级预防。     

三级预防概念图解

三级预防概念图解张宗卫人们经常问到，什么是Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级预防？实际上有关三级预防的概念在许多流行病学教材中均有论述。然而在实际工作中，尤其是临床医务工作者则往往有些概念不清。为了简单明了的说明这一经常使用的名词，我从美国１９８５年出版的流行病学教程一书...     

三级预防婴幼儿腹泻

婴幼儿腹泻又称腹泻病，是一组多因素引起的消化系统疾病，多发于2岁以下小儿，是当前我国儿童保健重点防治“四病”之一，也是当今全球重要公共卫生问题之一，必须加强针对病因．患儿及愈后的预防，即三级预防策略。     

福州市中老年女性心血管疾病患者生存质量的评价

生存质量（ｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆｌｉｆｅ,ＱＯＬ）作为健康的新的评价指标,逐渐应用到医疗卫生服务研究工作中。生存质量是全面衡量人类生活优劣的尺度,涉及人们生存需要的全部社会与自然条件的综合水平,可以用以评价个体人群的躯体健康、心理健康、社会功能等。在人口老化过程中,中老年女性在躯体、心理、社会功能上将发生一系列更为明显的变化,这些变化可能综合体现在人群的生存质量上。为此,我们研究了福州市区４５岁以上的中老年女性心血管疾病患者的生存质量,分析其影响因素,为中老年女性的医疗保健工作提供参考依据。１　对象…     

柳州市3709例中老年人心血管病危险因素现况调查

20 0 2年 10～ 11月我们对柳州市374 9例成人进行了心血管病危险因素调查。1　资料与方法1.1　调查对象　以整群抽样的方法 ,选取柳州市部分事业单位中的 370 9人进行调查 ,其中男性 2 2 5 3例 ,女性 14 5 6例 ,平均年龄 (6 2 .0± 8.1)岁。1.2　方法　测量血压、腰围。计算体质指数 (BMI) =体重 (kg) /身高 (m) 2 。抽取空腹血标本 ,采用氧化酶法测定血糖和血脂。血脂异常的诊断按我国《血脂异常防治建议》〔1〕进行。心血管病危险因素定义为 :1高血压 :SBP≥ 14 0 mm Hg及 (或 )DBP≥ 90 mm Hg或登记有高血压病史 ;2空腹血糖受损 (I…     

Epidemiological and nutritional research on prevention of cardiovascular disease in China

Anthropological evidence suggests that regional differences in eating practices may be characterized by sub-ethnicity. Hakka is one sub-ethnicity who still retain a unique way of life in China. A field survey on diet and health among the Hakka people was undertaken in 1994. Approximately 200 participants were interviewed for their medical history, life-style and food habits. Blood pressure, body mass index, blood sample, 24 h urine and electrocardiogram were collected. The food samples taken from one tenth of the participants were analyzed for the ingredients in their daily meals. From this survey the prevalence of hypertension in Hakka was approximately 10 %. The sodium/potassium ratio was lower than that in Guangzhou and comparable with that in Okinawa, the island of longevity in Japan. For men, taurine level was found to be close to that in Mediterranean countries, where there is low mortality from cardiovascular diseases. For women, the taurine level was even higher, approximating that of Japanese women, who show the greatest longevity and lowest cardiac mortality worldwide. Less obesity was found in Hakka people than that in the US, Canada or Japan. These findings suggest that the following are the major reasons for these positive findings: the Hakka people maintain traditional food habits and maintain active awareness of their health; the major foods are rice, fish, vegetables and fruits; wide use of soybeans; extensive consumption of visceral organs which have rich source of trace elements. These eating practices and nutritional patterns may be beneficial factors for preventing atherosclerosis and hypertension.     

Tradeoffs in cardiovascular disease prevention, treatment, and research

It is widely believed that the US health care system needs to transition from a culture of reactive treatment of disease to one of proactive prevention. As a tool for understanding the appropriate allocation of spending to prevention versus treatment (including research into improved prevention and treatment), a simple Markov model is used to represent the flow of individuals among states of health, where the transition rates are governed by the magnitude of appropriately-lagged expenditures in each of these categories. The model estimates the discounted cost and discounted effectiveness (measured in quality adjusted life years or QALYs) associated with a given spending mix, and it allows computing the marginal cost-effectiveness associated with additional spending in a category. We apply the model to explore interactions of alternative investments in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to identify an optimal spending mix. Under the assumptions of our model structure, we find that the marginal cost-effectiveness of prevention of CVD varies with changes in spending on treatment (and vice versa), and that the optimal mix of CVD spending (i.e., the spending mix that maximizes the overall QALYs achieved) would, indeed, shift spending from treatment to prevention.     

硒与心血管疾病的研究进展

硒是生物体内一种重要的微量元素,在体内具有抗氧化、促进免疫、清除自由基等功能,对维持人体正常生理功能起着关键作用。缺硒与克山病、冠心病、动脉粥样硬化、心肌炎等心血管疾病的发生、发展及治疗有着密切的关系。     

中国地方病病情与防治进展

编者按 1997年3月,卫生部副部长殷大奎同志在本刊创刊号"发刊词"中指出,在即将到来的21世纪,我国卫生工作既面临着新的历史机遇,也面临着严峻的挑战.不仅一些原有的传染病、地方病仍在危害着人民健康,有些新的传染病又构成威胁,而且慢性非传染性疾病患病率上升,与生态环境、生活方式相关的卫生问题日益加重.这些情况表明,我们正面临第一次卫生革命远未结束而第二次卫生革命又过早到来的严重局面,面临着传染病与非传染病的双重挑战.<疾病控制杂志>在这样的历史条件下创刊,可谓是生而逢时,大有可为.本刊五年来的创业发展史,最有说服力地验证了殷大奎副部长对本刊发展的预见.     

Building capacity for heart disease and stroke prevention research: the cardiovascular health intervention research and translation network

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention created the Prevention Research Centers (PRCs) Cardiovascular Health Intervention Research and Translation Network (CHIRTN) in 2005 to develop partnerships and create a research agenda that addresses cardiovascular health promotion. Six participating universities with expertise in heart disease and stroke prevention research collaborate with their PRC partner communities and other partners to (a) conduct demonstration research projects and (b) identify gaps in knowledge and make recommendations for future research to address those gaps. This report describes the structure and current efforts of the CHIRTN. The goal of these efforts is to promote cardiovascular health for Americans, particularly underserved, at-risk populations.