Examination of encapsulated phytosterol ester supplementation on lipid indices associated with cardiovascular disease

OBJECTIVE: As opposed to traditional food based delivery we examined the efficacy of ingesting encapsulated phytosterol esters on indices of lipid health in hypercholesterolemic adults. METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, clinical intervention examining 54 men and women (20-70 y of age) with a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level > or =3.33 mmol/L. Participants were not taking cholesterol-lowering medications. Treatment consisted of ingesting 2.6 g of encapsulated phytosterol esters (n = 25) or a matching placebo (n = 29) for 12 wk. RESULTS: Total cholesterol (TC) levels at baseline (mean +/- SD) were 6.29 +/- 0.7 mmol/L in the phytosterol group and 6.00 +/- 0.7 mmol/L in the placebo group. Baseline LDL-C levels were 4.27 +/- 0.7 mmol/L in the treatment group and 4.00 +/- 0.8 mmol/L in the placebo group. Analysis of variance and Tukey's least significant difference post hoc analyses revealed a significant within-group reduction in TC (-0.23 +/- 0.4 mmol/L, P < 0.05) and LDL-C (-0.22 +/- 0.5 mmol/L, P < 0.05) for the phytosterol treatment group. Mean reductions in TC and LDL-C were greater than placebo (P < 0.05). Percentages of change from baseline for TC were -3.52% (95% confidence interval -6.44 to -0.40) for phytosterol treatment and 2.64% (95% confidence interval 0.30-5.60) for placebo. Those for LDL-C were -5.00% (95% confidence interval -9.92 to -0.08) for phytosterol and 4.89 (95% confidence interval 0.24-9.5) for placebo. No other significant effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Encapsulated phytosterol ester ingestion appears to positively modulate LDL-C. Given that the reduction in LDL-C was not as extensive as in food-based trials, future investigations should examine potential timing and dose issues relative to encapsulated delivery.     

Long-term blood cholesterol-lowering effects of a dietary fiber supplement.

BACKGROUND: The study evaluated the blood cholesterol-lowering effects of a dietary supplement of water-soluble fibers (guar gum, pectin) and mostly non-water-soluble fibers (soy fiber, pea fiber, corn bran) in subjects with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia (LDL cholesterol, 3.37-4.92 mmol/L). METHODS: After stabilization for 9 weeks on a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 1 Diet, subjects were randomly assigned to receive 20 g/d of the fiber supplement (n = 87) or matching placebo (n = 82) for 15 weeks and then receive the fiber supplement for 36 weeks. The efficacy analyses included the 125 subjects (58 fiber; 67 placebo) who were treatment and diet compliant. One hundred two (52 fiber; 50 placebo) completed the 15-week comparative phase. Of these subjects 85 (45 fiber; 40 placebo) elected to continue in the 36-week noncomparative extension phase. RESULTS: The mean decreases during the 15-week period for LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were greater (P < 0.001) in the fiber group. The mean changes from pre-treatment values in LDL-C, TC, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio for subjects in the fiber group were -0.51 mmol/L (-12.1%), -0.53 mmol/L (-8.5%), and -0.30 (-9.4%), respectively. The corresponding changes in the placebo group were -0.05 mmol/L (-1.3%), -0.05 mmol/L (-0.8%), and 0.05 (1.5%), respectively. The fiber supplement had no significant effects (P > 0.05) on HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride, iron, ferritin, or vitamin A or E levels. Similar effects were seen over the subsequent 36-week noncomparative part of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The fiber supplement provided significant and sustained reductions in LDL-C without reducing HDL-C or increasing triglycerides over the 51-week treatment period.     

A spread enriched with plant sterol-esters lowers blood cholesterol and lipoproteins without affecting vitamins A and E in normal and hypercholesterolemic Japanese men and women

The objective of the study was to investigate whether different initial baseline cholesterol levels modulate the efficacy of a spread enriched with plant sterol-esters (PS) in lowering blood cholesterol in a Japanese population consuming their usual diet. Healthy adults with a mean age of 45 y and mean plasma total cholesterol (TC) level of 6.5 mmol/L were recruited to participate in a double-blind trial comprised of a run-in period of 1 wk, followed by two intervention periods of 3 wks in a 2 x 2 crossover design and a post-trial follow-up of 3 wk. Volunteers consumed two spreads, one enriched with PS (12 g/100 g plant sterols) and a control spread not fortified with PS. Recommended spread intake was 15 g/d. Effects on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, beta-carotene and vitamins A and E were assessed. Plasma TC and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations were 5.8 and 9.1% lower, respectively, when subjects consumed the PS spread than when they consumed the control spread (P < 0.001). Subjects were divided into two groups [normal and mildly cholesterolemic (TC <5.7 mmol/L) and hypercholesterolemic (TC >/= 5.7 mmol/L)]. Reductions (P < 0.001) in TC and LDL-C due to treatment in the former group were 4.9 and 7.9%, respectively. In the hypercholesterolemic group, the reductions (P < 0.001) were 7.1 and 10.6%, respectively. The decreases did not differ between normal/mildly cholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic subjects. Plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB) and remnant-like particle (RLP) cholesterol (RLP-C) concentrations were lower when subjects consumed the PS spread (44.3 g/L) than the control spread (49.7 g/L). Plasma beta-carotene concentration was lower (P < 0.001) in subjects consuming the PS spread than in the control. Changes in plasma vitamins A and E levels did not differ after intake of the PS and control spreads. In conclusion, consumption of a PS-enriched spread effectively lowered plasma TC, LDL-C, apoB and RLP-C regardless of baseline plasma TC at an intake of 1.8 g/d of plant sterols.     

Garlic powder intake and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Although preclinical studies suggest that garlic has potential preventive effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, clinical trials and reports from systematic reviews or meta-analyses present inconsistent results. The contradiction might be attributed to variations in the manufacturing process that can markedly influence the composition of garlic products. To investigate this issue further, we performed a meta-analysis of the effects of garlic powder on CVD risk factors.

MATERIALS/METHODS

We searched PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct and EMBASE through May 2014. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on 22 trials reporting total cholesterol (TC), 17 trials reporting LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), 18 trials reporting HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), 4 trials reporting fasting blood glucose (FBG), 9 trials reporting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 10 trials reporting diastolic blood pressure (DBP).

RESULTS

The overall garlic powder intake significantly reduced blood TC and LDL-C by -0.41 mmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.69, -0.12) (-15.83 mg/dL [95% CI, -26.64, -4.63]) and -0.21 mmol/L (95% CI, -0.40, -0.03) (-8.11 mg/dL [95% CI, -15.44, -1.16]), respectively. The mean difference in the reduction of FBG levels was -0.96 mmol/L (95% CI, -1.91, -0.01) (-17.30 mg/dL [95% CI, -34.41, -0.18]). Evidence for SBP and DBP reduction in the garlic supplementation group was also demonstrated by decreases of -4.34 mmHg (95% CI, -8.38, -0.29) and -2.36 mmHg (95% CI, -4.56, -0.15), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis provides consistent evidence that garlic powder intake reduces the CVD risk factors of TC, LDL-C, FBG and BP.     

Effects on serum lipids of adding instant oats to usual American diets.

This study was designed as a test of the serum lipid response and dietary adaptation to recommended daily inclusion of instant oats in an otherwise regular diet. Hypercholesterolemic adults were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group. Participants in the intervention group were given packages of instant oats and requested to eat two servings per day (approximately two ounces dry weight), substituting the oats for other carbohydrate foods in order to maintain baseline calorie intake and keep weight stable. Serum lipids were measured in blood collected by venipuncture at baseline, four weeks, and eight weeks. Baseline mean total cholesterol (TC) levels were 6.56 mmol/L and 6.39 mmol/L for intervention and control groups, respectively. After eight weeks, mean serum total cholesterol of the intervention group was lower by -0.40 mmol/L, and mean net difference in TC between the two groups was 0.32 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.09, 0.54). Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was similarly reduced with mean net difference of 0.25 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.02, 0.48) between the two groups. Mean soluble fiber intake increased along with slight self-imposed reductions in mean total fat, saturated fat, and dietary cholesterol intake in the intervention group. Neither group changed mean body weight. Daily inclusion of two ounces of oats appeared to facilitate reduction of serum total cholesterol and LDL-C in these hyperlipidemic individuals.     

Probiotic consumption does not enhance the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy in postmenopausal women

Numerous studies report that soy lowers cholesterol. Probiotic bacteria were also reported to lower total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). We hypothesized that by altering intestinal microflora, probiotic consumption may also change phytoestrogen metabolism and enhance the effects of soy. To evaluate the independent and interactive effects of probiotic bacteria and soy on plasma TC, LDL-C, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), 37 women with a baseline TC of 5.24 mmol/L were given the following 4 treatments for 6 wk each in a randomized crossover design: soy protein isolate (26 +/- 5 g soy protein containing 44 +/- 8 mg isoflavones/d); soy protein isolate + probiotic capsules (10(9) colony-forming units Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 and Bifidobacterium longum); milk protein isolate (26 +/- 5 g milk protein/d); and milk protein isolate + probiotic. Soy consumption decreased plasma TC by 2.2% (P = 0.02) and LDL-C by 3.5% (P = 0.005), increased HDL-C by 4.2% (P = 0.006) and tended to decrease TG (P = 0.07) compared with milk protein intake. When divided according to initial TC concentration, soy effects were observed only in hypercholesterolemic women (TC > 5.17 mmol/L). In this subgroup, soy treatments decreased plasma TC by 3.3% (P = 0.01), LDL-C by 4.5% (P = 0.004), and TG by 10.6% (P = 0.02), and increased HDL-C by 4.2% (P = 0.02). When subjects were divided on the basis of plasma and urine concentrations of the isoflavone metabolite, equol, equol producers and nonproducers did not differ in baseline lipids or in the effects of soy. Probiotics did not lower cholesterol or enhance the effects of soy. These results confirm a beneficial effect of soy on plasma cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women independent of equol production status, but do not support an independent or additive effect of these particular probiotic bacteria.     

Phytosterols/stanols lower cholesterol concentrations in familial hypercholesterolemic subjects: a systematic review with meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: To-date, reviews regarding the cholesterol lowering capacity of phytosterols/stanols have focused on normo- and hypercholesterolemic (HC) subjects. Familial hypercholestrolemia (FH) is characterized by very high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations and is considered a world public health problem due to the high incidence of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) in these patients. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review that investigates the efficacy of phytosterols/stanols in lowering total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C concentrations in FH subjects. DESIGN: Randomized controlled intervention trials with the primary objective to investigate the effects of phytosterols/stanols on lipid concentrations in FH subjects were identified through selected international journal databases and reference lists of relevant publications. Two researchers extracted data from each identified trial and only trials of sufficient quality (e.g. controlled, randomized, double-blind, good compliance, sufficient statistical power) were included in the review. The main outcome measures were differences between treatment and control groups for LDL-C, TC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triacylglycerol (TG). RESULTS: Six out of 13 studies were of sufficient quality. Two were excluded from the meta-analysis because the sterols were administered in the granulate form at very high dosages (12 g/day and 24 g/day) compared to the other studies that used fat spreads as vehicle with dosages ranging from 1.6-2.8 g/day. The subjects were heterozygous, aged 2-69 years with baseline TC and LDL-C concentrations of +/-7 mmol/L and +/-5.4 mmol/L, respectively. The duration of the studies ranged from 4 weeks to 3 months. Fat spreads enriched with 2.3 +/- 0.5 g phytosterols/stanols per day significantly reduced TC from 7 to 11% with a mean decrease of 0.65 mmol/L [95% CI -0.88, -0.42 mmol/L], p < 0.00001 and LDL-C from 10-15% with a mean decrease of 0.64 mmol/L [95% CI -0.86, -0.43 mmol/L], p < 0.00001 in 6.5 +/- 1.9 weeks compared to control treatment, without any adverse effects. TG and HDL-C concentrations were not affected. CONCLUSION: Phytosterols/stanols may offer an effective adjunct to the cholesterol lowering treatment strategy of FH patients.     

The substitution of sucrose polyester for dietary fat in obese, hypercholesterolemic outpatients

Our aim was to determine the effects of the substitution of sucrose polyester (SPE) for dietary fat in a 16-week outpatient study in 36 obese subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia. The subjects were randomized into three groups who followed a 16-week treatment period where all subjects received hypocaloric diets which provided approximately 7 kcal/lb body weight, a polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fat ratio of 0.9, and 180 mg cholesterol/day. The percentages of calories as fat in the 3 groups were as follows: a low fat diet group (n = 12) received 27% of dietary calories as fat, a low fat plus SPE group (n = 13) received 25% of calories as fat plus 27 g SPE/day as a bread spread and salad dressing, and a third group (placebo, n = 11) received 37% of calories as fat with a 27 g/day conventional fat placebo (bread spread and salad dressing). Mean weight loss from baseline in the 16 week treatment period was 2.6, 3.9, and 3.4% respectively in the placebo, diet, and SPE groups, p less than .05 for each group, without significant differences between the groups. There was a mean reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of 16% in the SPE group (p less than .05), more than twice the reductions in the placebo and diet groups, 5% and 6%, respectively. There was a mean 20% reduction in the SPE group in triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p less than .05), compared to 7 and 10% reductions in the placebo and diet groups respectively. The degree of weight loss was correlated with the degree of reduction in LDL-C in the low fat diet group, and in the low fat diet group plus SPE (r = 0.59 for both groups). Without confounding by different levels of dietary cholesterol or P/S, SPE induced significant reductions in LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic obese subjects beyond the effects of weight loss alone. The effects of SPE were significantly greater than those achieved by the use of a diet which severely limited conventional dietary fat intake (to 40 g/day). SPE in the form of a bread spread and a salad dressing is a practical formulation for outpatient hypocholesterolemic low fat diets and provides the lubricity and organoleptic benefits of authentic foods without the dense caloric content of digestible fats.     

A macadamia nut-rich diet reduces total and LDL-cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women

Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have demonstrated that the unique fatty acid profile of nuts beneficially affects serum lipids/lipoproteins, reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Nuts are low in SFA and high in PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Macadamia nuts are a rich source of MUFA. A randomized, crossover, controlled feeding study (5-wk diet periods) compared a Macadamia nut-rich diet [42.5 g (1.5 ounces)/8.79 MJ (2100 kcal)] [MAC; 33% total fat (7% SFA, 18% MUFA, 5% PUFA)] vs. an average American diet [AAD; 33% total fat (13% SFA, 11% MUFA, 5% PUFA)] on the lipid/lipoprotein profile of mildly hypercholesterolemic (n = 25; 15 female, 10 male) subjects. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) following the MAC (4.94 +/- 0.17 mmol/L, 3.14 +/- 0.14 mmol/L) were lower than the AAD (5.45 +/- 0.17 mmol/L, 3.44 +/- 0.14 mmol/L; P < 0.05). The serum non-HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration and the ratios of TC:HDL-C and LDL-C:HDL-C were reduced following consumption of the MAC diet (3.83 +/- 0.17, 4.60 +/- 0.24, and 2.91 +/- 0.17, respectively) compared with the AAD (4.26 +/- 0.17, 4.89 +/- 0.24, and 3.09 +/- 0.18, respectively; P < 0.05). There was no change in serum triglyceride concentration. Thus, macadamia nuts can be included in a heart-healthy dietary pattern that reduces lipid/lipoprotein CVD risk factors. Nuts as an isocaloric substitute for high SFA foods increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and decrease SFA, thereby lowering CVD risk.     

运动联合大蒜素降低高脂血症大鼠血脂的实验研究

目的 通过建立高脂血症大鼠模型,探讨中等强度运动联合大蒜素对高脂血症大鼠血脂代谢、肝组织氧化损伤的影响。方法:大鼠50只,分为普通饲料组（A组）、高脂饲料组（B组）、高脂饲料＋大蒜素组（C组）、高脂饲料＋运动组（D组）、高脂饲料＋运动大＋蒜素组（E组）。A组普通饲料喂养,B组、C组、D组、E组高脂饲料喂养,C组、E组灌服剂量为30mg/kg·d大蒜素,D组、E组进行10周运动。测定各组大鼠血TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、AST、ALT,肝组织MDA、SOD、GSH-Px。结果:与A组相比,B组、C组、D组、E组TC、TG、LDL-C、AST、ALT、MDA升高,HDL-C、GSH-Px降低（P＜0.05）,B组、C组、D组SOD降低（P＜0.05）;与B组相比,C组、D组、E组TC、TG、LDL-C、AST、ALT、MDA降低,GSH-Px、SOD、HDL-C升高（P＜0.05;）;与C组相比,D组TC、TG、LDL降低（P＜0.05）,E组TC、TG、LDL降低,HDL-C升高（P＜0.05）;与C组、D组相比,E组AST、ALT、MDA降低,GSH-Px、SOD升高（P＜0.05）。结论:中等强度运动和大蒜素均可降低高脂血症大鼠血脂,抑制肝组织脂质过氧化反应,减少肝细胞损伤,且两者具有协同效应。大蒜素对高脂血症大鼠血脂的调节效果不如中等强度运动。     

Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B5 used as a nutritional supplement, favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in low- to moderate-cardiovascular risk North American subjects: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation

Safety and efficacy of a biologically active derivative of vitamin B₅ (pantethine) on total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) metabolism was studied in North American subjects at conventional low to moderate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A total of 120 subjects initiated a therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) diet 4 weeks before randomization (baseline) and maintained the diet throughout a 16-week study period; at baseline, subjects were randomized in a triple-blinded manner to either pantethine (600 mg/d, baseline to week 8, and 900 mg/d, weeks 9-16) or identically labeled, nonbiologically active placebo (n = 60 per group). We hypothesized that pantethine would lower TC and low-density lipoprotein in low-CVD-risk North American subjects in a similar manner as reported in high-CVD-risk subjects studied mainly in Italy and Japan. While sustaining a TLC diet and in comparison with placebo, pantethine demonstrated significant (P < .005) and sustained reductions (from baseline to week 16) in TC (6 mg/dL, 0.16 mmol/L, 3%), LDL-C (4 mg/dL, 0.10 mmol/L, 4%), and apolipoprotein B (4 mg/dL, 0.04 g/L, 5%). Our data suggest that pantethine supplementation for 16 weeks (600 mg/d for weeks 1-8 then 900 mg/d for weeks 9-16) is safe and significantly lowers TC and LDL-C over and above the effect of TLC diet alone. Although the absolute magnitude of these effects was small in these low- to moderate-risk North Americans (4-6 mg/dL), the results are noteworthy as prior studies have shown that, for each 1 mg/dL (0.026 mmol/L) reduction in LDL-C, there is a concomitant 1% reduction in overall future CVD risk.     

Soy isoflavone intake lowers serum LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials in humans

Clinical trials have noted hypocholesterolemic effects of soy protein intake, but the components responsible are not known. This meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials was conducted to more precisely evaluate the effects of isoflavones on blood LDL cholesterol concentration independently of soy protein level. PubMed was searched for English-language "randomized controlled trial" articles published from 1966 to 2003 that described the effects of soy protein isolate (SPI) intake with measured isoflavone levels on blood lipids in humans using the search terms "soy protein," "isoflavones," and "cholesterol." From 31 articles identified by the search, 8 articles (with 10 low vs. high isoflavone comparisons) were selected for the meta-analysis. Subjects in each comparison consumed similar dietary fat, cholesterol, and fiber; the reported body weight of subjects did not change significantly during treatment. Serum LDL cholesterol concentration in subjects who consumed SPI (mean 50 g/d) with high isoflavone content (mean intake 96 mg/d) decreased by 0.15 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.08 to 0.23 mmol/L; P < 0.0001) compared with those who consumed the same SPI level with low isoflavone content (mean intake 6 mg/d). Decreases in serum LDL cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic and normocholesterolemic subjects were 0.18 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.35 mmol/L; P = 0.03) and 0.14 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.06, 0.23 mmol/L; P = 0.0008), respectively. With identical soy protein intake, high isoflavone intake led to significantly greater decreases in serum LDL cholesterol than low isoflavone intake, demonstrating that isoflavones have LDL cholesterol-lowering effects independent of soy protein.     

Dietary and other correlates of changes in total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic men: the lipid research clinics coronary primary prevention trial

Correlates of changes in total (TOTAL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were examined in the 3806 hypercholesterolemic men of the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. These correlates included changes in weight, dietary and alcohol intake, plasma glucose and thyroxine, cigarette smoking, packet count, lipid-lowering drugs other than cholestyramine, and antihypertensive drugs. In both placebo plus diet and cholestyramine plus diet treatment groups, decreases in Quetelet index and in saturated fat and cholesterol intake and increases in polyunsaturated fat intake were consistently associated with reductions in TOTAL-C and in LDL-C. In the cholestyramine group, plasma glucose and smoking were predictors of increased TOTAL-C and LDL-C; age and packet count were predictors of decreased TOTAL-C and LDL-C. Diuretic use was associated with increases in TOTAL-C in both groups and with increases in LDL-C in the cholestyramine group.     

大豆蛋白和高钙摄入对高血胆固醇模型大鼠血脂水平的影响

目的探讨膳食大豆蛋白和/或高钙摄入对高血胆固醇模型大鼠血浆胆固醇及有关血脂指标的影响.方法用含5%猪油、1%胆固醇和0.25%胆碱的高脂饲料喂饲健康Wistar雌性大鼠,经14d诱发高血胆固醇以后,测血浆总胆固醇(TC),总甘油三酯(TG),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和载脂蛋白B(ApoB100)的浓度.然后,按体重和血浆胆固醇浓度将动物均衡分为4组,以2×2析因设计,分别喂饲含有酪蛋白和大豆分离蛋白及正常钙(0.59%)和高钙水平(1.12%)的纯合成高脂饲料.经21d喂养后,采血,测定指标同前.实验结果用SPSS统计软件进行方差分析.结果经14d诱导高血脂后,实验模型大鼠的TC水平为(4.10±1.11)mmol/L(n=24),而喂饲正常饲料的阴性对照鼠仅为(1.92±0.28)mmol/L(n=8),升高了2.14倍.又经21d喂饲含有处理因素的饲料后,酪蛋白组,酪蛋白加钙组,大豆蛋白组和大豆蛋白加钙组大鼠的TC水平分别为(10.56±2.74,7.99±2.19,5.48±0.51和6.81±0.98)mmol/L;ApoB100为(0.46±0.14,0.31±0.12,0.17±0.07和0.21±0.05)g/L.同酪蛋白组相比,其他3组动物的TC和ApoB100浓度显著降低.而各组间TG和HDL-C的变化均无显著性.结论膳食大豆蛋白和/或高钙摄入均可降低高血胆固醇模型大鼠的TC和ApoB100浓度,但对TG和HDL-C的作用不明显.大豆蛋白是这种作用的主要因素,但同时存在大豆蛋白和高钙摄入的相互作用.膳食大豆蛋白和高钙摄入的降血胆固醇机制还需要进一步探讨和研究.     

Preventive effects of diets supplemented with sweetie fruits in hypercholesterolemic patients suffering from coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND: Diets rich in vegetables and fruits prevent development of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the preventive effects of diets supplemented with a new kind of citrus fruit-pummelo-grapefruit hybrid in hypercholesterolemic patients suffering from coronary artery disease (CAD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty-six hypercholesterolemic volunteers after coronary bypass surgery ages 47-68 years were randomly divided into two experimental (EG1 and EG2) groups and one control (CG) group, 22 each. The diets of the patients of the experimental groups (EG1 and EG2) were supplemented with one or two peeled sweeties, respectively. A comprehensive clinical investigation of all 66 patients was done. Blood samples were collected before and after the investigation for a wide range of laboratory tests. RESULTS: A high content of dietary fibers and antioxidant compounds in peeled sweeties was found. After 30 days of the investigation, peeled sweeties-supplemented diets have decreased plasma lipids levels in EG1 and EG2 vs. CG group: (a) total cholesterol (TC)-7.38 vs. 8.08 mmol/L, - 8.7%, and 6.78 vs. 8.08. mmol/L, -16.1%, respectively; (b) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-5.65 vs. 6.39 mmol/L, - 1.6%, and 5.04 vs. 6.39 mmol/L, -21.2%, respectively; (c) triglycerides (TG)-2.01 vs. 2.27 mmol/L, -11.5%, and 1.71 vs. 2.27 mmol/L, -24.7%, respectively. In addition, a significant increase in the plasma antioxidant capacity in EG2, and to a lesser degree in EG1 groups, was observed. No changes in the studied indices in the patients of the CG were detected. CONCLUSION: Peeled sweeties have high contents of dietary fibers and antioxidant compounds. Diets supplemented with peeled sweeties positively influence plasma lipid metabolism and plasma antioxidant capacity in patients suffering from hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, the addition of peeled sweeties to a generally accepted antiatherosclerotic diet may be beneficial in prevention of atherosclerosis, mainly in hypercholesterolemic patients.     

Effects of a new soy/beta-sitosterol supplement on plasma lipids in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects

Our aim was to test the hypocholesterolemic effect of a low-dose formulation of soy proteins supplemented with isolated b-sitosterol in a ratio of 4:1 in 20 moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. The study has been divided in three different periods of forty days each: a stabilization diet period, then a treatment period during which all subjects assumed 10 g one time a day of the tested product and, finally, a wash out period. From the end of the stabilization diet period to the end of the soy protein added in b-sitosterol supplementation we observed a 0.45±0.30 mmol/L, 0.09±0.31 mmol/L and 0.17±0.22 mmol/L mean±SE decrease in respectively LDL-C, TG and apoB levels, associated with a 0.12±0.25 and 0.03±0.51 mg/dL mean increase respectively in HDL-C and apoA plasma concentrations. According to this recommends, low doses of soy protein added in b-sitosterol seems to be a practical and safe alternative for patients seeking modest reductions in LDL-C (<15%). J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1807-1811.     

浙江省602例选择性冠状动脉造影患者血脂水平分析

目的研究经选择性冠状动脉造影证实的冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)与非冠心病患者血脂水平的差异。方法测定602例住院行选择性冠状动脉造影患者血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(nonHDL-C)水平,并根据冠脉造影结果进行比较分析。结果冠心病组血清TC、LDL-C、nonHDL-C稍高于对照组(4．70 mmol／L±1．22 mmol／L vs．4．49 mmol／L±0．96 mmol／L、2．63 mmol／L±1．00 mmol／L vs．2．44 mmol／L±0．77 mmol／L、3.45 mmol／L±1．14 mmol／L vs．3．22 mmol／L±0.92 mmol／L),差异有统计学意义(P<0．05,P<0．01);组间不同水平血脂的构成比除HDL-C、nonHDL-C外差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。结论高脂血症并非浙江省冠状动脉粥样硬化患者的固有特征,冠心病与非冠心病人群血脂水平存在较大的重叠。     

Reducing total dietary fat without reducing saturated fatty acids does not significantly lower total plasma cholesterol concentrations in normal males.

Forty-eight healthy male students ate an average American diet (AAD) with 37% of calories from fat and 16% from saturated fatty acids for 3 wk. During the next 7 wk, one-third of the students continued to eat the AAD, one-third switched to a 30%-fat diet with 9% saturated fatty acids (Step 1 diet), and one-third switched to a 30%-fat diet with 14% saturated fatty acids (Sat diet). The Step 1 group had a significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol (TC) (0.36 +/- 0.37 mmol/L) compared with the AAD group (0.07 +/- 0.39 mmol/L) and the Sat group (0.08 +/- 0.25 mmol/L). The Sat group did not differ from the AAD group. Changes in low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol paralleled changes in total cholesterol. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol fell significantly in the Step 1 group (0.11 +/- 0.08 mmol/L) compared with the AAD group. Plasma triglycerides did not differ between groups at the end of the randomized periods. In summary, reduction of dietary fat intake from 37% to 30% of calories did not lower plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations unless the reduction in total fat was achieved by decreasing saturated fatty acids.     

男性青年饮用牛奶和豆浆后血脂血糖变化的研究

目的研究饮用牛奶或豆浆后健康男性青年血脂血糖的变化情况。方法 30名男性健康大学生随机分入牛奶组、豆浆组和纯净水组,每天饮用相应饮品1L,连续饮用4周。测定干预前后血浆中甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、葡萄糖(GLU)水平的变化。结果干预后牛奶组的LDL-C水平从(2.28±0.33)mmol/L下降至(1.95±0.41)mmol/L(P﹤0.05),豆浆组从(2.23±0.27)mmol/L下降至(1.94±0.37)mmol/L(P﹤0.05)。与纯净水对照组比较,牛奶组和豆浆组降LDL-C作用更为明显(P﹤0.01)。另外豆浆组的TG水平也明显降低(P﹤0.05)。各组的TC、GLU水平未见明显变化。结论饮用牛奶或豆浆对血糖没有明显影响但有一定降血脂作用,可以预防动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病。     

噪声暴露对某国有大型煤矿工人血糖和血脂水平的影响

目的 探讨某国有大型煤矿工作场所噪声对工人血糖和血脂水平的影响。方法 对新泰市某国有大型煤矿作业工人进行职业健康检查,随机选择长期接触高噪声(82.8~100.1 LAeq dB(A))428人为观察组,接触低噪声(53.9~71.0 LAeq dB(A))506人为对照组,比较两组工人血糖和血脂水平差异。结果 观察组工人血清葡萄糖为(5.32±0.79)mmol/L、总胆固醇为(4.72±0.82)mmol/L、甘油三酯为(1.67±1.31)mmol/L、高密度脂蛋白为(1.41±0.30)mmol/L、低密度脂蛋白为(2.79±0.68)mmol/L。观察组工人血清葡萄糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的血清葡萄糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇异常率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组的脂肪肝检出率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随着工龄的增加,血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量也增高,各工龄组之间血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 长期接触高噪声可能是煤矿作业工人血糖和血脂水平升高的危险因素。