A retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst: laparoscopic treatment

Subdiaphragmatic bronchogenic cysts are rare, and those located retroperitoneally are exceptional. We describe a retroperitoneal cyst presenting as an asymptomatic adrenal mass which was treated with laparoscopic surgery with three trocars.     

Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst presenting as adrenal tumor in adult successfully treated with retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery

A bronchogenic cyst in the retroperitoneum is rare in adults. A 41-year-old woman presented with an incidental left retroperitoneal mass that was suspicious for an adrenal tumor. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic excision and complete resection were performed. The pathologic examination confirmed a bronchogenic cyst in the retroperitoneum. We present the case with review of the relevant published data.     

Laparoskopische Entfernung einer retroperitonealen bronchogenen Zyste

The diagnosis of primary retroperitoneal cystic tumors is very infrequent in surgical pathology. We report the case of a 51-year-old woman presenting with an incidental left-sided retroperitoneal mass (32×24 mm in diameter) suspected of being an adrenal tumor. Intraoperatively the tumor was identified as a cystic lesion filled with mucous secretion and laparoscopically completely resected. The diagnosis was histopathologically confirmed as a bronchogenic cyst. In this article the laparoscopic removal of such a rare benign congenital aberration resulting from an abnormal budding of the tracheobronchial tree is presented.     

Subdiaphragmatic bronchogenic cyst masquerading as an "adrenal incidentaloma"

A subdiaphragmatic, retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst arising from the stomach is reported in a patient who was referred for evaluation of what was thought to be an adrenal tumor. To our knowledge, less than 20 cases of retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst have been reported in the English literature. A bronchogenic cyst may be indistinguishable from an adrenal tumor and, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a retroperitoneal mass.     

Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst: a case report and review of the literature

This unusual clinical case adds itself to the limited list of existing reports of retroperitoneal bronchogenic cysts in the international literature. It emphasizes the difficulties encountered in making a preoperative diagnosis, since these lesions can be described as both solid and cystic masses. A 69-year-old man underwent surgery to remove an expanding mass diagnosed as originating in the adrenal gland and discovered during clinical investigation for other indications. The lesion was excised only after adrenalectomy whereupon its cystic nature was revealed. Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cysts, though rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal expanding lesions, especially in the presence of cystic tumours of the left adrenal region. This is the first case of a retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst reported in an adult in Italy.     

后腹腔镜下右侧巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除的手术技巧

目的:探讨后腹腔镜下切除右侧巨大肾上腺肿瘤(最大径≥6cm)的可行性及手术技巧。方法:采用后腹腔镜下右侧巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除术治疗右侧巨大肾上腺肿瘤患者18例,肿瘤最大径为6~19(8.4±0.69)cm。术中按3个相对无血管平面分离,在腹侧平面游离时尽量将腔静脉与瘤体分开,并显露肾上腺中央静脉,在背侧平面分离时尽量向内侧中线分离,形成基于腔静脉与腰大肌之间的倒三角形肿瘤基底部。抬起瘤体,逐步向上离断汇入基底部的动脉血供,切除肿瘤。结果:除1例患者因粘连转为开放手术外,17例均顺利完成腹腔镜下肿瘤切除,手术时间80~210(147.9±7.6)min。术后病理检查报告为髓质脂肪瘤8例,嗜铬细胞瘤4例,节细胞神经纤维瘤3例,性索间质瘤1例,肾上腺囊肿伴囊壁钙化囊内出血1例。17例腹腔镜肿瘤切除手术均无术中术后输血。结论:后腹腔可以获得巨大的手术空间,术中妥善处理富含动脉血供的肿瘤基底部可以安全切除体积巨大的肿瘤。     

Pseudoadrenal mass: unusual presentation of bronchogenic cyst.

Isolated abdominal bronchogenic cysts are extremely rare. We report the fourth such case in an asymptomatic 4-year-old girl who initially presented for evaluation of urinary tract infection and new-onset urinary incontinence. Ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings were consistent with an adrenal mass. At exploration, the patient was found to have a mass in the area of the gastroesophageal junction and a normal left adrenal gland. The final pathology confirmed the diagnosis of a bronchogenic cyst. Abdominal bronchogenic cysts, although rare, should be considered in the diagnosis of a retroperitoneal mass.     

Retroperitoneal foregut duplication cyst presenting as an adrenal mass

A 75 year-old woman presented to the authors' institution with abdominal pain and early satiety. An adrenal mass was found on CT scanning. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed, and the patient was found to have a retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst adherent to the adrenal gland. The workup of an adrenal mass is discussed as well as the pathophysiology of bronchogenic cysts.     

Bronchogenic cyst. A rare differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal tumors

Subdiaphragmatic bronchogenic cysts are rare, and those located retroperitoneally are exceptional. A review of the English-language literature revealed only 16 reported cases. We describe an additional case of a retroperitoneal cyst presenting as an asymptomatic adrenal mass and discuss clinical, radiographic, surgical and pathological findings as well as its embryological background.     

腹腔镜肾上腺手术中转开放手术及合并症分析

目的　分析腹腔镜肾上腺手术中转开放手术原因及合并症处理。　方法　对 19例腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术中 8例转开放手术的原因及合并症进行分析。　结果　 8例手术中转开放手术患者包括右肾上腺中静脉出血 1例 ,胰尾遮挡肾上腺肿瘤暴露困难 1例 ,左肾上腺囊肿被副脾遮挡1例 ,手术过程中气腹不满意 2例 ,未找到病灶 2例 ,腹膜后镜手术穿刺时引起腰大肌出血 1例。术后高热 3例 ,其中腹膜后脓肿 1例 ,反应性胸膜炎 1例。　结论　腹腔镜和腹膜后镜手术需要一定经验和熟练的配合 ,初学者操作易出现合并症 ,导致手术失败。腹膜后镜手术治疗肾上腺疾病更简便     

后腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科的应用(附87例报告)

目的探讨后腹腔镜在治疗肾上腺、肾脏及输尿管疾病中的临床效果. 方法采用闭合式腹膜后间隙穿刺建立手术空间和通道的方法,对87例肾上腺疾病、肾囊性疾病、输尿管结石及输尿管畸形患者实施后腹腔镜手术. 结果 83例获得成功,中转开放手术4例,无输血,无严重并发症发生,疗效满意. 结论后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术、肾囊肿切除术、输尿管切开取石术及输尿管松解成形术具有创伤小、出血少、并发症少等优点,临床疗效可靠,实用性较强.     

Laparoscopic excision of subdiaphragmatic bronchogenic cyst occurring in the retroperitoneum: report of a case

Although bronchogenic cysts (BCs) are benign congenital malformations usually occur in thoracic cavity, retroperitoneal location is extremely uncommon. We reported a case of BC occurred in the retroperitoneum, which was excised laparoscopically. A 64-year-old Japanese woman was admitted to the hospital because of submucosal tumor in the upper part of the stomach. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a submucosal tumor located just distal to the esophagogastric junction. The abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a cystic mass located in contact with lesser curvature of the stomach and the dorsal surface of the liver. As the cystic mass was well-circumscribed and showed no positive findings suggestive of malignancy, the laparoscopic excision of the cystic mass was performed. The cystic tumor was completely excised with a laparoscopic procedure. The histologic findings indicated that the cyst was surfaced by the ciliated pseudostratified epithelium without the presence of the cartilage, which was compatible with the BC of the retroperitoneum. This case highlights the safety and the feasibility of complete laparoscopic excision of retroperitoneal BC. Laparoscopic excision of retroperitoneal BC definitely provides all advantages of minimally invasive procedure, which improves postoperative patient discomfort and pain and shortens hospital stay. Laparoscopic procedure may definitely be a standard approach for the excision of retroperitoneal BC.     

腹膜后异位支气管囊肿致左肾积水1例及文献复习

目的：探讨腹膜后异位支气管囊肿的诊断及治疗.方法：回顾性分析异位支气管囊肿致左肾积水1例,用关键词支气管囊肿检索Medline及CBM数据库中相关文献,进行复习.结果：本例术前检查提示左侧肾积水,左输尿管上段狭窄,梗阻部位有实性占位.行后腹腔镜探查术,左侧输尿管被实性肿物及纤维条索压迫,予以切除并松解输尿管,病理证实为异位支气管囊肿.随访3个月,超声示左肾积水较前好转.结论：腹膜后异位支气管囊肿术前无特异性影像学检查,可行后腹腔镜探查术明确诊断及治疗并发症.     

From laparoscopic training on an animal model to retroperitoneoscopic or coelioscopic adrenal and renal surgery in human

So far, laparoscopic approaches to kidney and adrenal have been limited because of their retroperitoneal location. We here report eight renal and adrenal endoscopic procedures performed in seven patients: two adrenalectomies for hyperaldosteronism, one adrenalectomy for isolated metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the lung; two nephrectomies for end-stage infected hydronephrosis, two partial nephrectomies for small circumscribed lesions of the kidney, and one endoscopic resection for pain relief of a voluminous cyst at the kidney. The approach was transperitoneal in two cases and retroperitoneal in five cases using the retropneumoperitoneum insufflation technique. One patient was operated by a combined approach using the retro- and transperitoneal routes. All procedures were successfully completed endoscopically. The retroperitoneoscopic approach of the kidney is safe and does not interfere with the peritoneal organs. Its working space is tenuous, but allows a direct access on the kidney with good exposure of its pedicle. For adrenal surgery, the retroperitoneoscopic dissection is more difficult, because movements of instruments are often impaired by the closeness of the costal margin and the iliac crest. However, in case of difficulties we found it very convenient to switch from a retroperitoneal endoscopic approach to a combined coelioscopic and retroperitoneoscopic operation. Far from excluding each other, both approaches are complementary, particularly for difficult situations (i.e., previous peritoneal or retroperitoneal surgery).     

Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst: a case report

A rare case of retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst is presented. A 50-year-old man was referred to our hospital for an investigation of a retroperitoneal mass. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a retroperitoneal mass, about 4 cm in diameter, adjacent to the left kidney and spleen. On the basis of these imaging modalities, a definitive diagnosis of this mass could not be made. So, resection of the mass was performed. The removed mass was an unilocular cyst and filled with mucinous fluid. Histopathologically, the cyst wall was composed of a fibrovascular connective tissue containing mucus-secreting glands and cartilages and was lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epitherium. Thus, a diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst was made. Bronchogenic cysts are rare congenital anomalies of the primitive foregut and usually develop in the mediastinum and lung.     

腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术中的应用(附260例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜在治疗肾上腺、肾脏、输尿管、膀胱等脏器疾病中的临床效果。方法:经腹腔及后腹腔两种途径对260例精索静脉曲张、肾上腺疾病、肾脏疾病、输尿管疾病、膀胱疾病患者实施腹腔镜手术。结果:251例获得成功,中转开腹9例,无输血,无严重并发症发生,疗效满意。结论:后腹腔镜肾上腺瘤切除术、肾固定术、肾盂成形术、肾囊肿去顶术、肾盂或输尿管切开取石术及腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术具有创伤小、出血少、并发症少等优点,临床疗效可靠,实用性较强。     

腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿外科疾病46例报告

目的 :探讨腹腔镜技术治疗泌尿外科疾病的方法。方法 :应用腹腔镜技术对 2 1例精索静脉曲张及 12例肾囊肿行经腹入路手术 ,9例肾囊肿及 3例肾上腺疾病 ,1例左肾萎缩伴结石行经后腹膜腔入路手术。结果 :4 6例中 4 5例完成腹腔镜手术 ,左肾萎缩伴结石 1例因肾蒂解剖困难而中转手术 ,双侧肾上腺囊肿 4例及合并胆囊结石 2例均同时完成腹腔镜手术 ,无并发症发生。结论 :精索静脉曲张及部分肾囊肿 ,尤其囊肿在肾脏外侧缘向腹侧凸出者选择经腹入路腹腔镜手术较易完成 ,经后腹膜腔入路与泌尿外科手术入路相同 ,对腹腔干扰少 ,适于肾及肾上腺疾病的腹腔镜手术 ,经此路径 ,术野空间较小 ,需要足够的耐心和细心     

县级医院泌尿外科腹腔镜手术1000例报道

目的总结基层医院泌尿外科开展腹腔镜手术技巧和经验教训。方法回顾分析2003年4月至2011年4月8年来采用后腹腔镜手术的治疗泌尿外科疾病1000例患者的临床资料。其中肾上腺肿瘤手术43例;肾盂、输尿管切开取石366例,乳糜尿肾蒂淋巴管剥脱术227例,单纯性肾切除73例,肾癌根治性肾切除28例,肾盂癌根治术8例,小肾肿瘤剜除术13例,重复肾切除术6例,肾盂成形术18例,肾囊肿去顶减压术205例,肾盏憩室2例;腔静脉后输尿管成形术4例;腹膜后肿瘤切除术7例（淋巴管囊肿2例、腰大肌腱鞘囊肿1例、异位嗜铬细胞瘤2例、肾门脂肪瘤1例、腹膜后苗勒管囊肿1例）。结果手术成功983例,转开放手术17例。无大出血病例,手术主要并发症有复发、漏尿、双J管异位、结石残留。CO2血症酸中毒昏迷1例。结论基层医院广泛开展泌尿外科腹腔镜手术是安全有效可行的。只有经过大量手术经验的积累,才能更加体现腹腔镜手术痛苦小、恢复快等微创优势。     

Retroperitoneoscopy: A laparoscopic approach for adrenal and renal surgery

Objectives

Retroperitoneoscopy has gained acceptance for urologic surgery. We assessed the safety and efficacy of this procedure for renal and adrenal surgery.

Methods

Since December 1994, 20 patients (18 to 75 years old) have undergone laparoscopic adrenalectomy and nephrectomy, including simple nephrectomy in 8, partial nephrectomy in 1, radical nephrectomy in 2, tumorectomy with cyst excision in 1, and adrenalectomy in 8. The retroperitoneal space was created by blunt dissection with the index finger, completed by insufflation, without balloon dissection.

Results

Average kidney size was 65 mm (range 50 to 108), and average adrenal tumor size was 31 mm (range 20 to 40). The average operating time was 127 minutes (range 60 to 180) for nephrectomy and 84 minutes (range 45 to 140) for adrenalectomy. The average hospital stay was 3 days (range 1 to 7) for nephrectomy and 2.4 days (range 1 to 4) for adrenalectomy. Average blood loss was 65 mL for both nephrectomy and adrenalectomy. Conversion from the laparoscopic procedure to open surgery was never required. Peritoneal effraction and ureteral injury occurred in only 4 patients and 1 patient, respectively.

Conclusions

The laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach is safe and effective for simple renal nephrectomy and for excision of small adrenal tumors. Perioperative morbidity and hospital stay are reduced.     

Supradiaphragmatic bronchogenic cyst extending into the retroperitoneum

We experienced a case of bronchogenic cyst located on the left lower pleural space extending into the retroperitoneum in a 33-year-old man with left chest pain. Preoperative imaging studies and operative findings showed a broad-based cystic mass on the left lower posterior pleura and diaphragmatic pleura extending into the retroperitoneal region across the diaphragm. Histologic studies proved this mass to be a bronchogenic cyst.