骨间后神经卡压综合征的临床及神经电生理诊断

目的：探讨骨间后神经卡压综合征的临床和神经电生理特点。方法：回顾性分析2006年2月至2010年2月临床疑诊骨间后神经卡压综合征患者的资料,结合神经电生理检查确诊共23例,分析其临床和神经电生理诊断特点。结果：所有患者虽然临床发病过程、病情轻重有所不同,但23例肌电图都有异常：重点检查食指固有伸肌、伸指总肌及尺侧伸腕肌基本均有自发电位出现。18例（78％）运动传导反应异常;运动传导远端潜伏期、波幅、传导速度异常分别是16例（70％）、17例（74％）和12例（52％）;桡神经浅支感觉传导正常。结论：神经电生理检查是诊断骨间后神经卡压综合征的有效方法,对临床体征不明确、定位困难者,早期肌电图检查更为重要。     

骨间后神经与腕背痛关系的解剖学探讨

在５０侧成人上肢标本上对腕背部骨间后神经的形态进行了解剖观测，骨间后神经终端呈梭形膨胀大者占９２％（４６侧），该神经梭形膨大位于第３、４腕背侧骨筋膜管与桡骨下端之间。桡骨下端骨折及腕背部手术易损伤该神经，这可能是引起腕背痛的原因之一。     

颈神经后支的解剖及其临床意义

目的为临床诊治椎孔外颈神经后支卡压提供解剖学基础。方法对20具(40侧)成人尸体的颈神经后支起源、走行、分支、分布及其与颈椎周围组织的解剖关系进行观测。结果C     

骨间后神经受压的解剖学基础

目的阐明骨间后神经(PIN)卡压的原因及其手术治疗提供解剖基础。方法30侧尸体上肢标本,将PIN分为3段(即桡管段、旋后肌管段和旋后肌管后段)观察其肌支的分支情况;用卡尺对桡管(RT)、旋后肌管(ST)和桡侧腕短伸肌腱弓(AECRM)的形态和大小进行了观测,并对ST入口和出口的体表投影定位。结果ST入口和出口的宽度分别为(14.1±2.1)mm和(6.2±1.7)mm,长度为(35.0±6.9)mm。PIN从桡骨头至旋后肌腱弓(AF)和PIN从旋后肌穿出处的长度分别为(19.3±4.4)mm和(53.4±5.2)mm。AF的53.3%由肌性加腱性组织构成,23.3%由腱性组织构成,23.3%由肌组织构成。70%旋后肌远侧缘由腱性组织构成,所有AECRM均是腱性。桡骨背侧桡骨头下方1示指宽和3示指宽分别为ST的入口和出口的体表投影。结论本文提供的RT、ST和AECRM详细形态资料,对于PIN卡压的诊断和手术治疗具有指导意义。     

骨间后神经卡压的电生理诊断探讨

目的:寻找骨间后神经受压的电生理诊断指标。方法:通过电生理检查,共确诊骨间后神经受压患者20例,观察其支配肌电生理指标。结果:20例骨间后神经卡压病人100%均见自发电位,50%有前臂运动传导速度(MNCV)减慢,70%有潜伏期延长,80%有AMP降低。结论:电生理检查能够为骨间后神经卡压诊断和鉴别诊断提供可靠依据。     

骨间后神经综合征的临床及肌电图研究

目的：探讨骨间后神经（PIN）受员的临床及肌电图诊断方法。方法：对44例临床疑PIN受损患者作详细的临床检查和肌电图研究。结果：在肱桡肌、桡侧伸腕长肌肌电图及运动神经经传导速度（MCV）均正常。伸指总肌、食指固有伸肌肌电图均有不同程度异常;MCV测定分别有24例（54％）及34例（77％）异常。桡神经浅支的感觉神经传导速度（SCV）均可引出动作电位,其中7例传导速度轻度减慢。结论：肱桡肌、桡侧伸腕长肌无异常,其余前臂伸肌的肌电图改变。部分病例MCV异常,桡神经浅支SCV正常,即可诊断PNI受损。     

骨间背神经卡压综合征压痛点定位规律及其解剖学基础

目的探讨骨间背神经卡压综合征常见压痛点的体表定位规律及临床解剖学基础。方法对30例骨间背神经综合征患者进行压痛点体表定位观测与统计分析,并针对压痛区域进行解剖学观测。结果常见骨间背神经卡压综合征体表压痛处距髁间连线为(47.80±7.72)mm;与前臂正中线的垂直距离为(34.99±6.59)mm。围绕此痛点的解剖标本上可看到骨间背神经行至旋后肌处,穿过一弧形结构,即Frohse弓。前臂被动旋前时,旋后肌管变窄,骨间背神经被拉紧,在Frohse弓处被压;前臂被动旋后时,旋后肌管变宽,骨间背神经松弛,无Frohse弓卡压骨间背神经现象。结论明确骨间背神经卡压综合征的准确体表定位及临床解剖学特点,有利于骨间背神经卡压综合征的准确诊断及针对痛点的各种治疗手段的精确实施。     

骨间背侧神经的解剖学特征及其临床意义

目的　研究前臂骨间背侧神经及其肌支的解剖学特征,为体表定位提供形态学基础。 方法　解剖 30具成人防腐尸体的60侧上肢骨间背侧神经及其肌支,观察骨间背侧神经的行程与神经分叉点,测量分叉点分别至肱骨外上髁（LHE）、桡骨Lister结节（LTR）、尺骨茎突（SPU）的距离等参数,通过三圆交汇法及神经分段法来确定神经的体表位置。 结果　骨间背侧神经在发出指伸肌支、小指伸肌支及尺侧腕伸肌支后,主干有4个主要分叉点（O、O1、 O2、 O3）;以分叉点分别至LHE 、LTR 、SPU 的平均距离为半径,LHE 、LTR 、SPU为圆心,绘制3个圆,三圆交汇的点或区域可作为神经的体表定位;4个分叉点又可将骨间背侧神经分为7段（O点上段、OO1段、O1点下段、OO2段、O2点下段、O2O3段、O3点下段）。 结论　骨间背侧神经分叉点结合三圆交汇定位及神经分段法,根据神经损伤的临床表现,可明确神经损伤的位置。     

桡骨交锁髓内钉近端锁钉3种不同入路与桡神经深支的关系

目的：研究桡骨交锁髓内钉近端锁钉在3种不同入路的情况下与桡神经深支的解剖关系，确定安全入路及桡神经深支的安全区域。方法：将9个成人上肢标本随机分成3组，按照标准锁钉方法(距肱桡关节面1．5cm)，在不暴露桡神经深支的情况下分别于前臂过度旋前位、中立位和过度旋后位从前侧入路、外侧入路和后侧入路拧入近端锁钉。然后解剖出桡神经深支，测量和观察锁钉与桡神经深支的关系。结果：本组有2例桡神经深支损伤，其中1例在前臂中立位，后侧入路锁钉拧破对侧皮质所致。在前臂中立位，外侧入路锁钉与桡神经深支的最短距离为8．9mm。并且在外侧入路前臂过度旋前时，桡神经深支跨越桡骨干轴线距离肱桡关节面的最短距离为37mm，平均为50．8mm。结论：桡骨交锁髓内钉近端锁钉于前臂过度旋前位，从外侧入路进钉损伤桡神经深支的可能性较小。其进钉的安全区域为离肱桡关节面3cm以内。     

骨间后神经与桡骨上端关系的解剖学观测及临床意义

目的:探讨桡骨头颈部手术的安全区域。方法:在30侧上肢标本上显露骨间后神经,观察其走行及其与桡骨上端的关系。结果:骨间后神经越过桡骨头上缘前方中线稍偏外斜向外下方走行,距桡骨头上缘(13.8±4.2)mm、桡骨前方中线外侧(3.2±1.1)mm处经旋后肌腱弓深方入旋后肌管,走行于旋后肌深浅两层之间,在桡骨头上缘下方(42.6±6.5)mm越过桡骨外侧中线,在桡骨头上缘下方(63.4±7.6)mm越过桡骨后平面。结论:桡骨上端后外侧3.5cm范围内为手术安全区域。     

游离前臂背侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为以骨间后动脉为蒂的游离皮瓣提供解剖基础.方法:用20侧成尸上肢标本,观测骨间后动脉在前臂下1/3区穿支数日、位置、外径以及最粗皮支到尺骨茎突远端的距离;测量支配尺侧腕伸肌神经支与骨间后动脉交叉处血管外径和到最粗穿支发出点的距离.同时观察前臂后皮神经分布.结果:骨间后动脉在前臂下1/3有(3.0±1.1)条穿支,去除外径小于0.2 mm者,还有(2.6±0.8)条.穿深筋膜点穿支外径(0.4±0.2)mm,发出点外径(0.5±0.3)mm(P>0.05).最粗穿支从穿深筋膜点和发出点到尺骨茎突远端的距离分别为(5.5±1.1)cm和(5.6±1.6)cm(P>0.05).神经支和血管交叉处动脉外径(1.5±0.2)mm.最粗穿支发出点到交叉处距离(10.8±3.3)cm.前臂后皮神经在前臂位于脂肪和深筋膜层间,其终末支支配前臂背侧下1/3皮肤感觉.在前臂中、下1/3交界处神经横径(0.4±0.2)mm,距离肱骨外上髁和尺骨茎突远端连线垂直距离(1.2±0.6)cm.结论:以骨间后血管为蒂可在前臂下1/3设计游离皮瓣,携带前臂后皮神经可构成感觉皮瓣.     

McBurney's button-hole to the posterior interosseous nerve

McBurney's button-hole is an exposure technique for the posterior interosseous nerve quoted in Anrold Kirkpatrick Henry's famous book Extensile Exposures. This short article discusses the overlap between three historical surgeons, Thompson, Henry and McBurney to discover the meaning of the reference and technique, which is used by surgeons to this day.     

Radial nerve in the radial tunnel: anatomic sites of entrapment neuropathy

Common anatomical structures that can lead to radial nerve entrapment in the radial tunnel (radial tunnel syndrome) were studied in 46 embalmed cadaveric upper limbs. After dissecting the radial tunnel, we investigated: the radial nerve and its division into superficial and deep (DBRN) branches; the course of the DBRN in relation to the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle; the presence of fat; fibrous adhesions between the anterior radiohumeral joint capsule and the DBRN; the nature of the superomedial margin of the ECRB; vascular arcades of the radial recurrent vessels; and the superior and inferior borders of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle. The locations of some of these structures were measured in reference to two fixed points: the radiohumeral joint line and a line joining the tips of medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus. Near the radiohumeral joint, fibrous adhesions were observed between the DBRN and underlying capsule in 23/46 (50%) cases; vascular arcades of the radial recurrent vessels were found in 33/46 (72%) cases; the superomedial margin of the ECRB was tendinous in 36/46 (78%) instances; the superior border of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle was noted to be tendinous (arcade of Frohse) in 40/46 (87%) specimens, and the inferior border of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle was tendinous in 30/46 (65%) cases. These anatomical features in the radial tunnel are significant enough to lead to entrapment neuropathy of the radial nerve.     

Topographical relations between the posterior cricothyroid ligament and the inferior laryngeal nerve

The posterior cricothyroid ligament and its topographic relation to the inferior laryngeal nerve were studied in 54 human adult male and female larynges. Fourteen specimens were impregnated with curable polymers and cut into 600–800 μm sections along different planes. Forty formalin-fixed hemi-larynges were dissected and various measurements were made. The posterior cricothyroid ligament provides a dorsal strengthening for the joint capsule of the cricothyroid joint. Its fibers spread in a fan-like manner from a small area of origin at the cricoid cartilage to a more extended area of attachment at the inferior thyroid cornu. The ligament consists of one (7.5%) to four (12.5%), in most cases of three (45.0%) or two (35.0%), individual parts oriented from mediocranial to latero-caudal. The inferior laryngeal nerve courses immediately dorsal to the ligament. In 60% it is covered by fibers of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, in the remaining 40% it is not. In this latter topographic situation there is almost no soft tissue interposed between the nerve and the hypopharynx. Therefore, the nerve may be exposed to pressure forces exerted from dorsally. It may be pushed against the unyielding posterior cricothyroid ligament and suffer functional or structural impairment. Probably, this mechanism may explain some of the laryngeal nerve lesions described in the literature after insertion of gastric tubes. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.