孤立性左肝胆管结石合并肝管狭窄的外科治疗(英文)

目的总结近２０年来孤立性左肝胆管结石并发左肝胆管狭窄的临床治疗体会．方法对左肝胆管结石并发左肝胆管狭窄的临床资料进行回顾性分析，主要指标包括：各肝管狭窄并发率，术前诊断率，治疗方案，再狭窄率．结果左肝管狭窄发生率为５９８％，左外肝管和左内肝管分别为８４０％和８４８％。狭窄切开整形后高位胆肠吻合术是处理左肝管狭窄的常用手术方式（５２２％），远期再狭窄率为１７１％；左半肝切除术施实率为１９４％，再狭窄率为００％．左外肝管狭窄通常采用肝段切除术，而左内肝管狭窄则通常采用非肝段切除术．左内肝管病变的术前诊断率明显低于左肝管和左外肝管．结论临床治疗过多依赖左外肝切除术导致左内肝管和左肝管狭窄遗留是影响孤立性左肝胆管结石治疗效果的重要因素．     

肝胆管结石合并肝胆管癌45例

肝胆管结石合并肝胆管癌４５例王友顺杨继震第一军医大学珠江医院普外科广东省广州市５１０２８２Ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｈｅａｄｉｎｇｓｃｈｏｌｅｌｉｔｈｉａｓｉｓ／ｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ；ｂｉｌｅｄｕｃｔｎｅｏｐｌａｓｍｓ／ｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ；ｂｉ...     

肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗

肝内胆管结石多并发胆管狭窄，手术治疗困难，复发和残石率高，疗效差．我院１９８８０８／１９９８０８共收治肝内胆管结石并发胆管狭窄患者１０８例，采用肝叶、肝段切除，狭窄胆管切开整形，肝胆管空肠吻合术，效果满意．１材料和方法１．１材料本组１０８例，其中...     

肝圆韧带修复肝门部胆管狭窄治疗肝胆管结石

目的探讨利用肝圆韧带修复肝门部胆管狭窄治疗肝胆管结石的临床价值。方法选择50例肝胆管结石患者按随机数字表法随机分为两组:观察组25例利用肝圆韧带修复肝门部胆管狭窄;对照组25例采取局部肝段或肝叶切除。统计分析两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后胆漏及残石率、术后肝功能恢复情况。结果观察组患者术中出血量、手术时间明显少于对照组(P0.05),术后肝功能受损程度及恢复时间明显优于对照组(P0.05),术后胆漏及残石率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗效果良好。结论利用肝圆韧带修复肝门部胆管狭窄治疗未合并肝脏病理性改变的肝胆管结石,术中出血量少,手术时间短,取材方便,操作简便,符合胆道生理,效果良好,值得临床推广应用。     

肝切除治疗肝内结石63例

目的了解肝切除治疗肝内结石的效果．方法回顾性分析63例肝内结石施行肝切除术的治疗情况．其中，左肝内结石51例（81％），右肝内结石5例，双侧肝内结石7例，合并Ⅱ级左肝管狭窄16例，右肝管狭窄7例，Ⅲ～Ⅳ级右肝管囊状扩张37例（58．7％），局限性左肝脓肿6例．给予主肝外叶切除45例（71．4％），左半肝切除6例，右肝后叶下段切除2例，右肝前叶下段切除4例，同时施行肝内狭窄胆管切开整形并胆空肠吻合术24例（38％）．结果手术治愈59例（93．7％），肝内残留结石3例，死亡1例．术后6mo～9a随访45例（71．4％），疗效判断为优33例（7．3％），良10例，进步2例，没有无效者．结论肝切除是治疗肝内结石的有效方法，同时根据结石情况应进行肝内狭窄胆管切开整形、胆空肠吻合．     

大口径肝门胆肠内引流治疗肝内胆管结石

目的广泛切开狭窄的肝内胆管，取净结石，大口胆肠内引流，提高肝内胆管结石的治疗效果．方法15例中男2例，女13例，年龄29岁～62岁．有反复发作性畏寒、发热、黄疸病史2a～15a．除1例为首次手术，其余经历2～6次胆道手术，皆因肝内病灶残留或狭窄胆管未解除而症状反复出现．术前PTC造影确定结石分布及狭窄部位．术中广泛肝内胆管切开，解除狭窄，取净结石，通畅引流达2～3级胆管，修整胆管成一完整的胆盆，行大口径胆盆－空肠Roux－y内引流或行间置空肠，胆肠吻合口处置Y形内支撑管，放置3mo～6mo．胆总管远端缝闭，以防盲袋感染；做人工瓣或人工乳头，减少食物反流．对5例合并有肝纤维化萎缩、局灶性肝脓疡的行肝右叶部分、左叶或左外叶切除．结果术后通过内支撑管造影，B超随访3mo～5a，2例有边周小胆管少许结石残留，全部病例临床症状消失，体重增加．结论广泛肝内狭窄胆管切开，取净结石，大口径肝门胆肠内引流是治疗肝内胆管结石的一种重要手段．     

胆囊肝胆管吻合术治疗高位胆管狭窄

高位胆管狭窄目前尚缺乏定型的手术方式。我院对8例因结石和肿瘤所致的高位胆管狭窄患者施行胆囊肝胆管吻合术,获得解除狭窄,消除症状的效果,且操作方便,发生胆瘘的机会少,同时可保留Oddi氏括约肌的功能。本文详细介绍了手术操作方法、注意事项及临床应用情况。     

肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石

目的我国的肝内胆管结石的发病率较高，要做到彻底清除结石，解除肝内胆管狭窄比较困难．本研究的目的就是找到一种治疗肝内胆管结石的较好方法．方法本组38例患者，男14例，女24例．过去做过手术的（2～5次）31例（81．6％）．第一次手术7例（18．4％）．38例患者中，Ⅱ，Ⅲ段切除9例，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ段切除4例（过去做过左外叶切除术）Ⅳa（方叶）切除7例，Ⅴ切除2例，Ⅳ，Ⅴ切除4例，Ⅵ，Ⅶ除3例，Ⅴ，Ⅵ，Ⅶ，Ⅷ段切除4例．过去有手术史患者中，有13例行胆肠吻合术．本组38例患者中，附加胆肠吻合术23例．肝方叶切除的目的主要是更好的显露肝内胆管，以便有效的清除结石，解除狭窄，大口径的胆肠吻合术，左外叶结石一定要判断有否向叶结石，否则易遗留内叶结石，造成术后复发．术前要有完整的影像学检查，以确定结石的部位，有否肝叶萎缩．尽可能避免紧急手术．因为在急诊情况下，患者全身情况较差，检查不够全面，从而限制了较大范围的手术．结果经肝叶（段）切除的38例肝内胆管结石患者，术后恢复顺利，无一例并发症发生．结论肝内局限某一叶（段）结石，采用肝切除的方法效果令人满意，可以达到根治目的．肝方叶切除主要是显露肝内胆管．左外叶切除易遗留内叶结石，要引起充分重视．胆肠吻合术，仍然     

肝左外叶切除大口径肝胆管空肠吻合术治疗肝内胆管结石

1990年1月至2002年12月，我们施行左肝外叶切除大口径肝胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术治疗肝内胆管多发结石20例，虽然手术复杂，但取石彻底，且能解决肝内胆管狭窄，吻合口通畅，远期疗效满意。现报告如下。     

肝内胆管结石合并胆管狭窄的处理

肝内胆管结石是指肝总管分叉以上的胆管结石.在东亚及东南亚一些国家和地区发病率很高,而在欧美国家发病率低.肝内胆管结石合并胆管狭窄发病率高,据报道国内胆管狭窄的发生率为24.80%-41.94%,肝内胆管狭窄是肝内胆管结石的主要病理改变,两者互为因果.长期存在的结石,合并肝内胆管感染、狭窄及胆汁淤积,常导致胆石存在肝段实质萎缩,甚至恶变.结石、炎症及狭窄3者互为因果,由于其反复发作的炎症、胆管狭窄及手术后残留的结石,肝内胆管结石合并狭窄一直是临床治疗的难点之一.因病变部位不同,其临床表现也因人而异.一般而言,其临床表现往往不如肝外胆管结石那样严重,但治疗难度却明显高于肝外胆管结石.B超诊断肝内胆管结石的准确率很高,近年来随着经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP)、磁共振胰胆管造影(magnetic resonance cholan giopancreatography,MRCP)等先进诊断技术手段的应用,肝内胆管结石及狭窄得以更及时更清晰的诊断,其治疗方法也取得一定进展.术前进行详尽的影像学检查,明确结石及胆管狭窄所处的具体位置,针对不同患者的病情,制定恰当的个体化治疗方案尤为重要.本文结合我们的治疗体会探讨肝内胆管结石合并胆管狭窄的诊断和治疗问题.     

肝内外胆管结石的综合诊断与治疗

目前针对肝内外胆管结石的检查及治疗手段很多,如何选择恰当的检查手段并制定合适的治疗方案,值得探讨。首先要了解不同检查方法的优缺点,明确患者肝胆管结石分布范围;有无合并胆管狭窄;有无合并胆管变异;有无结石相关的并发症发生等。需充分评价患者的身体状态,病程的进展情况,病情的严重程度,病变累及的范围,针对不同的患者选择适合的治疗方案。手术治疗是治疗胆管结石的主要方法,做到取净结石,解除梗阻,去除病灶,通畅引流。在病情允许的情况下尽量采用最小的创伤为患者解除病痛。     

肝内胆管结石的微创治疗

目的探讨微创洽疗肝内胆管结石的方法、可行性及疗效。方法总结2006年5月至2012年11月采用完全腹腔镜治疗肝内胆管结石15例。手术方式包括腹腔镜单纯肝脏切除、腹腔镜单纯胆道探查取石,或者联合保留Oddi括约肌的皮下通道胆囊或游离空肠肝胆管成形术。结果所有患者均成功完成手术,无围手术期死亡,术后残留结石率26％（4／15）。所有患者均获得随访,随访率100％。平均随访29个月（2～80个月）,术后吻合口狭窄l例,未见结石复发。结论认真掌握手术适应证,仔细操作,合理利用胆道镜及皮下通道,可实现肝内胆管结石的微创治疗。     

Surgical treatment of biliary ductal stricture complicating localized left hepatolithiasis

AIM: To summarize the experience in the clinical treatment of biliary duct strictures complicating localized left hepatolithiasis in the last two decades.METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 67 cases of biliary duct strictures complicating localized left hepatolithiasis treated in our center in the last two decades was made with regards to each patient’s age, gender, results of various preoperative examinations, operative findings, treatment and postoperative courses.RESULTS: The incidence of left hepatic duct (LHD) stricture was 59.8% and that of a left external hepatic duct (LEHD) stricture was 84.0 % and 84.8% respectively, in which a severe degree dominated. Among the operative procedures used in the treatment of LHD strictures, plastic operation plus biliary enteric anastomosis ranks first in frequency (52.2%), with a re-stricture rate of 17.1%. Left lobectomy ranks third (19.4%) with no re-stricture. Simple plastic performance or dilation had a high occurrence rate of re-stricture and usually needed subsequent surgery. Most LEHD strictures were eradicated by lateral segmentectomy or lobectomy, whereas most LMHD strictures were just the opposite. The rate of preoperative diagnosis of LMHD by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, computed tomography or intraoperative and postoperative trans-T-tube cholangiography was much lower than that of LEHD or extrahepatic duct.CONCLUSION: Too much attention paid to LEHD disorders in the treatment of localized left hepatolithiasis potentially results in negligence or omission in LMHD disorders. Malpractice treatments of LHD strictures are important factors affecting the long term results of localized left hepatolithiasis, for which left lobectomy is usually the therapy of choice.     

规则肝切除术治疗复杂肝内胆管结石的临床体会

目的探讨复杂肝内胆管结石行规则肝切除术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析石首市人民医院2013年1-12月98例复杂肝内胆管结石患者的临床资料,分析患者肝内胆管结石分布特点、临床表现、手术范围、手术时间、并发症及手术治疗效果。结果98例患者均完成规则肝切除术,37例行胆总管切开取石T管引流加肝段切除,6例行左肝外叶切除,1例行左半肝切除,7例行右半肝单独肝段及联合肝段切除,45例行左右半肝肝段联合切除,2例行肝门部胆管整形后胆肠盆式吻合。围手术期未出现患者死亡,手术时间(65.0±5.0)min;术中出血量(83.0±6.2)ml,术后无结石残留患者。5例(5.1%)患者出现并发症,其中3例患者并发胆漏,2例患者并发肝脏创面渗血。3例患者术后病理检查发现肝内胆管癌。随访5年,11例(11.2%)患者术后结石复发。结论规则肝切除术治疗复杂肝内胆管结石患者安全且疗效较好,并发症少,结石复发率低,值得临床推广应用。     

Focal intrahepatic strictures: a review of diagnosis and management

Introduction

Focal intrahepatic strictures are becoming more common owing to more prevalent and accurate cross-sectional imaging. However, data relating to their management are lacking. The purpose of the present review was to synthesize the current evidence regarding these lesions and to formulate a strategy for diagnosis and management.

Methods

A literature search of relevant terms was performed using Medline. References of papers were subsequently searched to obtain older literature.

Results

Focal intrahepatic strictures involve segmental hepatic ducts and/or left and right main hepatic ducts during their intrahepatic course. Most patients are asymptomatic while the minority present with vague abdominal pain or recurrent sepsis and only rarely with jaundice. Investigations used to distinguish benign from malignant aetiologies include blood tests (CEA, Ca19.9), imaging studies [ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)], endoscopic modalities [endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)/endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)/cholangioscopy] and tissue sampling (brush cytology/biopsy).

Conclusions

A focal intrahepatic stricture requires thorough investigation to exclude malignancy even in patients with a history of biliary surgery, hepatolithiasis or parasitic infection. If during the investigative process a diagnosis or suspicion of malignancy is demonstrated then surgical resection should be performed. If all diagnostic modalities suggest a benign aetiology, then cholangioscopy with targeted biopsies should be performed.     

''Metaplastic lesions'' in intrahepatic bile ducts in hepatolithiasis: A histochemical and immunohistochemical study

Pathology of the intrahepatic bile ducts bearing calculi was examined with an emphasis on metaplasia in 22 cases of hepatolithiasis and in seven cases of normal livers. Normal livers contained few glandular elements within the bile duct walls and no metaplastic lesions or endocrine cells. In hepatolithiasis, a number of mucous glands resembling pyloric glands (pseudopyloric gland metaplasia) were seen within duct walls in all cases. The epithelial cells of the glands were positive for class III mucin with paradoxical concanavalin A staining which is known to be specific for pyloric glands. These cells were also positive for neutral, sialo- and sulfomucin to a variable extent. Intestinal metaplasia, including goblet cell and Paneth cell metaplasia, was found within duct walls and in covering epithelia in five (23%) cases. Endocrine cells, including argyrophil, argentaffin and gut hormone-containing cells were present in these metaplastic lesions in 13 (59%) cases. The occurrence of endocrine cells was closely associated with intestinal metaplasia, although there were a few endocrine cells in metaplastic pseudopyloric glands. These findings suggest that metaplastic lesions similar to the well-known metaplastic lesions in the gallbladder occur in the intrahepatic bile duct walls in hepatolithiasis. The appearance of metaplastic lesions and endocrine cells may be causally related to chronic inflammatory processes associated with hepatolithiasis.     

对肝内胆管结石外科治疗的再认识

肝内胆管结石系原发性胆管结石范畴,尽管其发病率有所下降,但因地区不同仍有差别。早期肝内胆管结石采用微创外科技术施行肝切除术治疗是正确选择,应保护Oddi括约肌的功能;但对复杂性肝内胆管结石所致的终末期肝病的外科治疗仍存在诸多问题。应提倡多学科合作医疗模式,进行综合性治疗,并加强肝内胆管结石预防、病因和发病机制等研究,为治疗肝内胆管结石努力探索。     

Pathology of peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with reference to tumorigenesis.

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCs) are neoplasms with cholangiocyte differentiation, and may arise from cholangiocytes of the biliary tree and possibly cholangiocyte progenitor cells. Intrahepatic CCs can be divided into the perihilar and peripheral types. Peripheral CCs present grossly as a mass forming tumor, and histologically as an adenocarcinoma of varying shapes and phenotypes. Some peripheral CCs (ductular type) are characterized by: (i) a histological resemblance to reactive bile ductules; (ii) the expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and vimentin. This type shows: (i) grossly, a blurred border; and (ii) histologically, carcinoma cells replacing the adjoining hepatocytes at the border of the tumor. It is frequently associated with neutrophilic infiltration and also with granulocyte and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors. We propose to call this type "ductular CC." The other peripheral CC (duct type) includes ordinary adenocarcinoma with well to moderately differentiated tubular and micropapillary patterns and is negative for NCAM but positive for mucin. This type can be called "duct CC," and shows a rather compressive growth. Interestingly, CC components of combined hepatocellular CC share the features of ductular CC, suggesting that hepatic progenitor cells may be involved in the tumorigenesis of ductular CC. The biological behavior of ductular CC and duct CC remains obscure, and follow-up and molecular studies on these tumors are required in order for these two CCs to be recognized as disease entities, and so as to evaluate their carcinogenesis.     

New development of biliary surgery in China

CHARACTERISTICS OF BILIARY CALCULOUS DISEASES IN CHINA: THE CHANGING SCOPE Diseases of the biliary tract in China is complicated with the prevalence of primary infection of the bile duct system. In the middle of the 20th century, biliary infection, biliary parasitic infestation, and biliary stones made up the three chief components of biliary diseases in China. As to the calculous diseases of the biliary tract, the relative incidence of primary bile duct stones accounted for 50% of the total cases. Therefore, calculous disease accounted for 60.1% among 228 surgical cases in the Chongqing Southwest Hospital, and 60 of the 80 common bile duct stones were primary bile duct origin ( including primary intrahepatic duct stones)[1,2].