肺硬化性血管瘤 CT 强化特点与微血管密度的关系

目的：通过对肺硬化性血管瘤（SHL）CT增强特点的分析,探讨肿瘤的CT强化基础及与微血管密度（MVD）的关系。方法经手术病理确诊的10例SHL患者,均行胸部CT平扫及增强检查,并得出增强前后的CT值,分析病灶的强化特征。采用免疫组织化学方法,用CD34抗体标记肿瘤组织,计算MVD。结果增强扫描病灶显著强化,平均CT强化值为（56±15）Hu,直径≥3 cm的5例病灶呈不均匀强化,直径＜3 cm的1例病灶强化不均匀,4例病灶强化均匀;肿瘤的强化程度与MVD呈正相关（r=0.872,P＜0.01）。结论病灶显著强化是SHL的特点,是由肿瘤内的MVD决定的。 CT增强扫描对SHL的诊断有较大的价值。     

肝脏血管外皮细胞瘤的CT诊断(附13例报告)

目的：探讨肝脏血管外皮细胞瘤的CT影像特点。方法：回顾性分析了13例经手术病理证实的肝脏血管外皮细胞瘤于CT增强前及增强后动、静脉期和延迟期的影像表现。结果：13例肝血管外皮细胞瘤中直径＜3．0cm者2例，CT平扫时呈低密度，增强后动脉期呈明显高密度，而静脉期和延迟期又变为等密度。直径为3．0－5．0cm者3例，CT平扫时表现为均匀的低密度，增强后自周边向中心逐渐强化，但强化部分不及血管瘤明显，也不呈斑样增强，延迟扫描病变呈等密度。直径＞5．0cm者8例，CT平扫时均表现为密度不均匀，增强后动脉期的扫描均表现为环状或边缘性强化，但密度不均匀，延迟后中央仍可见坏死囊变的无强化区。结论：多期螺旋CT扫描有助于肝脏血管外皮细胞瘤的诊断，但应注意与肝癌和肝血管瘤的鉴别。     

节细胞神经瘤的CT表现及病理分析

目的探讨节细胞神经瘤的CT平扫与动态增强扫描的特征性表现。方法回顾性分析10例经手术与病理证实节细胞神经瘤的CT表现,所有病例均行CT平扫,动脉期、静脉期及延迟期动态增强扫描。结果肿块位于纵隔7例,肾上腺2例,腹膜后1例。肿块边界清晰,呈椭圆形2例,不规则形8例,肿块大小为1.2cm×2.2cm×3.0cm～6.5cm×6.5cm×7.5cm,4例肿块有嵌入性生长特点。CT平扫肿块密度低于肌肉,密度均匀者9例,密度不均匀者1例,其中3例伴有颗粒状、条状钙化。增强扫描后,肿块表现为不同的强化型式,其中,1例肿块无强化;7例肿块动脉期无明显强化,静脉期及延迟期逐渐轻度强化;2例肿块动脉期轻度强化,静脉期及延迟期逐渐明显强化。结论节细胞神经瘤有一些特征性影像表现及强化型式,CT动态增强扫描有助于其诊断及鉴别诊断,可清晰显示病变同周围血管及器官之间的关系,并为手术治疗提供更多参考信息。     

肺硬化性血管瘤CT表现与临床病理对照分析

目的:分析肺硬化性血管瘤(SHL)的CT表现特点,以及与临床病理之间的关系,提高术前诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的7例SHL患者的CT图像资料,并与手术病理相对照,探讨该病的CT诊断特点。结果:6例CT表现为肺内孤立性软组织肿块或结节、密度均匀,病变轮廓清楚、边缘光滑者4例,边缘浅分叶2例;1例表现为双肺内多个类圆形结节;1例可见小的钙化。CT增强扫描病灶明显强化,4例均匀强化,3例不均匀强化。CT表现与病理的关系是增强扫描后病灶强化明显与不明显的区域分别对应于其血管瘤成分与实性区。结论:SHL的临床症状和CT平扫无明确特征表现,CT增强扫描对病变的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要的价值。     

泌尿生殖系统孤立性纤维瘤的CT与MRI表现

目的 探讨泌尿生殖系统孤立性纤维瘤(SFT)的CT与MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析6例经手术病理证实的SFT患者的影像学资料,6例均行CT检查,1例行MRI扫描.结果 6例SFT中,肾脏、前列腺、睾丸、子宫、阴道及尿道各1例,均为单发圆形或类圆形肿块,5例边界清楚,1例边界欠清,大小约1.0 cm ×0.9 cm～ 15.2 cm×14.1 cm,平均约8.3 cm×7.1 cm.CT平扫3例呈等稍低均匀密度,3例呈不均匀等密度,伴斑片状低密度区;增强扫描动脉期肿块不均匀明显强化,延迟期肿块进一步持续强化,3例内见坏死无强化区;4例肿块内或表面可见粗大供血血管.MRI 1例T1WI呈等稍低信号,T2 WI呈等稍低信号,其内见小斑片状高信号及粗大的流空血管.结论 CT或MRI表现为孤立性、类圆形、实性肿块,边界清楚,密度或信号均匀或不均匀,增强动脉期明显不均匀强化,延迟期肿块进一步持续强化,尤其看到肿块内粗大的供血血管时,应考虑SFT可能.     

肾脏少见原发肿瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨肾脏少见原发肿瘤的CT表现特征,以提高术前诊断准确率。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的10例肾脏少见原发肿瘤的CT及临床资料,结合文献分析肾脏少见原发肿瘤的CT表现特征。结果癌肉瘤1例,CT平扫呈不规则形混杂密度影,内见多发坏死、囊变及钙化,边界清;增强扫描呈“花瓣状”强化。淋巴瘤2例,表现为巨大软组织肿块,无包膜,边界不清;增强扫描呈均匀强化,见“血管漂浮征”。孤立性纤维性肿瘤2例,密度均匀,边界清晰,增强扫描皮髓期轻度不均匀强化,实质期、肾盂期呈进行性强化。平滑肌肉瘤5例CT平扫呈等、低密度影,边界清,突向肾外生长,4例(直径>5cm)密度不均匀,1例(直径<5cm)密度均匀;增强扫描5例均呈轻~中度、持续性强化。结论CT增强扫描对肾脏少见原发肿瘤的术前诊断有重要提示意义。     

胃肠道间质瘤的CT诊断

目的：分析胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的CT表现特点，探讨CT对该肿瘤的诊断价值。资料与方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的GIST21例，术前均行CT平扫和增强扫描。结果：肿瘤发生于胃部11例，十二指肠1例，空肠5例，回肠4例，病灶多呈圆形或类圆形，平扫：肿瘤呈均匀等密度者8例，肿块周边呈等密度，中间呈略低密度或低密度者12例，呈高，等，低混杂密度者1例，增强扫描：病灶中度或明显强化者10例；不均匀强化，其内可见多数小囊状坏死者5例，病灶中央坏死，液化，周边强化者6例，21例GIST中，良性7例，肿块直径多小于5cm，边界清楚，多均匀强化，恶性14例，肿块直径大于5cm,边界多不清楚，10例肿块内有坏死，5例出现转移灶。结论：CT检查对于GIST的定位准确，对肿瘤良恶性的判断亦很有价值，但CT表现无特异性，确诊仍有赖于病理学检查。     

胸腹部Castleman病的CT征象及病理对照分析

目的探讨胸部及腹部Castleman病的临床、CT征象与病理表现之间的相关性,以提高对该病的CT诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法收集经病理证实为胸腹部Castleman病的患者10例,均行CT平扫及双期增强扫描,回顾性分析其临床和CT资料,并与病理对照,对其CT征象进行归纳。结果本组10例中,呈单发病灶7例,病理为局灶透明血管型;CT表现为圆形或类圆形,直径2.5~5.6cm,平均直径3.8cm,CT平扫呈中等密度,密度均匀3例,密度不均匀4例,其中有囊变2例,伴钙化2例;增强后7例病灶动脉期显著强化且静脉期持续明显强化,与主动脉的强化程度接近。本组中呈多发病灶3例,病理为多中心浆细胞型;CT表现为多发淋巴结肿大,病灶直径1.2~3.5cm,平均直径2.4cm;CT平扫密度均匀,增强后病灶动脉期呈轻中度强化,静脉期持续中度强化,与邻近肌肉强化程度接近。结论单发透明血管型Castleman病具有特征性的影像表现,CT具有较高诊断价值;多发浆细胞型Castleman病CT表现不典型,确诊有赖于病理检查。     

胃肠道间质瘤的CT表现及诊断价值

目的探讨胃肠道间质瘤的CT表现及临床诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的31例胃肠道间质瘤CT表现。结果本组中胃间质瘤7例,小肠间质瘤16例,结肠间质瘤2例,直肠间质瘤1例,难以确定部位者5例。31例中良性3例,交界性6例,恶性22例。肿瘤呈类圆形或不规则形,密度均匀实性者6例,不均匀实性者14例,囊实性混合者11例,有2例有钙化灶。增强扫描有3例均匀强化,3例不均匀强化,内有斑点状变性坏死灶;25例呈不均匀明显强化,肿块内可见不同程度的变性、坏死区。3例良性者为均匀类圆形实性肿块,直径<5cm。交界性与恶性者形态、大小、密度等无明显差别,肿瘤直径均>5cm。结论对胃肠道间质瘤CT检查有助于发现肿块,定位准确,帮助判断肿瘤的良恶性程度。     

胰岛细胞瘤的CT表现与鉴别诊断

目的：探讨CT在胰岛细胞瘤诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法：回顾性分析10例经病理证实的胰岛细胞瘤CT表现并对CT检查方法进行比较。其中常规CT扫描并增强6例，螺旋CT扫描并双期增强扫描4例。结果：胰岛素瘤5例，大小为0．9－2．0cm。3例常规CT平扫并增强扫描未发现肿瘤，2例螺旋CT平扫为等密度，增强扫描在动脉期为高密度，门脉期为等密度。无功能性胰岛细胞瘤5例，大小为2．0－6．0cm，其中3例常规CT平扫，1例未发现肿瘤，2例呈不均匀密度，均匀稍高密度；增强扫描呈周边明显强化，中心稍强化、均匀强化；2例螺旋CT平扫呈不均匀密度，双期增强呈周边强化，不均匀强化。结论：CT检查对于＞2cm的胰岛细胞瘤有较大的诊断价值，而对于＜2cm的肿瘤检查方法直接影响病变的检出。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.